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Twaite shad (Alosa fallax) includes two subspecies, the anadromous Alosa fallax nilotica, and the landlocked species Alosa fallax lacustris, representing the only Clupeidae inhabiting Lake Garda. Study of the parasitic fauna of this species in this area is still limited. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of tapeworms from A. fallax lacustris sampled in Lake Garda. Sixty-six A. fallax lacustris specimens were collected at the Milan fish market (Lombardy, Italy); specifically, an evaluation of the gastrointestinal contents was carried out for the presence of helminths. All parasites found were fixed in 70% ethanol and transferred to the laboratories of the University of Messina for morphological and molecular analysis. Parts of the parasites were stained with Semichon's carmine red technique. Molecular analysis was carried out using LSU rRNA and ITS2 region genes. Eight specimens out of sixty-six (12.1%) were positive for adult cestodes within the pyloric caeca. Morphological and molecular analysis could to identify the parasites found to be Proteocephalus longicollis. This parasite species is not considered a zoonotic agent, representing a low risk of parasitic fish-borne zoonosis for consumers of this appreciated fish from Lake Garda.

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This study represents the first report of Hysterothylacium incurvum within swordfish (Xiphias gladius) heart chambers. Swordfish is a large pelagic teleost, considered one of the most appreciated fish worldwide. Among swordfish parasites, Anisakis sp. and Hysterothylacium sp. have been used to evaluate biological and ecological aspects of this teleost. Between 2021 and 2022, 364 X. gladius hearts, caught from the Atlantic Ocean (FAO 27.IXa and FAO 34 areas), were collected at the Milan fish market (Lombardy, Italy). Three specimens from FAO 27.IXa was positive for seven adult nematodes (p = 1.55%) within the heart chambers. Of these, three specimens were found within the bulbus arteriosus and 4 in the ventricle. All parasites were stored in 70% ethanol and processed for parasitological and molecular analysis using Cox2, ITS regions/ITS-I-5.8S-ITS-II, and rrnS genes. The analysis allowed us to identify the retrieved parasite as H. incurvum. According to our evaluation, the final localization is due to the movement of L3 larvae from the coelomic cavity to the bloodstream, with consequent development to the adult stage within the heart. Finally, the parasite localization, considered non-marketable fish parts, does not pose a significant risk to consumers, also considering the low zoonotic potential of H. incurvum.

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Mercury (Hg) seriously affects some sensitive subgroups of population and the detection of Hg content in fish and fishery products is one of the most important activities aimed at controlling their safety. In fact, Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 set maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs and Regulation (EC) No 333/2007 laid down the methods of sampling and analysis for their control in foodstuffs. As Hg content highly varies among different fish species depending on a variety of factors and even among members of the same population, sampling methods play a crucial role in the accuracy, precision and statistical significance of Hg determination. By the use of an analysis method independent probabilistic model, based on the axioms of Kolmogorov's probability theory, this paper aims to assess the relationship between sampling methods set by Regulation (EC) No 333/2007 and the probability to detect compliant or non-compliant outcomes of Hg in fish.

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BACKGROUND: A high-volume low-pressure endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff forms folds along its contact with the trachea, allowing mucus leakage into the lungs. We developed a thin-walled ETT cuff made of Lycra polyurethane. METHODS: In vitro, we tested 6 of each of the new prototype Lycra cuff, the Mallinkrodt Hi-Lo ETT (polyvinyl chloride cuff), and the Kimberly-Clark Microcuff ETT (polyurethane cuff), for leakage, in an acrylic mock trachea (inner diameter 20-mm), with a cuff inflation pressure of 20 cm H(2)O. We poured 15 mL of methylene-blue colored water into the acrylic tube above the cuff and observed for leakage for 24 hours. RESULTS: The Lycra cuffs had no folds upon inflation in the mock trachea and completely prevented fluid leakage for 24 hours (P < .001 vs the Hi-Lo and the Microcuff). The average leakage past the Hi-Lo was 1,182 ± 1,321 mL/h. The average leakage past the Microcuff was 1.2 ± 0.4 mL/h (P < .001 vs the Hi-Lo). CONCLUSIONS: Our Lycra cuff provided complete tracheal sealing in vitro.

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OBJECTIVE: : To demonstrate the technical feasibility of CO2 removal with a commercial hemofilter and a replacement solution containing sodium hydroxide to replace bicarbonate. DESIGN: : Prospective animal experiment in sheep. SUBJECTS: : Seven mixed-breed female sheep. INTERVENTIONS: : Blood ultrafiltrate containing half of the metabolic production of CO2 was removed with a commercial hemofilter and a replacement solution containing sodium hydroxide was given as replacement. Minute ventilation was lowered to less than half of its baseline value. Ultrafiltration was stopped at 18 hrs, and Paco2 was allowed to increase for about 1 hr; at this time, the sheep were electively killed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: : Every 6 hrs, blood was sampled from the carotid artery, the pulmonary artery, and from the extracorporeal perfusion circuit (before the hemofilter, immediately after the hemofilter, and after mixing with the replacement solution). To maintain normocapnia, minute ventilation was reduced from 3.8 +/- 0.1 L/min to 1.9 +/- 0.7 L/min; Paco2 remained near constant during the study. The average blood pH, after mixing with the replacement solution, was 7.64 +/- 0.12. One hour after the ultrafiltration had stopped, Paco2 had increased from 36.7 +/- 4.2 torr (4.9 +/- 0.6 kPa) to 59.6 +/- 9 torr (7.9 +/- 1.2 kPa) (p < .01) and blood pH had decreased from 7.317 +/- 0.041 to 7.151 +/- 0.051 (p < .01). CONCLUSION: : CO2 removal with bicarbonate ultrafiltration may be an effective treatment for patients with respiratory failure.

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