RESUMEN

The tissue tropism and the wide host range of influenza A viruses are determined by the presence of sialic acid (SA) α2,3-Gal and SA α2,6-Gal receptors. Recent studies have shown that animals possessing both receptors allow for the rearrangement and emergence of new viral strains of public health importance. This study aimed to evaluate the expression and distribution of human and avian influenza A receptors in nine Neotropical snake species using lectin immunohistochemistry. We selected 17 snakes that were examined post mortem at the Veterinary Pathology Sector of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais between 2019 and 2023. Sections of nasal turbinate, trachea, lung, oral mucosa, stomach and intestine were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis using the lectins Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra. This research detected, for the first time, co-expression of SA α2,3-Gal and SA α2,6-Gal receptors in the respiratory and digestive tracts of snakes, indicating the possible susceptibility of these species to influenza A virus of avian and human origin. Consequently, snakes can be considered important species for monitoring influenza A in wild, urban and peri-urban environments. More studies should be conducted to investigate the role of snakes in influenza A epidemiology.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Canine distemper outbreak and coinfections in three giant anteaters and in a maned wolf has been described. Three giant anteaters developed respiratory and digestive clinical signs after the introduction of a maned wolf to a Wildlife Rehabilitation Center. The maned wolf and two anteaters died, and one anteater was euthanized. Post mortem and histopathologic exams revealed lesions associated with numerous intraepithelial inclusion bodies, mainly in the respiratory and digestive systems. Infection by distemper virus was confirmed in all animals by RT-PCR and gene sequencing, which revealed the Europe 1/ South America 1 strain, closely related to the strain from Canis familiaris. In addition to distemper, the animals had other comorbidities, such as toxoplasmosis and salmonellosis in the maned wolf and cutaneous candidiasis in an anteater. Considering the chronology of clinical manifestation in both species and the viral characterization, it is possible that the maned wolf was the source of infection to the anteaters. This study demonstrates the importance of implementing biosecurity measures in enclosures that house animals of different species, highlighting the importance of quarantine before introduction of new animals into the same environment.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Among the most lethal forms of cancer, malignant brain tumors persist as one of the greatest challenges faced by oncologists, where nanotechnology-driven theranostics can play a critical role in developing novel polymer-based supramolecular nanoarchitectures with multifunctional and multi-modal characteristics to fight cancer. However, it is virtually a consensus that, besides the complexity of active delivering anticancer drugs by the nanocarriers to the tumor site, the current evaluation methods primarily relying on in vitro assays and in vivo animal models have been accounted for the low translational effectiveness to clinical applications. In this view, the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay has been increasingly recognized as one of the best preclinical models to study the effects of anticancer drugs on the tumor microenvironment (TME). Thus, in this study, we designed, characterized, and developed novel hybrid nanostructures encompassing chemically functionalized carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) with mitochondria-targeting pro-apoptotic peptide (KLA) and cell-penetrating moiety (cysteine, CYS) with fluorescent inorganic semiconductor (Ag-In-S, AIS) for simultaneously bioimaging and inducing glioblastoma cancer cell (U-87 MG, GBM) death. The results demonstrated that the CMC-peptide macromolecules produced supramolecular vesicle-like nanostructures with aqueous colloidal stability suitable as nanocarriers for passive and active targeting of cancer tumors. The optical properties and physicochemical features of the nanoconjugates confirmed their suitability as photoluminescent nanoprobes for cell bioimaging and intracellular tracking. Moreover, the results in vitro demonstrated a notable killing activity towards GBM cells of cysteine-bearing CMC conjugates coupled with pro-apoptotic KLA peptides. More importantly, compared to doxorubicin (DOX), a model anticancer drug in chemotherapy that is highly toxic, these innovative nanohybrids nanoconjugates displayed higher lethality against U-87 MG cancer cells. In vivo CAM assays validated these findings where the nanohybrids demonstrated a significant reduction of GBM tumor progression (41% area) and evidenced an antiangiogenic activity. These results pave the way for developing polymer-based hybrid nanoarchitectonics applied as targeted multifunctional theranostics for simultaneous imaging and therapy against glioblastoma while possibly reducing the systemic toxicity and side-effects of conventional anticancer chemotherapeutic agents.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Madariaga virus (MADV) is a member of the eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) complex that circulates in Central and South America. It is a zoonotic, mosquito-borne pathogen, belonging to the family Togaviridae. Disturbances in the natural transmission cycle of this virus result in outbreaks in equines and humans, leading to high case fatality in the former and acute febrile illness or neurological disease in the latter. Although a considerable amount of knowledge exists on the eco-epidemiology of North American EEEV strains, little is known about MADV. In Brazil, the most recent isolations of MADV occurred in 2009 in the States of Paraíba and Ceará, northeast Brazil. Because of that, health authorities have recommended vaccination of animals in these regions. However, in 2019 an equine encephalitis outbreak was reported in a municipality in Ceará. Here, we present the isolation of MADV from two horses that died in this outbreak. The full-length genome of these viruses was sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses performed. Pathological findings from postmortem examination are also discussed. We conclude that MADV is actively circulating in northeast Brazil despite vaccination programs, and call attention to this arbovirus that likely represents an emerging pathogen in Latin America.

