RESUMEN

PURPOSE: To compare the vowel emission and number counting tasks in perceptual-auditory differentiation among children with and without laryngeal lesions. METHODS: Observational, analytical, and cross-sectional methods were used. Medical records of 44 children were selected from a database of an otorhinolaryngology service at a University Hospital and they were divided into groups: without laryngeal lesion (WOLL), and with laryngeal lesion (WLL), with 33 and 11 children. For the auditory-perceptual evaluation, the vocal samples were separated according to the type of task. They were analyzed separately by a judge who analyzed the general degree of vocal deviation and assessed whether the child would pass or fail in the face of a screening situation. RESULTS: There was a difference between the WOLL and WLL groups in terms of the overall degree of vocal deviation for the task of number counting, with a predominance of mild deviations in WOLL and moderate in WLL. In the screening, there was a difference between the groups during the number counting task, with more failures in the WLL. The groups were similar in the sustained vowel task, both in terms of the overall degree of vocal deviation and the vocal screening. Most children in the WLL failed in both tasks during vocal screening compared to the children in the WOLL who, in general, failed in only one task. CONCLUSION: The task of number counting contributes to the auditory differentiation in children with and without laryngeal lesion, by identifying deviations of greater intensity in children with laryngeal lesion.

OBJETIVO: comparar as tarefas de emissão de vogal e de contagem de números na diferenciação perceptivo-auditiva de crianças com e sem lesão laríngea. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional, analítico, transversal. Utilizou-se banco de dados de uma pesquisa de doutorado, com resultados de avaliações laringológicas e gravação de amostras vocais de 44 crianças que se dividiram em: Grupo sem lesão laríngea (GSLL), com 33 crianças; e grupo com lesão laríngea (GCLL), com 11 crianças. Para a avaliação perceptivo-auditiva, as amostras vocais foram separadas de acordo com o tipo de tarefa e analisadas separadamente por uma juíza, que analisou o grau geral do desvio vocal e informou se, diante de uma situação de triagem, a criança passaria ou falharia. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença entre os grupos GSLL e GCLL quanto ao grau geral do desvio vocal para tarefa de emissão de números, com predomínio de desvios discretos no GSLL e moderados no GCLL. Quanto à triagem, houve diferença entre os grupos para a tarefa de contagem, com mais falhas no GCLL. Os grupos foram semelhantes na tarefa de vogal, tanto no que se refere à intensidade do desvio quanto ao resultado da triagem. A maior parte das crianças do GCLL falhou em ambas as tarefas na situação de triagem vocal, com diferença em relação às crianças do GSLL que, em geral, falharam em apenas uma tarefa. CONCLUSÃO: A tarefa de contagem de números contribui para a diferenciação auditiva de crianças com e sem lesão laríngea, por identificar desvios de maior intensidade em crianças com lesão.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

RESUMO Objetivo comparar as tarefas de emissão de vogal e de contagem de números na diferenciação perceptivo-auditiva de crianças com e sem lesão laríngea. Método Estudo observacional, analítico, transversal. Utilizou-se banco de dados de uma pesquisa de doutorado, com resultados de avaliações laringológicas e gravação de amostras vocais de 44 crianças que se dividiram em: Grupo sem lesão laríngea (GSLL), com 33 crianças; e grupo com lesão laríngea (GCLL), com 11 crianças. Para a avaliação perceptivo-auditiva, as amostras vocais foram separadas de acordo com o tipo de tarefa e analisadas separadamente por uma juíza, que analisou o grau geral do desvio vocal e informou se, diante de uma situação de triagem, a criança passaria ou falharia. Resultados Houve diferença entre os grupos GSLL e GCLL quanto ao grau geral do desvio vocal para tarefa de emissão de números, com predomínio de desvios discretos no GSLL e moderados no GCLL. Quanto à triagem, houve diferença entre os grupos para a tarefa de contagem, com mais falhas no GCLL. Os grupos foram semelhantes na tarefa de vogal, tanto no que se refere à intensidade do desvio quanto ao resultado da triagem. A maior parte das crianças do GCLL falhou em ambas as tarefas na situação de triagem vocal, com diferença em relação às crianças do GSLL que, em geral, falharam em apenas uma tarefa. Conclusão A tarefa de contagem de números contribui para a diferenciação auditiva de crianças com e sem lesão laríngea, por identificar desvios de maior intensidade em crianças com lesão.

