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INTRODUCTION AND AIM: In recent years, probiotics have been used in functional gastrointestinal disorders, including chronic constipation (CC). The effect of Bifidobacterium infantis strain 35624 on the gut microbiota of CC patients has not been previously studied. Our aim was to analyze the fecal microbiota of constipated patients, before and after consuming a single-strain probiotic (B. infantis strain 35624). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing to analyze the fecal microbiota of female patients (n=13) with CC. Patients were instructed to ingest one capsule of Alflorex® (containing 1×109 CFUs/g B. infantis strain 35624) daily for eight weeks. Fecal samples were obtained at the baseline and end (final) of probiotic administration. RESULTS: Alpha diversity metrics did not differ between the baseline and final periods. The butyrate producer, Oscillospira, was the taxon most strongly correlated with amplicon sequence variants (R2=0.55, p<0.0001). Except for a few bacterial taxa, there were no significant differences in relative abundance between the baseline and final periods. Beta-diversity measures also showed limited evidence for the differences between the two time periods. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the fecal bacterial microbiota remains stable in constipated women consuming a single-strain probiotic. Those findings may be helpful in better understanding probiotic functioning in patients with digestive disorders.
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La prevalencia de trastorno del espectro autista ha ido en aumento, sin embargo, en Chile no existen lineamientos nutricionales acerca del posible tratamiento de la condicioÌn. Es por ello que el objetivo de esta revisioÌn fue analizar la evidencia actual en relacioÌn al uso de una dieta libre de gluten y caseiÌna, suplementacioÌn de vitamina D y omega 3 y su impacto en el comportamiento de ninÌos/as con trastorno del espectro autista. Hay evidencia con resultados en torno a los beneficios de la suplementacioÌn con vitamina D debido a su caraÌcter neuroprotector y su funcioÌn neuromuscular. A su vez, la evidencia con omega 3 (DHA) es estadiÌsticamente significativa para irritabilidad, hiperactividad, letargo, comportamiento estereotipado, conciencia social, comunicacioÌn y disminucioÌn de la severidad del autismo. Respecto a la dieta libre de gluten y caseiÌna lo observado es que no existe evidencia que respalde los beneficios que esta exclusioÌn entregariÌa. AuÌn falta evidencia para declarar un manejo nutricional especiÌfico para el tratamiento de los siÌntomas gastrointestinales y de comportamiento, maÌs allaÌ de la suplementacioÌn con aquellos micronutrientes en deÌficit.
The prevalence rate of autism spectrum disorder has been increasing, however, in Chile there are no nutritional guidelines about the possible treatment of the condition. That is the reason why the aim of this review is to analyze the current evidence regarding the use of a gluten and casein free diet, vitamin D and omega 3 supplementation and its impact in the behavior of children's with spectrum disorder autistic. There is evidence based on significant results regarding the benefits of vitamin D supplementation due to its neuroprotective character and neuromuscular function. At the same time the omega 3 evidence is statistically significant in the diminution of irritability hyperactivity, lethargy, stereotypical behavior, severity of autism and increase of social consciousness and communication. Regarding the gluten-free and casein-free diet, what was observed is that there is no evidence to support the benefits that this exclusion would provide. The evidence has not been conclusive to declare a specific nutritional management for the treatment of gastrointestinal and behavioral symptoms, beyond supplementation with those micronutrients in deficit.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Vitamina D/administración & dosificación , Caseínas/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Conducta Infantil/efectos de los fármacos , Dieta Sin Gluten , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/tratamiento farmacológico , Suplementos DietéticosRESUMEN
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China and has spread globally, creating a pandemic. The objective of this is study is to determinate clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with coronavirus en emergency department. The HCUCH Emergency Service treated a total of 6959 patients between March 13th and May 31th, of whom 1.278 were positive and had confirmed with coronavirus. The male sex was the most prevalent (59.7%). The most frequent symptoms in both groups were cough, myalgia and fever. In the group of ambulatory patients, headache stood out in 50% and in hospitalized patients, dyspnea with 67%. The mortality rate in hospitalized patients was 15.6%. Of these, 66.6% were older than 65 years. Regarding diagnosis of hospital discharge, 87.5% correspond to pneumonia. There is a higher prevalence of coronavirus disease in male patients. The most frequent comorbidities in hospitalized patients were HT and DM2. The highest rate of hospitalization and case fatality in people over 65 years of age. This information helps to characterize the profile of patients at risk in which prevention efforts should be focused. (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Infecciones por Coronavirus/fisiopatología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Chile/epidemiología , Servicios Médicos de Urgencia/tendenciasRESUMEN