RESUMEN

We investigated the occurrence and pathologic findings of transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) associated with the chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) in commercial broiler chickens in southeastern Brazil. Seventy-three broilers, 25-36 d old, with a history of reduced growth, were referred to our veterinary pathology services from 2013 to 2017. Broilers were clinically examined, weighed, and euthanized for postmortem examination. Broilers of different ages with proventricular histologic lesions were positive for CPNV by RT-PCR; however, the intensity of histologic lesions was higher among 33-d-old animals, and viral RNA detection was more frequent among those that were 28 d old. In the proventriculi of 35 of 73 (48%) broilers, lesions were characterized by glandular epithelial necrosis, lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic infiltrates, and metaplasia of glandular epithelium to ductal epithelium. In 24 of 73 (36%) broilers with histologic TVP-compatible lesions, CPNV was detected by RT-PCR for the viral protein 1 (VP1) gene. Broilers with histologic lesions were lighter than expected compared to the Cobb 500 standard weight. TVP has not been reported previously in broiler chickens in Brazil, to our knowledge.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Equine coital exanthema is a venereal infectious disease poorly reported in horses in Brazil and was never described in the northeastern region of the country. This work aims to describe the clinical and pathological aspects of an outbreak of equine coital exanthema caused by equid alphaherpesvirus 3, occurred in a herd of horses at the semiarid region of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. Main clinical signs consisted of anorexia, hiporexia, fibrinous or purulent secretion in the penis mucosa and vagina. Two mares presented mild to minimal lesions that consisted of scars in the mucosa of the vagina and in the perivulvar region. In a stallion the disease consisted of severe, multifocal, umbilicated-exanthematous ulcers of approximately 1cm in diameter on the penis mucosa. Other areas where ulcers and crusts were focally observed included the skin of the scrotum and on the lips and mucocutaneous junctions of the oral cavity. Histologically, the main lesion consisted of multifocal severe ulcerative and fibrinous necrotizing balanoposthitis and mild multifocal necrotizing, lymphocytic dermatitis in the lips and scrotum. The equide alphaherpesvirus 3 DNA was amplified in blood samples and penis mucosa using the PCR technique. This is the first report of molecular diagnosis of equine coital exanthema affecting horses in northeastern Brazil. Further studies should be carried out in order to investigate the epidemiology and the importance of this herpetic disease in the country.(AU)

O exantema coital equino é uma doença infecciosa venérea pouco relatada em equinos no Brasil e nunca descrita na região Nordeste do país. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um surto de exantema coital equino causado pelo alphaherpesvirus equídeo 3, que ocorreu em um haras na região semiárida do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Os principais sinais clínicos consistiram em anorexia, hiporexia, secreção fibrinosa ou purulenta na mucosa do pênis e vagina. Duas éguas apresentavam lesões discretas que consistiam em cicatrizes na mucosa da vagina e na região perivulvar. Em um garanhão, a doença consistia em úlceras umbilicadas-exantematosas severas, multifocais, de aproximadamente 1 cm de diâmetro na mucosa do pênis. Outras áreas onde úlceras e crostas foram observadas focalmente incluíram a pele do escroto, lábios e junções mucocutâneas da cavidade oral. Histologicamente, as principais lesões consistiam em balanopostite multifocal ulcerativa e necrosante fibrinosa grave e dermatite linfocítica necrosante multifocal leve nos lábios e escroto. O DNA do alphaherpesvirus equídeo tipo 3 foi amplificado em amostras de sangue e mucosa do pênis pela técnica de PCR. Este é o primeiro relato de diagnóstico molecular de exantema coital equino afetando cavalos no nordeste do Brasil. Novos estudos devem ser realizados a fim de investigar a epidemiologia e a importância dessa doença herpética no país.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Equine coital exanthema is a venereal infectious disease poorly reported in horses in Brazil and was never described in the northeastern region of the country. This work aims to describe the clinical and pathological aspects of an outbreak of equine coital exanthema caused by equid alphaherpesvirus 3, occurred in a herd of horses at the semiarid region of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. Main clinical signs consisted of anorexia, hiporexia, fibrinous or purulent secretion in the penis mucosa and vagina. Two mares presented mild to minimal lesions that consisted of scars in the mucosa of the vagina and in the perivulvar region. In a stallion the disease consisted of severe, multifocal, umbilicated-exanthematous ulcers of approximately 1cm in diameter on the penis mucosa. Other areas where ulcers and crusts were focally observed included the skin of the scrotum and on the lips and mucocutaneous junctions of the oral cavity. Histologically, the main lesion consisted of multifocal severe ulcerative and fibrinous necrotizing balanoposthitis and mild multifocal necrotizing, lymphocytic dermatitis in the lips and scrotum. The equide alphaherpesvirus 3 DNA was amplified in blood samples and penis mucosa using the PCR technique. This is the first report of molecular diagnosis of equine coital exanthema affecting horses in northeastern Brazil. Further studies should be carried out in order to investigate the epidemiology and the importance of this herpetic disease in the country.(AU)

