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Social leaders and human rights defenders (SLHRD) in Colombia have been under increasing attack for defending the rights of communities affected by violence. From 2016 to 2022, over 600 SLHRD were assassinated, resulting in a serious violation of both individual and community human rights. The media's portrayal of these attacks can shape public perceptions and influence efforts towards peacebuilding and promoting human rights. This study examines the media's framing of violence against SLHRD in Colombia between 2016 and 2020, a period marked by an escalation of violence after the signing of the 2016 peace accord between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). We analysed 1506 textual publications from seven media outlets using a lexicometric approach and identified two frames of news articles: episodic and thematic. Our findings suggest that the episodic media framing may present a simplistic and non-political perspective of the issue, which can impede peacebuilding efforts, while the thematic frame can raise awareness of violence against SLHRD and promote human rights defence. Our study highlights the media's significant role in shaping public opinion on violence against SLHRD, offering practical implications for advocacy and activism.

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RESUMEN

Resumen Debido a su duración e intensidad, el conflicto armado colombiano puede ser analizado como un conflicto intratable. La intratabilidad involucra el desarrollo del ethos del conflicto (EDC), un conjunto de creencias sociales compartidas por la mayoría de los miembros de la sociedad, de manera que es usualmente exhibido en el discurso mediático. Este estudio describe, a través de la lexicometría unidimensional y multidimensional, cómo el EDC permeó el discurso de cuatro de los principales medios de comunicación en Colombia (El Tiempo, El Espectador, Noticias Caracol, Noticias RCN); específicamente, cómo el EDC caracterizó el encuadre del perdón y la reconciliación durante el proceso de paz entre el Gobierno colombiano y las FARC-EP (2012-2017). Los resultados sugieren que el EDC en Colombia se transformó con los diálogos de paz, probablemente promoviendo una orientación hacia la paz. Sin embargo, simultáneamente, algunas de las creencias del EDC que contribuyen a la intratabilidad también fueron presentadas en el discurso mediático.

Abstract Given its duration and intensity, the Colombian armed conflict can be analyzed as an intractable conflict. Intractability involves the development of an ethos of conflict (EOC), a set of social beliefs shared by most members of society, which is usually exhibited in media discourse. Using unidimensional and multidimensional lexicometry, this study describes how the EOC permeated the discourse of four of Colombia's main means of communication (El Tiempo, El Espectador, Noticias Caracol, Noticias RON), and, specifically, how the EOC characterized the framing of forgiveness and reconciliation during the peace process between the Colombian Government and the FARC-EP (2012-2017). The results suggest that the EOC in Colombia was transformed with the peace dialogues, probably fostering an orientation toward peace. Nevertheless, some of the beliefs of the EOC that contribute to intractability were also simultaneously present in media discourse.

Resumo Devido à sua duração e intensidade, o conflito armado colombiano pode ser analisado como um conflito intratável. A intratabilidade envolve o desenvolvimento do ethos do conflito (EDC), um conjunto de crenças sociais partilhado pela maioria dos membros da sociedade, de maneira que é usualmente exibido no discurso midiático. Este estudo descreve, por meio da lexicometria uni e multidimensional, como o EDC permeou o discurso de quatro dos principais meios de comunicação na Colômbia (El Tiempo, El Espectador, Noticias Caracol, Noticias RON); especificamente, como o EDC caracterizou o enquadramento do perdão e da reconciliação durante o processo de paz entre o governo colombiano e as Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Colômbia (FARC-EP - 2012-2017). Os resultados indicam que o EDC na Colômbia se transformou com os diálogos de paz, provavelmente promovendo uma orientação para a paz. Contudo, de forma simultânea, algumas das crenças do ED C que contribuem para a intratabilidade também foram apresentadas no discurso midiático.

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Resumen Colombia es el país con mayor número de población en condición de desplazamiento forzado interno (CDFI) en el mundo. Una de las necesidades más apremiantes que enfrentan las personas afectadas es reestructurar su área económica. Puesto que se dificulta la consecución de fuentes permanentes de ingreso. Por tanto, realizamos una revisión sistemática de la literatura para conocer las prácticas de consumo y fuentes de ingreso de las personas en CDFI en Colombia y qué metodologías se emplean para abordar el estudio de esta realidad. La búsqueda se ejecutó en las bases de datos Redalyc y Scopus de artículos originales publicados a partir de 2006. Se encontraron 6.146. De estos, 26 fueron elegibles y proporcionaron información sobre: la seguridad alimentaria (42.3%), el estado de salud y/o acceso a sanidad (26.9%); las condiciones de vivienda (45.5%), el acceso a servicios públicos (27.3%); la tenencia de propiedades y/o bienes (26.9%); la situación laboral (76.9%), el nivel de escolaridad y acceso a la educación (46.2%) y el acceso a ayuda humanitaria (15.4%) de personas en CDFI en Colombia. Estos resultados permiten evidenciar la vulnerabilidad socioeconómica a la que se enfrentan las personas en CDFI en Colombia.