PURPOSE: In 2009, the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) published a new classification system of the childhood neuroblastic tumors. In this work, we present the results of the application of this new classification system in our patients. METHODS/PATIENTS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the patients diagnosed with a neuroblastic tumor in our center in the last 20 years. We classified them according to the new classification and performed a survival analysis based on the Kaplan-Meier method and Mantel-Cox test. RESULTS: The five-year event-free survival (5-year EFS) was 95.8, 80.8, 50 and 45.9% for the very low, low, intermediate and high-risk groups. Mantel-Cox test showed statistically significant differences between these risk groups (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The 5-year EFS for the different risk groups was similar to the expected by the INRG. Therefore, this classification allows us to predict the evolution of this tumor and apply the correct intensity of treatment.
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Neuroblastoma/clasificación , Neuroblastoma/mortalidad , Niño , Amplificación de Genes , Genes myc , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Neuroblastoma/genética , Neuroblastoma/terapia , Supervivencia sin Progresión , Estudios Retrospectivos , Riesgo , Análisis de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
The visual system of women changes during pregnancy. Few reports have addressed the effects of pregnancy on color vision. We aimed to compare the color vision of women in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Fifty women were divided into first (n=10), second (n=10), third trimester pregnancy groups (n=10), and non-pregnant group (n=20). We used the Farnsworth D15 and Lanthony desaturated D15 (D15d) tests. The hue ordering quantified the amount of error (C-index) and the chromatic selectivity of the errors (S-index). Bland-Altman analysis was applied to the hue ordering data. No difference was found for Farnsworth D15 test results obtained from the pregnant groups and the non-pregnant group (P<0.0083). For the Lanthony D15 desaturated test, the third trimester pregnant group had higher C-index and S-index than non-pregnant women and first-trimester pregnant women (P<0.0083). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the limits of agreement increased as pregnancy advanced, and the errors were biased to the D15d test. In this study, color vision was impaired during pregnancy. Color vision evaluation could be used as an indicator of the functional status of the central vision during pregnancy.
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Percepción de Color , Visión de Colores , Pruebas de Visión/métodos , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo , Primer Trimestre del Embarazo , Segundo Trimestre del Embarazo , Tercer Trimestre del EmbarazoRESUMEN
Depression is a mental disorder characterized by recurrent sadness and loss of interest in the enjoyment of the positive aspects of life, in addition to fatigue, causing inability to perform daily activities, which leads to a loss of quality of life. To monitor depression (unipolar and bipolar patients), traditional methods rely on reports from patients; nevertheless, bias is commonly present in them. To overcome this problem, Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) reports have been widely used, which include data of the behavior, feelings and other types of activities recorded almost in real time through the use of portable devices and smartphones containing motion sensors. In this work a methodology was proposed to detect depressive subjects from control subjects based in the data of their motor activity, recorded by a wearable device, obtained from the "Depresjon" database. From the motor activity signals, the extraction of statistical features was carried out to subsequently feed a random forest classifier. Results show a sensitivity value of 0.867, referring that those subjects with presence of depression have a degree of 86.7% of being correctly classified, while the specificity shows a value of 0.919, referring that those subjects with absence of depression have a degree of 91.9% of being classified with a correct response, using the motor activity signal provided from the wearable device. Based on these results, it is concluded that the motor activity allows distinguishing between the two classes, providing a preliminary and automated tool to specialists for the diagnosis of depression.