O exantema coital equino é uma doença infecciosa venérea pouco relatada em equinos no Brasil e nunca descrita na região Nordeste do país. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um surto de exantema coital equino causado pelo alphaherpesvirus equídeo 3, que ocorreu em um haras na região semiárida do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Os principais sinais clínicos consistiram em anorexia, hiporexia, secreção fibrinosa ou purulenta na mucosa do pênis e vagina. Duas éguas apresentavam lesões discretas que consistiam em cicatrizes na mucosa da vagina e na região perivulvar. Em um garanhão, a doença consistia em úlceras umbilicadas-exantematosas severas, multifocais, de aproximadamente 1 cm de diâmetro na mucosa do pênis. Outras áreas onde úlceras e crostas foram observadas focalmente incluíram a pele do escroto, lábios e junções mucocutâneas da cavidade oral. Histologicamente, as principais lesões consistiam em balanopostite multifocal ulcerativa e necrosante fibrinosa grave e dermatite linfocítica necrosante multifocal leve nos lábios e escroto. O DNA do alphaherpesvirus equídeo tipo 3 foi amplificado em amostras de sangue e mucosa do pênis pela técnica de PCR. Este é o primeiro relato de diagnóstico molecular de exantema coital equino afetando cavalos no nordeste do Brasil. Novos estudos devem ser realizados a fim de investigar a epidemiologia e a importância dessa doença herpética no país.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

ABSTRACT: Equine coital exanthema is a venereal infectious disease poorly reported in horses in Brazil and was never described in the northeastern region of the country. This work aims to describe the clinical and pathological aspects of an outbreak of equine coital exanthema caused by equid alphaherpesvirus 3, occurred in a herd of horses at the semiarid region of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. Main clinical signs consisted of anorexia, hiporexia, fibrinous or purulent secretion in the penis mucosa and vagina. Two mares presented mild to minimal lesions that consisted of scars in the mucosa of the vagina and in the perivulvar region. In a stallion the disease consisted of severe, multifocal, umbilicated-exanthematous ulcers of approximately 1cm in diameter on the penis mucosa. Other areas where ulcers and crusts were focally observed included the skin of the scrotum and on the lips and mucocutaneous junctions of the oral cavity. Histologically, the main lesion consisted of multifocal severe ulcerative and fibrinous necrotizing balanoposthitis and mild multifocal necrotizing, lymphocytic dermatitis in the lips and scrotum. The equide alphaherpesvirus 3 DNA was amplified in blood samples and penis mucosa using the PCR technique. This is the first report of molecular diagnosis of equine coital exanthema affecting horses in northeastern Brazil. Further studies should be carried out in order to investigate the epidemiology and the importance of this herpetic disease in the country.

RESUMO: O exantema coital equino é uma doença infecciosa venérea pouco relatada em equinos no Brasil e nunca descrita na região Nordeste do país. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um surto de exantema coital equino causado pelo alphaherpesvirus equídeo 3, que ocorreu em um haras na região semiárida do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Os principais sinais clínicos consistiram em anorexia, hiporexia, secreção fibrinosa ou purulenta na mucosa do pênis e vagina. Duas éguas apresentavam lesões discretas que consistiam em cicatrizes na mucosa da vagina e na região perivulvar. Em um garanhão, a doença consistia em úlceras umbilicadas-exantematosas severas, multifocais, de aproximadamente 1 cm de diâmetro na mucosa do pênis. Outras áreas onde úlceras e crostas foram observadas focalmente incluíram a pele do escroto, lábios e junções mucocutâneas da cavidade oral. Histologicamente, as principais lesões consistiam em balanopostite multifocal ulcerativa e necrosante fibrinosa grave e dermatite linfocítica necrosante multifocal leve nos lábios e escroto. O DNA do alphaherpesvirus equídeo tipo 3 foi amplificado em amostras de sangue e mucosa do pênis pela técnica de PCR. Este é o primeiro relato de diagnóstico molecular de exantema coital equino afetando cavalos no nordeste do Brasil. Novos estudos devem ser realizados a fim de investigar a epidemiologia e a importância dessa doença herpética no país.

RESUMEN

The earliest possible diagnosis and understanding of the infection mechanisms play a crucial role in the outcome of fighting viral diseases. Thus, we designed and developed for the first time, novel bioconjugates made of Ag-In-S@ZnS (ZAIS) fluorescent quantum dots coupled with ZIKA virus via covalent amide bond with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) biopolymer for labeling and bioimaging the virus-host cell interactions mechanisms through confocal laser scanning microscopy. This work offers relevant insights regarding the profile of the ZIKA virus-nanoparticle conjugates interactions with VERO cells, which can be applied as a nanoplatform to elucidate the infection mechanisms caused by this viral disease.