ABSTRACT Purpose To compare the vowel emission and number counting tasks in perceptual-auditory differentiation among children with and without laryngeal lesions. Methods Observational, analytical, and cross-sectional methods were used. Medical records of 44 children were selected from a database of an otorhinolaryngology service at a University Hospital and they were divided into groups: without laryngeal lesion (WOLL), and with laryngeal lesion (WLL), with 33 and 11 children. For the auditory-perceptual evaluation, the vocal samples were separated according to the type of task. They were analyzed separately by a judge who analyzed the general degree of vocal deviation and assessed whether the child would pass or fail in the face of a screening situation. Results There was a difference between the WOLL and WLL groups in terms of the overall degree of vocal deviation for the task of number counting, with a predominance of mild deviations in WOLL and moderate in WLL. In the screening, there was a difference between the groups during the number counting task, with more failures in the WLL. The groups were similar in the sustained vowel task, both in terms of the overall degree of vocal deviation and the vocal screening. Most children in the WLL failed in both tasks during vocal screening compared to the children in the WOLL who, in general, failed in only one task. Conclusion The task of number counting contributes to the auditory differentiation in children with and without laryngeal lesion, by identifying deviations of greater intensity in children with laryngeal lesion.

RESUMEN

As obstruções das vias aéreas superiores, como tonsilas hipertrofiadas, são causas da respiração oral. Objetivo: traçar o perfil miofuncional orofacial de crianças respiradoras orais pré-adenoidectomia e/ou amidalectomia. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de caráter quantitativo de levantamento de dados. As avaliações de motricidade orofacial basearam-se no protocolo MBGR. Resultados: foram avaliadas 32 crianças, com média de idade de 8,9 anos. Destas, 34,4% eram do sexo feminino e 65,6%, do sexo masculino; prevaleceram o aleitamento natural e o hábito oral. As principais queixas foram de respiração oral e ronco. A maioria foi encaminhada para a realização de adenoamigdalectomia. A postura corporal esteve normal. Prevaleceram lábios entreabertos e língua no assoalho bucal, má oclusão Classe II de Angle, presença de tonsilas hipertrofiadas. O ronco foi descrito em 100% da amostra. A deglutição atípica prevaleceu em 77,4%. A articulação apresentou-se predominantemente normal, as alterações articulatórias presentes foram observadas no sexo masculino. A postura de lábios entreabertos apresentou relação com a deglutição atípica. Conclusão: os dados levantados não diferem da literatura com relação à respiração oral obstrutiva. Abre-se espaço para pesquisas que abranjam o pré e pós-operatório, e que propiciem um acompanhamento longitudinal das crianças.

The obstruction of the upper airways, such as hypertrophic tonsils, is the main cause of mouth breathing. Objective: to trace the orofacial myofunctional profile of mouth-breathing children previous to adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy. This is a descriptive quantitative study for data collection. Evaluations of orofacial motor function were based on the MBGR protocol. Results: 32 children with an age average of 8.9 years were evaluated; 34.4% of them were female and 65.6% male; breastfeeding and oral habits prevailed. The main complaints were oral breathing and snoring. Most were referred for adenotonsillectomy. The body posture was normal in 68.8% of the cases. There was a prevalence of parted lips and tongue in the mouth floor, Angle Class II malocclusion, besides hypertrophic tonsils. Snoring was described in 100% of the sample. Atypical swallowing was present in 77.4% of the sample. The articulation was predominantly normal, and articular changes were observed in males. Parted lips were related to atypical swallowing. Conclusion: the collected data did not differ from the literature regarding obstructive oral breathing. There is an open space for new research that embraces both pre- and postoperatory moments, providing a longitudinal monitoring of children.