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Lineage 2 (East Asian), which includes the Beijing genotype, is one of the most prevalent lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) throughout the world. The Beijing family is associated to hypervirulence and drug-resistant tuberculosis. The study of this genotype's circulation in Latin America is crucial for achieving total control of TB, the goal established by the World Health Organization, for the American sub-continent, before 2035. In this sense, the present work presents an overview of the status of the Beijing genotype for this region, with a bibliographical review, and data analysis of MIRU-VNTRs for available Beijing isolates. Certain countries present a prevalent trend of <5%, suggesting low transmissibility for the region, with the exception of Cuba (17.2%), Perú (16%) and Colombia (5%). Minimum Spanning Tree analysis, obtained from MIRU-VNTR data, shows distribution of specific clonal complex strains in each country. From this data, in most countries, we found that molecular epidemiology has not been a tool used for the control of TB, suggesting that the Beijing genotype may be underestimated in Latin America. It is recommended that countries with the highest incidence of the Beijing genotype use effective control strategies and increased care, as a requirement for public health systems.
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Genotipo , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Región del Caribe/epidemiología , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiología , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/clasificaciónRESUMEN
The visual system of women changes during pregnancy. Few reports have addressed the effects of pregnancy on color vision. We aimed to compare the color vision of women in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Fifty women were divided into first (n=10), second (n=10), third trimester pregnancy groups (n=10), and non-pregnant group (n=20). We used the Farnsworth D15 and Lanthony desaturated D15 (D15d) tests. The hue ordering quantified the amount of error (C-index) and the chromatic selectivity of the errors (S-index). Bland-Altman analysis was applied to the hue ordering data. No difference was found for Farnsworth D15 test results obtained from the pregnant groups and the non-pregnant group (P<0.0083). For the Lanthony D15 desaturated test, the third trimester pregnant group had higher C-index and S-index than non-pregnant women and first-trimester pregnant women (P<0.0083). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the limits of agreement increased as pregnancy advanced, and the errors were biased to the D15d test. In this study, color vision was impaired during pregnancy. Color vision evaluation could be used as an indicator of the functional status of the central vision during pregnancy.
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Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Adulto , Pruebas de Visión/métodos , Percepción de Color , Visión de Colores , Complicaciones del Embarazo , Segundo Trimestre del Embarazo , Tercer Trimestre del Embarazo , Primer Trimestre del EmbarazoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: this paper explores the experiences of registered nurses working with Spanish nursing students within the hospital. METHODS: a qualitative phenomenological approach was followed. Purposeful sampling was employed. Twenty-one registered nurses, from a public hospital located in Spain, were included in the study. Data were collected by means of unstructured and semi-structured interviews and were analysed using Giorgi's proposal. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research were followed. RESULTS: three main themes described the experience of registered nurses: "The nurse's relationship with nursing students"; most nurses emphasized the importance of the first contact with students and they considered students' attitude to be key. "Defining the role of the student in clinical practice"; it is necessary to unify the nurse's role and interventions to avoid misleading students and establish priorities in clinical practice. "Building bridges between clinical settings and the University"; the need to establish a common ground and connection between the university and hospital clinical settings was emphasized. Nurses felt that the training program should also be designed by the clinical settings themselves. CONCLUSIONS: understanding the meaning of nursing students with registered nurses might gain a deeper insight into their expectations.
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Relaciones Interpersonales , Personal de Enfermería en Hospital , Estudiantes de Enfermería , Femenino , Hospitales , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Anxiety and depression in diabetic patients contributes to a poor prognosis, but possible causal relationships have been controversial. Anxiety, fear, and anhedonia are mediated by interactions between different deep structures of the temporal lobe (e.g., amygdala complex and hippocampus) and other forebrain-related structures (e.g., lateral septal nucleus). Connections between these structures and the hypothalamic orexinergic system are necessary for the maintenance of energy and wakefulness. However, few studies have explored the impact of long-term hyperglycemia in these structures on anxiety. We induced long-term hyperglycemia (glucose levels of â¼500mg/dl) in Wistar rats by injecting them with alloxan and simultaneously protecting them from hyperglycemia by injecting them daily with a low dose of insulin (i.e., just enough insulin to avoid death), thus maintaining hyperglycemia and ketonuria for as long as 6 weeks. Compared with controls, long-term hyperglycemic rats exhibited a significant reduction of Fos expression in the lateral septal nucleus and basolateral amygdala, but no differences were found in cerebellar regions. Orexin-A cells appeared to be inactive in the lateral hypothalamus. No differences were found in sucrose consumption or behavior in the elevated plus maze compared with the control group, but a decrease in general locomotion was observed. These data indicate a generalized blunting of the metabolic brain response, accompanied by a decrease in locomotion but no changes in hedonic- or anxiety-like behavior.