RESUMEN

Several studies have shown the occurrence of poxvirus infections associated with exanthematic lesions in cattle from many Brazilian states. Coinfection between viruses belonging to 2 genera, Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) and Parapoxvirus (PPV), was already identified from the lesions of affected cows and humans. The DNA and infectious viral particles of Vaccinia virus, an OPXV, have been detected in milk of naturally and experimentally infected cows. However, to date no reports have described the detection of Pseudocowpox virus, a PPV, in milk. Thus, we investigated the presence of PPV and OPXV in milk samples obtained from dairy cows from a Brazilian region with exanthematic disease outbreaks. From 2011 to 2014, 6 dairy farms with exanthematic disease outbreaks involving dairy cows, calves, and humans were visited. Twelve crusts of cows' teat lesions and 60 milk samples were collected. The crusts and milk samples were analyzed by PCR to detect OPXV or PPV DNA. According to the analyzed crusts, we detected PPV infection in 4 of the 6 visited farms, from which we investigated the PPV contamination in milk. From the 40 milk samples tested, PPV DNA was detected in 12 samples. Of these milk samples, 8 were positive for both PPV and OPXV. This is the first report of PPV DNA detection in milk samples from affected cows, indicating that the virus may be present in milk and potentially contaminating dairy products associated or not with OPXV. In addition to the lesions caused by direct contact, the presence of 2 or more poxvirus species in milk showed that the effect of zoonotic exanthematic diseases on public health and animal husbandry is relevant and cannot be overlooked.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Bovine vaccinia is a neglected zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV) and has a major economic and public health effect in Brazil. Previous studies showed infectious VACV particles in milk from either experimentally or naturally infected cows and in fresh cheeses prepared with experimentally contaminated milk. Ripening is a process that leads to major changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of cheese, reducing contamination by spoilage, pathogenic microorganisms, or both. However, it is not known if VACV infectious particles persist after the ripening process. To investigate this issue, viral infectivity at different ripening times was studied in cheeses manufactured with milk experimentally contaminated with VACV strain Guarani P2 (GP2). Cheeses were analyzed at 1, 7, 14, 21, 45, and 60 d of ripening at 25°C. Viral DNA was quantified by real-time PCR, and VACV isolation and titration were performed in Vero cells. The whole experiment was repeated 4 times. Analysis of the mean viral DNA quantification and infectivity indicated a reduction of approximately 2 logs along the ripening process; however, infectious viral particles (1.7 × 102 pfu/mL) could still be recovered at d 60 of ripening. These findings indicate that the ripening process reduces VACV infectivity, but it was not able to inactivate completely the viral particles after 60 d.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

This study was based on analysis of the central nervous system from cattle that died after developing neurological disease in the State of Minas Gerais from 2004 to 2010. Samples were analyzed by histopathology, histochemistry, and anti-Listeria monocytogenes immunohistochemistry. The frequency of positivity for the techniques used and distribution were determined, and the results were analyzed by Fisher"s exact test. Microscopic changes were observed in 29.5% (290/982) of bovine central nervous system samples examined. Inflammatory changes were the most frequent lesions (87.2% - 253/290) with 80% of cases (232/290) presenting non suppurative inflammation. Through histopathologic analyses, presumptive or conclusive etiology was obtained in 25.2% (73/290) of the samples. Etiologic diagnosis included inflammation by viruses (bovine herpesvirus infection in six samples; ovine herpesvirus-2 infection in eight samples); and bacteria (bacterial infection in 34 samples; and tuberculosis in six samples). Circulatory changes were evident in 26 cattle being nine cases of cerebral babesiosis. Degenerative lesions were detected in eight samples. One congenital change (cerebellar abiotrophy) and one neoplasm (astrocytoma) were identified. Neurological diseases other than rabies were diagnosed in Minas Gerais, and the use of histopathology allowed a more accurate differential diagnosis and a higher rate of conclusive diagnoses.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