Las obstrucciones de las vías respiratorias superiores, tales como las amígdalas hipertrofiadas, son la causa de la respiración oral. Objetivo: Trazar el perfil miofuncional orofacial de niños antes de la adenoidectomía y/o amigdalectomía. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y cuantitativo para la recopilación de datos. Las evaluaciones de la función motora orofacial se basaran en el protocolo MBGR. Resultados: Se evaluaron 32 niños con un pormedio de edad de 8,9 años. De estos, el 34,4% eran mujeres y 65,6%, hombres; han prevalecido la lactancia materna y el hábito oral. Las principales quejas eran la respiración oral y ronquidos. La mayoría fue remitida para la realización de adenoamigdalectomía. La postura del cuerpo ha prevalecido normal. Hubo prevalencia de labios entreabiertos y de lengua en el piso de la boca, maloclusión Clase II de Angle y la presencia de amígdalas hipertrofiadas. El ronquido fue descrito en el 100% de los casos. La función masticatoria era normal. La deglución atípica estaba presente en 77,4%. La articulación se presentó predominantemente normal, las alteraciones articulatorias presentes fueron observadas en el sexo masculino. Los labios entreabiertos presentaran relación con la deglución atípica. Conclusión: los datos levantados no difieren de la literatura acerca de la respiración oral de etiología obstructiva. Se abre espacio para investigaciones que cubran los períodos pre y postoperatorio y propicien un seguimiento longitudinal de los niños.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa e compreensiva de estudos e pesquisas sobre o processo de decanulação em pacientes traqueostomizados. Objetivo: analisar a atuação fonoaudiológica e fisioterapêutica no processo de decanulação de pacientes traqueostomizados, bem como as possíveis complicações ao longo deste processo a partir da literatura indexada em bases de dados nacionais e internacionais. Métodos: Foram pesquisadas as seguintes bases de dados: Scopus, SciELO e PubMed, referentes ao período de 1996 a 2015. Foram selecionadas e analisadas 26 referências, que mostraram serem escassos os estudos que estabelecem critérios específicos para a decanulação, mantendo a decisão a respeito deste procedimento ainda baseada em avaliações subjetivas em oposição a protocolos padronizados. Conclusão: O desmame da traqueostomia e a consequente decanulação dependem de muitos fatores e podem ser um processo complexo, sendo necessárias pesquisas, não somente sobre quais os fatores que estão mais significativamente envolvidos, mas também sobre sua avaliação e a interação entre eles, levando sempre em consideração a importância da atuação em equipe multidisciplinar, a fim de tornar o processo mais eficaz e seguro.

It was undertaken a narrative and comprehensive review of studies and research about the decannulation process in patients undergoing tracheostomy. Objective: to analyze the speech therapy and physiotherapy approach on decannulation of tracheostomy patients, as well as possible complications throughout this process, from the literature indexed in national and international databases. Methods: The following databases were searched: Scopus, SciELO and PubMed, from 1996 to 2015. There were selected and analyzed 26 references, which showed the existence of few studies that establish specific criteria for decannulation, keeping the decision regarding this procedure still based on subjective judgments, in opposition to standardized protocols. Conclusion: The removal of the tracheostomy and the consequent decannulation depend on many factors and may be a complex process, being necessary others research not only about the most significant factors involved, but also on their evaluation and the interaction between them, taking into account the importance of the performance in multidisciplinary team in order to make the most effective and safe process.

Se realizó una revisión narrativa y comprehensiva de los estudios y investigaciónes sobre el proceso de desentubación en pacientes traqueotomisados. Objetivo: analizar la acctuación fonoaudiológica y fisioterapica en la desentubación de los pacientes traqueotomizados, así como las posibles complicaciones a lo largo de este proceso a partir de la literatura indexada en bases de datos nacionales e internacionales. Métodos: Fueron investigadas las siguientes bases de datos: Scopus, SciELO y PubMed, para el período 1996-2015. Se seleccionaron y analizaron 26 referencias, que mostraron ser escasos los estudios que establecen criterios específicos para desentubación. Todavia se manteniene la decisión con respecto a este procedimiento con base en juicios subjetivos, en oposición a los protocolos estándar. Conclusión: La eliminación de la traqueotomía y la consiguiente desentubación dependen de muchos factores y puede ser un proceso complejo, siendo necesarias investigaciones no sólo sobre qué factores estan mas significativamente implicados, sino también sobre su evaluación y la interacción entre ellos, teniendo siempre en cuenta la importancia de la actuación en un equipo multidisciplinario, con el fin de hacer el proceso más efectivo y seguro.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: To correlate the reason for referral to speech therapy service at a university hospital with the results of clinical and objective assessment of risk for dysphagia. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, observational, retrospective analytical and quantitative study. The data were gathered from the database, and the information used was the reason for referral to speech therapy service, results of clinical assessment of the risk for dysphagia, and also from swallowing videofluoroscopy. RESULTS: There was a mean difference between the variables of the reason for the referral, results of the clinical and objective swallowing assessments, and scale of penetration/aspiration, although the values were not statistically significant. Statistically significant correlation was observed between clinical and objective assessments and the penetration scale, with the largest occurring between the results of objective assessment and penetration scale. CONCLUSION: There was a correlation between clinical and objective assessments of swallowing and mean difference between the variables of the reason for the referral with their respective assessment. This shows the importance of the association between the data of patient's history and results of clinical evaluation and complementary tests, such as videofluoroscopy, for correct identification of the swallowing disorders, being important to combine the use of severity scales of penetration/aspiration for diagnosis. .