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Amígdala del Cerebelo/metabolismo , Hiperglucemia/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Tabique del Cerebro/metabolismo , Aloxano , Amígdala del Cerebelo/patología , Anhedonia , Animales , Ansiedad , Enfermedad Crónica , Sacarosa en la Dieta , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hiperglucemia/patología , Hiperglucemia/psicología , Hipotálamo/patología , Inmunohistoquímica , Cetosis/metabolismo , Cetosis/patología , Cetosis/psicología , Masculino , Actividad Motora/fisiología , Orexinas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-fos/metabolismo , Ratas Wistar , Tabique del Cerebro/patologíaRESUMEN
Composites of biodegradable polymers and calcium phosphate are bioactive and flexible, and have been proposed for use in tissue engineering and bone regeneration. When associated with the broad-spectrum antibiotic doxycycline (DOX), they could favor antimicrobial action and enhance the action of osteogenic composites. Composites of polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and a bioceramic of biphasic calcium phosphate Osteosynt® (BCP) were loaded with DOX encapsulated in ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD) and were evaluated for effects on osteoblastic cell cultures. The DOX/ßCD composite was prepared with a double mixing method. Osteoblast viability was assessed with methyl tetrazolium (MTT) assays after 1day, 7day, and 14days of composite exposure; alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and collagen production were evaluated after 7days and 14days, and mineral nodule formation after 14days. Composite structures were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Osteoblasts exposed to the composite containing 25µg/mL DOX/ßCD had increased cell proliferation (p<0.05) compared to control osteoblast cultures at all experimental time points, reaching a maximum in the second week. AP activity and collagen secretion levels were also elevated in osteoblasts exposed to the DOX/ßCD composite (p<0.05 vs. controls) and reached a maximum after 14days. These results were corroborated by Von Kossa test results, which showed strong formation of mineralization nodules during the same time period. SEM of the composite material revealed a surface topography with pore sizes suitable for growing osteoblasts. Together, these results suggest that osteoblasts are viable, proliferative, and osteogenic in the presence of a DOX/ßCD-containing BCP ceramic composite.
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Fosfatos de Calcio , Ciclodextrinas , Doxiciclina , Portadores de Fármacos , Ácido Láctico , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Osteogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Poliésteres , Ácido Poliglicólico , Animales , Fosfatos de Calcio/química , Fosfatos de Calcio/farmacocinética , Fosfatos de Calcio/farmacología , Células Cultivadas , Ciclodextrinas/química , Ciclodextrinas/farmacocinética , Ciclodextrinas/farmacología , Doxiciclina/química , Doxiciclina/farmacocinética , Doxiciclina/farmacología , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Portadores de Fármacos/farmacocinética , Portadores de Fármacos/farmacología , Ácido Láctico/química , Ácido Láctico/farmacocinética , Ácido Láctico/farmacología , Masculino , Osteoblastos/citología , Poliésteres/química , Poliésteres/farmacocinética , Poliésteres/farmacología , Ácido Poliglicólico/química , Ácido Poliglicólico/farmacocinética , Ácido Poliglicólico/farmacología , Copolímero de Ácido Poliláctico-Ácido Poliglicólico , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Biofilm formed by Staphylococcus aureus is considered an important virulence trait in the pathogenesis of infections associated with implantable medical devices. Gene expression analyses are important strategies for determining the mechanisms involved in production and regulation of biofilm. Obtaining intact RNA preparations is the first and most critical step for these studies. In this article, we describe an optimized protocol for obtaining total RNA from sessile cells of S. aureus using the RNeasy Mini Kit. This method essentially consists of a few steps, as follows: 1) addition of acetone-ethanol to sessile cells, 2) lysis with lysostaphin at 37°C/10 min, 3) vigorous mixing, 4) three cycles of freezing and thawing, and 5) purification of the lysate in the RNeasy column. This simple pre-kit procedure yields high-quality total RNA from planktonic and sessile cells of S. aureus.