This study was based on analysis of the central nervous system from cattle that died after developing neurological disease in the State of Minas Gerais from 2004 to 2010. Samples were analyzed by histopathology, histochemistry, and anti-Listeria monocytogenes immunohistochemistry. The frequency of positivity for the techniques used and distribution were determined, and the results were analyzed by Fisher"s exact test. Microscopic changes were observed in 29.5% (290/982) of bovine central nervous system samples examined. Inflammatory changes were the most frequent lesions (87.2% - 253/290) with 80% of cases (232/290) presenting non suppurative inflammation. Through histopathologic analyses, presumptive or conclusive etiology was obtained in 25.2% (73/290) of the samples. Etiologic diagnosis included inflammation by viruses (bovine herpesvirus infection in six samples; ovine herpesvirus-2 infection in eight samples); and bacteria (bacterial infection in 34 samples; and tuberculosis in six samples). Circulatory changes were evident in 26 cattle being nine cases of cerebral babesiosis. Degenerative lesions were detected in eight samples. One congenital change (cerebellar abiotrophy) and one neoplasm (astrocytoma) were identified. Neurological diseases other than rabies were diagnosed in Minas Gerais, and the use of histopathology allowed a more accurate differential diagnosis and a higher rate of conclusive diagnoses.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Swine influenza virus (SIV) is the cause of an acute respiratory disease that affects swine worldwide. In Brazil, SIV has been identified in pigs since 1978. After the emergence of pandemic H1N1 in 2009 (H1N1pdm09), few studies reported the presence of influenza virus in Brazilian herds. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the serological profile for influenza virus in farrow-to-finish pig farms in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. METHODS: Thirty farms with no SIV vaccination history were selected from the four larger pig production areas in Minas Gerais state (Zona da Mata, Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba, South/Southwest and the Belo Horizonte metropolitan area). At each farm, blood samples were randomly collected from 20 animals in each production cycle category: breeding animals (sows and gilts), farrowing crate (2-3 weeks), nursery (4-7 weeks), grower pigs (8-14 weeks), and finishing pigs (15-16 weeks), with 100 samples per farm and a total of 3000 animals in this study. The samples were tested for hemagglutination inhibition activity against H1N1 pandemic strain (A/swine/Brazil/11/2009) and H3N2 SIV (A/swine/Iowa/8548-2/98) reference strain. RESULTS: The percentages of seropositive animals for H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 were 26.23% and 1.57%, respectively, and the percentages of seropositive herds for both viruses were 96.6% and 13.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The serological profiles differed for both viruses and among the studied areas, suggesting a high variety of virus circulation around the state, as well as the presence of seronegative animals susceptible to influenza infection and, consequently, new respiratory disease outbreaks.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The pathogenesis of the Brucella-induced inflammatory response in the bovine placenta is not completely understood. In this study we evaluated the role of the B. abortus Type IV secretion system and the anti-inflammatory factor BtpB in early interactions with bovine placental tissues. Transcription profiles of chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) explants inoculated with wild type (strain 2308), ΔvirB2 or ΔbtpB Brucella abortus were compared by microarray analysis at 4 hours post infection. Transcripts with significant variation (>2 fold change; P<0.05) were functionally classified, and transcripts related to defense and inflammation were assessed by quantitative real time RT-PCR. Infection with wild type B. abortus resulted in slightly more genes with decreased than increased transcription levels. Conversely, infection of trophoblastic cells with the ΔvirB2 or the ΔbtpB mutant strains, that lack a functional T4SS or that has impaired inhibition of TLR signaling, respectively, induced more upregulated than downregulated genes. Wild type Brucella abortus impaired transcription of host genes related to immune response when compared to ΔvirB and ΔbtpB mutants. Our findings suggest that proinflammatory genes are negatively modulated in bovine trophoblastic cells at early stages of infection. The virB operon and btpB are directly or indirectly related to modulation of these host genes. These results shed light on the early interactions between B. abortus and placental tissue that ultimately culminate in inflammatory pathology and abortion.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The goal of this study was to characterize the epidemiological situation and the factors involved in the prevalence of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle in the dairy basin of Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil. The study was conducted in 22 farms, and collected blood samples from 202 cattle to study serological, molecular and determination of the packed cell volume (PCV). On the farms were applied surveys involving epidemiological aspects. Seroprevalence rates were: Babesia bigemina 52.5%, B. bovis 68.8%, and Anaplasma marginale 89.1%. Of the samples analyzed, 73.3% were reactive for Babesia spp. and A. marginale, showing co-infection. In PCR, B. bigemina and B. bovis were positive in 52.0% and 33.2% respectively, and A. marginale in 76.2%. Of these, 51.5% amplified DNA of Babesia spp. and A. marginale. The semi-intensive management predominated in 68.0% of the farms studied. The clinical history of babesiosis and anaplasmosis, was reported from 73% of the farms. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between age groups and for the PCV of positive compared with negative animals. The study indicates that in this region is enzootic instability for babesiosis and enzootic stability for anaplasmosis, reinforcing the fact that in Brazil there are areas of enzootic instability, even in tropical regions of the country. The PCR technique was a valuable tool for the diagnosis of these diseases and may be used to characterize a geographic region.