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar o motivo do encaminhamento para o serviço de fonoaudiologia de um hospital universitário com os resultados da avaliação clínica e objetiva do risco para disfagia. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, observacional, analítico de caráter retrospectivo e quantitativo. Os dados utilizados foram advindos do banco de dados, sendo utilizadas as informações do motivo do encaminhamento para o serviço de Fonoaudiologia, resultados da avaliação clínica para o risco de disfagia e também da videofluoroscopia da deglutição. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença média entre as variáveis motivo do encaminhamento, resultados encontrados na avaliação clínica e objetiva da deglutição e a escala de penetração/aspiração, embora os valores não tenham sido estatisticamente significantes. Foi constatada correlação estatisticamente significante entre avaliação clínica, avaliação objetiva e escala de penetração, sendo que a maior delas ocorreu entre os resultados da avaliação objetiva e a escala de penetração. CONCLUSÃO: Houve correlação entre a avaliação clínica e objetiva da deglutição e diferença média entre as variáveis do motivo do encaminhamento com as respectivas avaliações. Isso demonstra a importância da associação entre os dados do histórico do paciente e os resultados da avaliação clínica e exames complementares, como a videofluoroscopia, para a identificação correta da alteração de deglutição, sendo importante ainda combinar o uso de escalas de gravidade de penetração/aspiração para estabelecer o diagnóstico. .

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: To correlate the reason for referral to speech therapy service at a university hospital with the results of clinical and objective assessment of risk for dysphagia. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, observational, retrospective analytical and quantitative study. The data were gathered from the database, and the information used was the reason for referral to speech therapy service, results of clinical assessment of the risk for dysphagia, and also from swallowing videofluoroscopy. RESULTS: There was a mean difference between the variables of the reason for the referral, results of the clinical and objective swallowing assessments, and scale of penetration/aspiration, although the values were not statistically significant. Statistically significant correlation was observed between clinical and objective assessments and the penetration scale, with the largest occurring between the results of objective assessment and penetration scale. CONCLUSION: There was a correlation between clinical and objective assessments of swallowing and mean difference between the variables of the reason for the referral with their respective assessment. This shows the importance of the association between the data of patient's history and results of clinical evaluation and complementary tests, such as videofluoroscopy, for correct identification of the swallowing disorders, being important to combine the use of severity scales of penetration/aspiration for diagnosis.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Para auxiliar na avaliação funcional da deglutição, a maior parte dos fonoaudiólogos utiliza recursos instrumentais como a ausculta cervical. Em vista disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar na literatura a contribuição da ausculta cervical para a avaliação clínica das disfagias. Para tanto, foram revisados periódicos nacionais e internacionais, indexados nas bases de dados Springer, Lilacs, Bireme, Medline e Scielo, entre os anos de 1992 e 2011. A partir da análise dos estudos foi possível verificar que a ausculta cervical vem se modernizando com a evolução tecnológica, possibilitando a realização de estudos quantitativos dos sons da deglutição; que ainda há evidências pouco claras das correspondências entre os componentes sonoros da deglutição e os eventos fisiológicos da fase faríngea; que não foram evidenciadas diferenças nos sons da deglutição entre crianças e adultos; e que alguns estudos apresentaram concordância entre a ausculta cervical e a avaliação videofluoroscópica da deglutição, e outros ainda apresentaram correlação positiva entre estas duas avaliações. Assim, considerando-se que a videofluoroscopia da deglutição em nosso país ainda é um exame de difícil acesso, com custo relativamente alto, acredita-se que a ausculta cervical constitui um importante recurso para o diagnóstico e acompanhamento clínico em casos de disfagia orofaríngea.