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Técnicas Bacteriológicas/normas , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , ARN Bacteriano/aislamiento & purificación , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Técnicas Bacteriológicas/métodos , Electroforesis en Gel de Agar , Proteínas Hemolisinas/metabolismo , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/aislamiento & purificación , Control de Calidad , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Transcripción Reversa , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Biofilm formed by Staphylococcus aureus is considered an important virulence trait in the pathogenesis of infections associated with implantable medical devices. Gene expression analyses are important strategies for determining the mechanisms involved in production and regulation of biofilm. Obtaining intact RNA preparations is the first and most critical step for these studies. In this article, we describe an optimized protocol for obtaining total RNA from sessile cells of S. aureus using the RNeasy Mini Kit. This method essentially consists of a few steps, as follows: 1) addition of acetone-ethanol to sessile cells, 2) lysis with lysostaphin at 37°C/10 min, 3) vigorous mixing, 4) three cycles of freezing and thawing, and 5) purification of the lysate in the RNeasy column. This simple pre-kit procedure yields high-quality total RNA from planktonic and sessile cells of S. aureus.
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Técnicas Bacteriológicas/normas , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , ARN Bacteriano/aislamiento & purificación , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Técnicas Bacteriológicas/métodos , Electroforesis en Gel de Agar , Proteínas Hemolisinas/metabolismo , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/aislamiento & purificación , Control de Calidad , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Transcripción Reversa , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiologíaRESUMEN
A partir de la década de los 80, las enfermedades raras han ido adquiriendo un lugar prioritario en los programas de salud y en la opinión pública. Se definen como aquellas que tienen una prevalencia menor a 1:2.000 individuos. En general son enfermedades crónicas, invalidantes y en más de un 80% de origen genético. Se estima que existen entre 7.000 y 8.000 enfermedades raras y que afectan al 6-8% de la población. Dada la baja prevalencia específica de cada afección, hay muy poco conocimiento de parte de la comunidad médica en relación a su diagnóstico y manejo. En este artículo se discute la importancia del diagnóstico de precisión, para su adecuado manejo y asesoramiento genético, también se muestra la importancia del trabajo en redes en las enfermedades de baja prevalencia y se destaca el rol fundamental de las agrupaciones de padres y familiares en promover políticas de salud para los afectados.
From the early 80's rare diseases had achieved a priority role in national health programs and in public opinion. Rare diseases are define as the ones who have a prevalence lower than 1:2000 habs. Generally, they are chronic and life threatening diseases and more than 80% of them are from genetic origin. It is estimated that there are between 7,000 and 8,000 different rare diseases affecting 6-8% of world population. Due to the low prevalence of each disease, there are very poor knowledge in the medical community about their diagnosis and management. In this review we discuss about the importance of the precise molecular diagnosis for the best treatment and genetic counselling; we also showed the importance of working in network in these diseases of low prevalence and we discuss about the fundamental role of parents associations in promoting public health politics for affected people.