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a situação epidemiológica e os fatores envolvidos na prevalência da babesiose e anaplasmose em bovinos da bacia leiteira de Parnaíba, Piauí, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em 22 propriedades, sendo coletadas amostras de sangue de 202 bovinos para estudos sorológicos, moleculares e determinação do volume globular (VG). Nas propriedades foram aplicadas inquéritos envolvendo aspectos epidemiológicos. As taxas de soroprevalência foram: 52,5% para Babesia bigemina, 68,8% B. bovis, e 89,1% para Anaplasma marginale. Das amostras analisadas, 73,3% foram reagentes para Babesia spp. e A. marginale, demostrando co-infecção. Na PCR, B. bigemina e B. bovis foram positivas em 52,0% e 33,2% respectivamente, e A. marginale em 76,2%. Destes, 51,5% amplificaram DNA de Babesia spp. e A. marginale. O manejo semi-intensivo predominou em 68,0% das propriedades estudadas. O histórico clínico de babesiose e anaplasmose foi relatado em 73% das propriedades. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre as faixas etárias e para o VG de animais positivos comparados com os negativos. O estudo indica que nesta região há instabilidade enzoótica para babesiose e estabilidade enzoótica para anaplasmose, reforçando o fato de que, no Brasil, existem áreas de instabilidade enzoótica, mesmo em regiões tropicais do país. A técnica de PCR demonstrou ser uma ferramenta valiosa para o diagnóstico destas doenças e pode ser utilizada para caracterizar uma região geográfica.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The goal of this study was to characterize the epidemiological situation and the factors involved in the prevalence of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle in the dairy basin of Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil. The study was conducted in 22 farms, and collected blood samples from 202 cattle to study serological, molecular and determination of the packed cell volume (PCV). On the farms were applied surveys involving epidemiological aspects. Seroprevalence rates were: Babesia bigemina 52.5%, B. bovis 68.8%, and Anaplasma marginale 89.1%. Of the samples analyzed, 73.3% were reactive for Babesia spp. and A. marginale, showing co-infection. In PCR, B. bigemina and B. bovis were positive in 52.0% and 33.2% respectively, and A. marginale in 76.2%. Of these, 51.5% amplified DNA of Babesia spp. and A. marginale. The semi-intensive management predominated in 68.0% of the farms studied. The clinical history of babesiosis and anaplasmosis, was reported from 73% of the farms. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between age groups and for the PCV of positive compared with negative animals. The study indicates that in this region is enzootic instability for babesiosis and enzootic stability for anaplasmosis, reinforcing the fact that in Brazil there are areas of enzootic instability, even in tropical regions of the country. The PCR technique was a valuable tool for the diagnosis of these diseases and may be used to characterize a geographic region.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a situação epidemiológica e os fatores envolvidos na prevalência da babesiose e anaplasmose em bovinos da bacia leiteira de Parnaíba, Piauí, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em 22 propriedades, sendo coletadas amostras de sangue de 202 bovinos para estudos sorológicos, moleculares e determinação do volume globular (VG). Nas propriedades foram aplicadas inquéritos envolvendo aspectos epidemiológicos. As taxas de soroprevalência foram: 52,5% para Babesia bigemina, 68,8% B. bovis, e 89,1% para Anaplasma marginale. Das amostras analisadas, 73,3% foram reagentes para Babesia spp. e A. marginale, demostrando co-infecção. Na PCR, B. bigemina e B. bovis foram positivas em 52,0% e 33,2% respectivamente, e A. marginale em 76,2%. Destes, 51,5% amplificaram DNA de Babesia spp. e A. marginale. O manejo semi-intensivo predominou em 68,0% das propriedades estudadas. O histórico clínico de babesiose e anaplasmose foi relatado em 73% das propriedades. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre as faixas etárias e para o VG de animais positivos comparados com os negativos. O estudo indica que nesta região há instabilidade enzoótica para babesiose e estabilidade enzoótica para anaplasmose, reforçando o fato de que, no Brasil, existem áreas de instabilidade enzoótica, mesmo em regiões tropicais do país. A técnica de PCR demonstrou ser uma ferramenta valiosa para o diagnóstico destas doenças e pode ser utilizada para caracterizar uma região geográfica.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Brucella spp. are gram-negative intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause chronic infections. Brucella virulence factors include a type IV secretion system (T4SS) and its lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which are essential for persistence. However, the role of the virB-encoded T4SS has not been investigated in naturally rough Brucella species such as Brucella ovis. In this study, male 6-week old BALBc mice were infected with B. ovis, Brucella abortus, and their respective ΔvirB2 mutant strains. During early infection, B. ovis and B. abortus wild type strains were similarly recovered from spleen. Interestingly, in contrast to ΔvirB2 B. abortus that was recovered at similar levels when compared to the wild type strain, the ΔvirB2 B. ovis was markedly attenuated as early as 24h post infection (hpi). The ΔvirB2 B. ovis was unable to survive and multiply in murine peritoneal macrophages and extracellularly within the peritoneal cavity at 12 and 24 hpi with lower splenic colonization than the parental strain at 6, 12 and 24 hpi. In contrast, wild type B. abortus and ΔvirB2 B. abortus had a similar kinetics of infection in this model. As expected, the T4SS was essential for intracellular replication of smooth and rough strains in RAW macrophages at 48 hpi. These results suggest that T4SS is important for survival of B. ovis in murine model, and that a T4SS deficient B. ovis strain is cleared at earlier stages of infection when compared to a similar B. abortus mutant.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