Abstract Colombia has the largest number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the world. One of the most pressing needs facing affected people is to restructure their economic base, as it is difficult to obtain permanent sources of income. As such, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to learn about IDPs' consumption practices and sources of income in Colombia and what methodologies are used to address the study of this reality. We searched the Redalyc and Scopus databases of original articles published from 2006. Of these, 26 were eligible and provided information on: food security (42.3%), health status and/or access to health (26.9%); housing conditions (45.5%), access to public services (27.3%); tenure of property and/or goods (26.9%); employment situation (76.9%), level of schooling and access to education (46.2%) and IDPs' access to humanitarian aid (15.4%) in Colombia. These results highlight the socioeconomic vulnerability faced by IDPs in Colombia.

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Control of negative emotions (e.g., anger and fear) by political cues perpetuate intractable conflict by mobilizing public support for aggressive actions. Halperin et al. (2013) found that reappraisal - an adaptive form of emotion regulation - decreased negative emotions triggered by anger-inducing information related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and increased support for conciliatory statements. We tested these effects in the context of the conflict between the Colombian government and the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP). Reappraisal training reduced negative emotions produced by a presentation that illustrated FARC's violent actions, and increased support for conciliatory statements (with overall moderate effect magnitudes). We also found that negative emotions mediated the effects of reappraisal on the support for aggressive and conciliatory statements. These findings indicate a high degree of generality of the phenomena, especially considering the differences between the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Colombian conflict. Our findings also show promise for replicating these effects on other types of intergroup conflicts and guiding effective public policy.

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El presente trabajo analiza el liderazgo desde una perspectiva de la psicología social y de las organizaciones, a partir de un rigor científico, empírico, objetivo, sistemático y, probablemente, replicable. La literatura sobre el liderazgo cuenta con un gran número de fuentes, diversas y heterogéneas que provienen de diferentes disciplinas, sin embargo, aún no hay acuerdos sobre su definición y tampoco existe un único modelo que lo explique en su totalidad. En este artículo, se hace una descripción general sobre cómo se investiga el liderazgo, y se abordan tres dimensiones que, se espera, todas las teorías sobre el liderazgo contemplen: el líder, los seguidores y el contexto. A partir de una revisión sistemática (RS) de trabajos de autores iberoamericanos publicados en las bases Redalyc y Scopus, después de la búsqueda de artículos en las bases entre el 2005 y el 2015, se seleccionaron 68 estudios que cumplían los criterios de selección definidos. El análisis sistemático de los textos se desarrolló en tres etapas: primero, delimitación de estrategia de búsqueda y selección de los estudios; segundo, sistematización y lematización del corpus textual y tercero, análisis estadístico descriptivo unidimensional y multidimensional de datos textuales. Los resultados, a partir del SPSS y del SPAD, muestran aportes importantes de las investigaciones realizadas durante la última década, donde se identifican sus componentes básicos, los modelos teóricos que lo explican, las diferentes metodologías para su medición; los desarrollos en cuanto a variables psicológicas asociadas y los aspectos organizacionales que la literatura científica evidencia en resultados de estudios sobre el liderazgo en las organizaciones.

This work analyses leadership from the perspective of Social and Organisational Psychology, with scientific, empirical, objective, systematic and likely replicable rigour. The literature on leadership features a large number of diverse and heterogeneous sources stemming from several different disciplines. However, there is no agreement on what leadership is, nor is there a single explanatory' model of it. This paper describes how leadership is investigated, and three dimensions are mentioned that it is expected that all theories on leadership address: leader, followers, and context. 68 studies from works published by Iberoamerican authors and covered by Redalyc and Scopus fulfilled criteria. The systematic analysis of these works had three stages: the delimitation of the search strategy and the selection of the studies; systematisation and lemmatisation of the text corpus, and statistical descriptive, unidimensional and multidimensional analysis. Results compiled using SPSS and SPAD show important contributions made by the studies in the last decade, with identification of their basic components, their theoretical explanatory models, the different methodologies used, the development of associated psychological variables, and the organisational aspects mentioned by the scientific literature in terms of leadership in organisations.

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