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Humanos , Enfermedades Raras/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Raras/genética , Enfermedades Raras/epidemiología , Producción de Medicamentos sin Interés Comercial , Fenotipo , Prevalencia , Asesoramiento Genético , Cooperación InternacionalRESUMEN
To assess whether the seroprevalence of canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine parvovirus (CPV) in domestic dogs is higher in urban versus rural areas of the Araucanía region in Chile and risk factors for exposure, a serosurvey and questionnaire survey at three, urban-rural paired sites was conducted from 2009 to 2012. Overall, 1161 households were interviewed of which 71% were located in urban areas. A total of 501 blood samples were analysed. The overall CDV and CPV seroprevalences were 61% (CI 90%: 58-70%) and 47% (CI 90%: 40-49%), and 89% (CI 90%: 85-92%) and 72% (CI 90%: 68-76%) in urban and rural areas, respectively. The higher seroprevalence in domestic dogs in urban areas suggests that urban domestic dogs might be a maintenance host for both CDV and CPV in this region. Due to the presence of endangered wild canids populations in areas close to these domestic populations, surveillance and control of these pathogens in urban dog populations is needed a priority.
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Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Antígenos Virales/inmunología , Virus del Moquillo Canino/inmunología , Moquillo/epidemiología , Genoma Viral/genética , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/veterinaria , Parvovirus Canino/inmunología , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Chile/epidemiología , Moquillo/virología , Virus del Moquillo Canino/aislamiento & purificación , Perros , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/virología , Parvovirus Canino/aislamiento & purificación , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
AIMS: To produce and characterize egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) against the fish intracellular pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis as well as to evaluate the antibacterial activity of IgY in vitro and the availability in the serum of fish immunized orally. METHODS AND RESULTS: Specific IgY was produced by immunizing hens with P. salmonis proteins. The IgY was obtained from egg yolks using the ammonium sulphate precipitation method and it was characterized by SDS-PAGE, Western-blot and ELISA, demonstrating that anti-P. salmonis IgY strongly reacted specifically against P. salmonis proteins. In an in vitro neutralization assay, IgY inhibited the growth of P. salmonis in liquid medium at concentrations ranging from 128 to 256 µg ml(-1) in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, IgY against P. salmonis also generates a strong protective effect on the infection of P. salmonis in salmon head kidney-1 cells. In addition, the bacteriostatic function of IgY appears to result possibly from agglutination by the interaction of IgY with surface components of the pathogen. Finally, to confirm this IgY as an alternative for salmonid treatment, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) specimens were orally inoculated with IgY. The analysis of the sera demonstrates that IgY was effectively transported by fish intestine and that this immunoglobulins maintains its properties and recognizes several proteins of P. salmonis up to 12 h after inoculation of IgY against P. salmonis. CONCLUSIONS: Specific IgY effectively inhibited the growth of P. salmonis and this immunoglobulin can be released in the Atlantic salmon sera when administered orally to fish. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: We propose that this specific IgY against this fastidious micro-organism could be a useful strategy for the treatment of piscirickettsiosis.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Yema de Huevo/química , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Inmunoglobulinas/farmacología , Piscirickettsia/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Piscirickettsiaceae/veterinaria , Animales , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Pollos/inmunología , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Enfermedades de los Peces/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Inmunoglobulinas/aislamiento & purificación , Piscirickettsia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Infecciones por Piscirickettsiaceae/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Piscirickettsiaceae/inmunología , Infecciones por Piscirickettsiaceae/microbiología , Salmo salar/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Population genetics theory predicts loss in genetic variability because of drift and inbreeding in isolated plant populations; however, it has been argued that long-distance pollination and seed dispersal may be able to maintain gene flow, even in highly fragmented landscapes. We tested how historical effective population size, historical migration and contemporary landscape structure, such as forest cover, patch isolation and matrix resistance, affect genetic variability and differentiation of seedlings in a tropical palm (Euterpe edulis) in a human-modified rainforest. We sampled 16 sites within five landscapes in the Brazilian Atlantic forest and assessed genetic variability and differentiation using eight microsatellite loci. Using a model selection approach, none of the covariates explained the variation observed in inbreeding coefficients among populations. The variation in genetic diversity among sites was best explained by historical effective population size. Allelic richness was best explained by historical effective population size and matrix resistance, whereas genetic differentiation was explained by matrix resistance. Coalescence analysis revealed high historical migration between sites within landscapes and constant historical population sizes, showing that the genetic differentiation is most likely due to recent changes caused by habitat loss and fragmentation. Overall, recent landscape changes have a greater influence on among-population genetic variation than historical gene flow process. As immediate restoration actions in landscapes with low forest amount, the development of more permeable matrices to allow the movement of pollinators and seed dispersers may be an effective strategy to maintain microevolutionary processes.