As enfermidades do sistema nervoso central (SNC) são frequentemente relatadas em bovinos no Brasil. Apesar de Minas Gerais ter o segundo maior rebanho bovino do país, há escassez de informações referentes às doenças neurológicas que acometem esses animais. O Laboratório de Saúde Animal do Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária (LSA/IMA) é o responsável pelo diagnóstico das enfermidades neurológicas dos animais de produção no Estado, com ênfase para a raiva e as encefalopatias espongiformes transmissíveis. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo dos dados referentes às amostras de SNC de bovinos com síndrome neurológica avaliadas pelo LSA/IMA de janeiro/2003 a junho/2010, com o objetivo de determinar o perfil das amostras encaminhadas para análise no serviço de defesa sanitária animal, com ênfase no diagnóstico da raiva bovina. Foram consideradas características do animal (sexo, idade, raça e tipo de morte) e da amostra (método de conservação e responsável pela coleta), sendo nas positivas para raiva, avaliada sua composição, assim como as alterações histopatológicas encontradas. Os dados relacionados à frequência de positividade nas diferentes categorias foram submetidos à análise pelo Teste Exato de Fisher. Durante o período avaliado, foram analisadas 3.731 amostras de bovinos com doença neurológica, havendo predomínio de fêmeas e mestiços, o que reflete a composição do rebanho do Estado. O método de conservação foi o principal problema encontrado, sendo apenas 25,89% das amostras encaminhadas em gelo e formol a 10%. Verificou-se uma diminuição gradativa no envio de material para análise. Quanto a raiva bovina diagnosticada no Estado, foram avaliadas 3.703 amostras pela imunofluorescência direta (IFD) e prova biológica (PB), com 41,58% de positividade, sendo dessas 282 submetidas a histopatologia. A frequência de positividade foi influenciada pela raça, idade e tipo de morte do animal. A composição da amostra alterou significativamente o resultado das análises, havendo maior frequência de positividade naquelas compostas por três ou mais fragmentos de SNC, tanto na IFD/PB, quanto na histopatologia. O bulbo, fragmento de eleição para o diagnóstico da EEB, tem sido erroneamente enviado refrigerado e não em formol a 10%. Cerebelo, tálamo, tronco encefálico e medula apresentaram maior frequência de corpúsculos de Negri que cérebro e gânglio trigeminal. O infiltrado inflamatório não supurado foi menos frequente no cérebro, que nos demais fragmentos avaliados. Conclui-se que as amostras de bovinos com síndrome neurológica enviadas ao serviço de defesa sanitária animal de Minas Gerais apresentam características distintas, sendo o método de conservação o principal problema encontrado. Além disso, a raiva bovina diagnosticada na população estudada é influenciada pelas características do animal e da amostra, sendo indicado o envio de diferentes fragmentos do SNC para análise, conservados adequadamente, o que contribui para um diagnóstico mais preciso.(AU)

Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are often reported in cattle in Brazil. Although the State of Minas Gerais has the second largest cattle herd in the country, there is little information from this state concerning neurological diseases that affect cattle. The Laboratório de Saúde Animal of the Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária (LSA/IMA) is in charge of the diagnosis of neurological diseases of livestock in the State, with emphasis on rabies and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. A retrospective study was conducted on data from cattle with neurologic diseases evaluated by the LSA/IMA from January/2003 to June/2010, aiming to determine the profile of CNS samples sent for analysis, with emphasis on the diagnosis of bovine rabies. Issues related to the animal (sex, age, breed and type of death) as well as to the sample (method of conservation, person in charge the collection, and region of the CNS sampled) were evaluated. Data on frequency of rabies positive samples were analyzed by Fisher's exact test. During the period studied, 3,731 samples from cattle with neurological signs were analyzed, with a predominance of females and crossbred cattle. The method of preservation was the main problem encountered with only 25.89% of samples sent both refrigerated and fixed in 10% formaldehyde. There was a gradual decrease in submission of samples during the course of this study. All 3,703 samples were evaluated by direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA) and biological test (BT) for rabies, 41.58% being positivity for rabies, and 282 of those samples being subjected to histopathology examination. The frequency of positivity was influenced by breed, age, and type of death. Composition of the sample significantly influenced the results, with higher frequency of positivity in samples containing three or more CNS fragments by DFA, BT, or histopathology. The medulla, which is the fragment of choice for diagnosis of BSE, has often been mistakenly submitted under refrigeration, but not in 10% formalin. Cerebellum, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord had higher frequency of Negri bodies than the cerebral cortex and trigeminal ganglia. The nonsuppurative inflammatory infiltrate was less frequent in the cerebral cortex than in other CNS fragments. In conclusion, CNS samples from cattle with neurological syndrome sent to the animal health protection service of Minas Gerais are heterogeneous, and the preservation method was the major problem hindering and adequate diagnosis. In addition, diagnosis of rabies was influenced by parameters of the animal as well as the CNS sample. Submission of properly preserved fragments from various segments of the CNS contributes to a more accurate diagnosis of rabies in cattle.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