In order to assist on the functional assessment of swallowing, most speech therapists make use of instrumental resources such as cervical auscultation. Thus, the objective of this study was to search the literature in order to find the contribution of cervical auscultation for assessing dysphagias. To this end, international and national journals were reviewed. These journals were indexed in Springer, Lilacs, Bireme, Medline and Scielo databases, comprising the period between 1992 and 2011. From the analysis of the studies, it was possible to verify that: cervical auscultation has been modernized with the technologic evolution, enabling the realization of quantitative studies of the swallowing sounds; there are still few clear evidence of the connections between the sound components of swallowing and the physiological events of the pharyngeal phase; no differences were observed between the swallowing sounds in children and adults; in some studies, cervical auscultation was positively correlated with the videofluoroscopic assessment of swallowing, and others presented positive correlation between these two assessment procedures. Hence, considering that the swallowing videofluoroscopy examination is still difficult to access, with relatively high cost, it is believed that cervical auscultation constitutes an important resource for the diagnosis and clinical monitoring in cases of oropharyngeal dysphagia.

RESUMEN

Introduction: The act of swallowing depends on a complex and dynamic process which uses common structures to the act of breathing; respiratory problems can cause swallowing difficulties. Aim: To assess the swallowing pharyngeal phase in patients with chronic cough. Method: Retrospective study with 15 patients of both genders, patients with chronic cough and risk factors for aspiration defined by the pneumologic diagnosis. The patients were submitted to anamnesis on complaints related to swallowing, chewing and breathing, or related to food and to videofluoroscopic examination. Results: It was observed that 33.3% had normal and functional swallowing, being the last one of most prevalence. The mild dysphagia was observed in 20% of the patients, the mild to moderate dysphagia in 6.7% of them. In relation to the Rosenbek scale, 73.3% of patients presented degree 1, 6.7% presented degrees 2 and 3, and 13.3% presented degree 8. The most found pathology was the chronic cough with 40%, followed by asthma with 20%; 69.2% of patients presented stasis and of these, five used protection maneuvers, of these, seven were effective and only three were used in the presence of stasis. The most used maneuver was the multiple swallowing, being effective in 100%. Conclusion: There are peculiarities in the patients' swallowing with chronic cough that, although not presenting complaints relating to swallowing, it presents an important aspiration risk due to the presence of changes in breathing pattern that can intervene in the coordination between breathing and swallowing, which is essential to protect the lower airway...

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: The act of swallowing depends on a complex and dynamic process which uses common structures to the act of breathing; respiratory problems can cause swallowing difficulties. AIM: To assess the swallowing pharyngeal phase in patients with chronic cough. METHOD: Retrospective study with 15 patients of both genders, patients with chronic cough and risk factors for aspiration defined by the pneumologic diagnosis. The patients were submitted to anamnesis on complaints related to swallowing, chewing and breathing, or related to food and to videofluoroscopic examination. RESULTS: It was observed that 33.3% had normal and functional swallowing, being the last one of most prevalence. The mild dysphagia was observed in 20% of the patients, the mild to moderate dysphagia in 6.7% of them. In relation to the Rosenbek scale, 73.3% of patients presented degree 1, 6.7% presented degrees 2 and 3, and 13.3% presented degree 8. The most found pathology was the chronic cough with 40%, followed by asthma with 20%; 69.2% of patients presented stasis and of these, five used protection maneuvers, of these, seven were effective and only three were used in the presence of stasis. The most used maneuver was the multiple swallowing, being effective in 100%. CONCLUSION: There are peculiarities in the patients' swallowing with chronic cough that, although not presenting complaints relating to swallowing, it presents an important aspiration risk due to the presence of changes in breathing pattern that can intervene in the coordination between breathing and swallowing, which is essential to protect the lower airway.