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Euterpe/genética , Variación Genética , Genética de Población , Brasil , Ecosistema , Flujo Génico , Flujo Genético , Endogamia , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Modelos Genéticos , Densidad de Población , Árboles/genéticaRESUMEN
AIM: To investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the interleukin-1 gene cluster (IL1) are associated with the occurrence and severity of inflammatory external root resorption (IERR) after replantation of avulsed permanent teeth. METHODOLOGY: Indexes of IERR were radiographically assessed in 182 mature replanted permanent teeth from 146 patients at the onset of endodontic therapy. DNA was extracted from buccal mucosa cells and genotyped using TaqMan probes-based assays for the SNPs IL1A -889C/T (rs 180058), IL1B +3954C/T (rs1143634) and IL1RN +2018C/T (rs419598). Teeth were grouped into two categories: IERR absent to mild (indexes ≤ 4) and moderate to severe IERR (indexes > 4). Genetic variations in the IL1 gene cluster were tested for their effect on the occurrence and extension of IERR using the GEE model (generalized estimation equation). Patient's age at the moment of injury, timing of pulpectomy, extra-alveolar period and storage condition of the avulsed teeth was included as possible confounders. RESULTS: No association was found between SNPs IL1A -889C/T, IL1B +3954C/T (rs1143634) and IL1RN +2018C/T (rs419598) and IERR indexes. Timing of pulpectomy (OR 3.5 IC 95% 2.0-6.2 P < 0.001) and patient's age at the moment of trauma (OR 0.29 IC 95% 0.12-0.67 P = 0.004) significantly affected the risk of developing severe IERR. CONCLUSIONS: While timing of pulpectomy and patient's age at the moment of trauma were confirmed as important risk factors, SNPs within the IL1 gene cluster did not affect the susceptibility for IERR after replantation of permanent teeth.
Asunto(s)
Interleucina-1/genética , Resorción Radicular/genética , Reimplante Dental/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Brasil , Niño , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Familia de Multigenes , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Pulpectomía , Factores de Riesgo , Resorción Radicular/etiología , Factores de Tiempo , Avulsión de Diente/terapiaRESUMEN
Although several studies have shown that chlorhexidine (Cx) has bactericidal activity and exerts toxic effects on periodontal tissues a few studies evaluated mechanisms to reduce its adverse effects maintaining the antimicrobial properties. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity and cellular cytotoxicity of Cx included on cyclodextrins (Cd), α, ß or Hp-ß-cyclodextrins (Hp-ß-Cd). The influence of Cds was determined by increasing its molar rate 1:1 to 1:4 in relation with free Cx. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for Candida albicans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans actinomycemcomitans and Streptococcus mutans were determined. An ergosterol solubilization assay was carried out using the C. albicans model and osteoblasts, fibroblasts and tumoral Caco-2 cells for cytotoxicity assay. The antimicrobial activity results in a significant growth inhibition of C. albicans when it was treated with Cx:α-Cd complexes, whereas Cx:ß-Cd was more effective for A. actinomycetemcomitans, and Cx:Hp-ß-Cd complexes was for S. mutans when compared to the other complexes. The cytotoxicity for fibroblasts and osteoblasts decreased in relation with each kind of Cd been ß-Cd ≤ Hp-ß-Cd ≤ α-Cd. Although the Hp-ß-Cd inclusion complexes had more severe effects on Caco-2 cells, all complexes exhibited less cytotoxicity than free Cx. The α-Cd, ß-Cd and Hp-ß-Cd increase the antimicrobial activity of Cx, but decrease its cytotoxic effects on mammalian cells. Taken together these findings suggest that cyclodextrins are a tool for modulation of effects of Cx. It could be useful to design Cx/Cd delivery systems with high efficacy and minimum cytotoxic effects.