As enfermidades do sistema nervoso central (SNC) são frequentemente relatadas em bovinos no Brasil. Apesar de Minas Gerais ter o segundo maior rebanho bovino do país, há escassez de informações referentes às doenças neurológicas que acometem esses animais. O Laboratório de Saúde Animal do Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária (LSA/IMA) é o responsável pelo diagnóstico das enfermidades neurológicas dos animais de produção no Estado, com ênfase para a raiva e as encefalopatias espongiformes transmissíveis. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo dos dados referentes às amostras de SNC de bovinos com síndrome neurológica avaliadas pelo LSA/IMA de janeiro/2003 a junho/2010, com o objetivo de determinar o perfil das amostras encaminhadas para análise no serviço de defesa sanitária animal, com ênfase no diagnóstico da raiva bovina. Foram consideradas características do animal (sexo, idade, raça e tipo de morte) e da amostra (método de conservação e responsável pela coleta), sendo nas positivas para raiva, avaliada sua composição, assim como as alterações histopatológicas encontradas. Os dados relacionados à frequência de positividade nas diferentes categorias foram submetidos à análise pelo Teste Exato de Fisher. Durante o período avaliado, foram analisadas 3.731 amostras de bovinos com doença neurológica, havendo predomínio de fêmeas e mestiços, o que reflete a composição do rebanho do Estado. O método de conservação foi o principal problema encontrado, sendo apenas 25,89% das amostras encaminhadas em gelo e formol a 10%. Verificou-se uma diminuição gradativa no envio de material para análise. Quanto a raiva bovina diagnosticada no Estado, foram avaliadas 3.703 amostras pela imunofluorescência direta (IFD) e prova biológica (PB), com 41,58% de positividade, sendo dessas 282 submetidas a histopatologia. A frequência de positividade foi influenciada pela raça, idade e tipo de morte do animal. A composição da amostra alterou significativamente o resultado das análises, havendo maior frequência de positividade naquelas compostas por três ou mais fragmentos de SNC, tanto na IFD/PB, quanto na histopatologia. O bulbo, fragmento de eleição para o diagnóstico da EEB, tem sido erroneamente enviado refrigerado e não em formol a 10%. Cerebelo, tálamo, tronco encefálico e medula apresentaram maior frequência de corpúsculos de Negri que cérebro e gânglio trigeminal. O infiltrado inflamatório não supurado foi menos frequente no cérebro, que nos demais fragmentos avaliados. Conclui-se que as amostras de bovinos com síndrome neurológica enviadas ao serviço de defesa sanitária animal de Minas Gerais apresentam características distintas, sendo o método de conservação o principal problema encontrado. Além disso, a raiva bovina diagnosticada na população estudada é influenciada pelas características do animal e da amostra, sendo indicado o envio de diferentes fragmentos do SNC para análise, conservados adequadamente, o que contribui para um diagnóstico mais preciso.(AU)

Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are often reported in cattle in Brazil. Although the State of Minas Gerais has the second largest cattle herd in the country, there is little information from this state concerning neurological diseases that affect cattle. The Laboratório de Saúde Animal of the Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária (LSA/IMA) is in charge of the diagnosis of neurological diseases of livestock in the State, with emphasis on rabies and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. A retrospective study was conducted on data from cattle with neurologic diseases evaluated by the LSA/IMA from January/2003 to June/2010, aiming to determine the profile of CNS samples sent for analysis, with emphasis on the diagnosis of bovine rabies. Issues related to the animal (sex, age, breed and type of death) as well as to the sample (method of conservation, person in charge the collection, and region of the CNS sampled) were evaluated. Data on frequency of rabies positive samples were analyzed by Fisher's exact test. During the period studied, 3,731 samples from cattle with neurological signs were analyzed, with a predominance of females and crossbred cattle. The method of preservation was the main problem encountered with only 25.89% of samples sent both refrigerated and fixed in 10% formaldehyde. There was a gradual decrease in submission of samples during the course of this study. All 3,703 samples were evaluated by direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA) and biological test (BT) for rabies, 41.58% being positivity for rabies, and 282 of those samples being subjected to histopathology examination. The frequency of positivity was influenced by breed, age, and type of death. Composition of the sample significantly influenced the results, with higher frequency of positivity in samples containing three or more CNS fragments by DFA, BT, or histopathology. The medulla, which is the fragment of choice for diagnosis of BSE, has often been mistakenly submitted under refrigeration, but not in 10% formalin. Cerebellum, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord had higher frequency of Negri bodies than the cerebral cortex and trigeminal ganglia. The nonsuppurative inflammatory infiltrate was less frequent in the cerebral cortex than in other CNS fragments. In conclusion, CNS samples from cattle with neurological syndrome sent to the animal health protection service of Minas Gerais are heterogeneous, and the preservation method was the major problem hindering and adequate diagnosis. In addition, diagnosis of rabies was influenced by parameters of the animal as well as the CNS sample. Submission of properly preserved fragments from various segments of the CNS contributes to a more accurate diagnosis of rabies in cattle.(AU)

Asunto(s)