RESUMEN
The natural history of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) is widely variable. Some patients experience rapid progression to extensive, end-stage disease while others never approach extensive involvement over decades, suggesting heterogeneity in CCCA disease phenotype. To better characterize clinically severe disease in CCCA, tissue samples were obtained from the peripheral, hair-bearing lesional scalp of women with clinically focal, limited and extensive CCCA disease involvement. A microarray analysis was conducted to identify differential expression of genes previously identified to be preferentially expressed in the lesional scalp vs. non-lesional scalp of CCCA patients. Clinically extensive, severe CCCA was characterized by increased expression of MMP9, SFRP4 and MSR1 when directly compared with focal and limited disease. These biomarkers correspond to dysregulated pathways of fibrosis, Wnt signalling and macrophage-mediated inflammatory processes respectively. These findings hold significance for both possible targets for future study of prognostic markers of disease severity and new potential therapeutic targets. In summary, this study suggests clinically extensive, severe CCCA may have a differential gene expression pattern in the lesional scalp of affected patients, in addition to its clinical distinction.
Asunto(s)
Alopecia , Dermatitis , Alopecia/genética , Alopecia/patología , Cicatriz/genética , Cicatriz/patología , Dermatitis/patología , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Cabello/patología , Humanos , Análisis por Micromatrices , Cuero Cabelludo/patologíaRESUMEN
Schizophrenia is a polygenetic disorder whose clinical onset is often associated with behavioral stress. Here, we present a model of disease pathogenesis that builds on our observation that the synaptic immediate early gene NPTX2 is reduced in cerebrospinal fluid of individuals with recent onset schizophrenia. NPTX2 plays an essential role in maintaining excitatory homeostasis by adaptively enhancing circuit inhibition. NPTX2 function requires activity-dependent exocytosis and dynamic shedding at synapses and is coupled to circadian behavior. Behavior-linked NPTX2 trafficking is abolished by mutations that disrupt select activity-dependent plasticity mechanisms of excitatory neurons. Modeling NPTX2 loss of function results in failure of parvalbumin interneurons in their adaptive contribution to behavioral stress, and animals exhibit multiple neuropsychiatric domains. Because the genetics of schizophrenia encompasses diverse proteins that contribute to excitatory synapse plasticity, the identified vulnerability of NPTX2 function can provide a framework for assessing the impact of genetics and the intersection with stress.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) is a technique used for complex repair of the aorta, but it can be associated with neurologic morbidity. To better understand the molecular changes that underlie ischemic brain injury, we assessed gene expression and cytokine/chemokine polypeptide concentration in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of canines that underwent two hours of HCA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male canines were cannulated peripherally for cardiopulmonary bypass, cooled to 18°C, and arrested for two hours. Animals were euthanized two, eight, or 24 hours post-HCA (n = 8 per group), and their brains were compared to brains from eight normal canines, using gene expression microarray analysis, cytokine assay, and histopathology. RESULTS: Two to eight hours after HCA, pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs increased markedly, and gene expression was enriched within signaling pathways related to neuroinflammation or ischemic injury. Concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokine polypeptides IL-6, IL-8, IL-1ß, and CCL2 were very low in normal canine brain, whereas anti-inflammatory IL-10 and TGF-ß1 were expressed at moderate levels. Pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations rose robustly in cerebral tissue and CSF after HCA. IL-6 and IL-8 peaked at eight hours and declined at 24 hours, while IL-1ß and CCL2 remained elevated. Concentrations of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and TGF-ß1 were maintained after HCA, with a significant increase in TGF-ß1 at 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: These cytokines represent potential diagnostic markers for ischemic neurologic injury that could be used to assess neurologic injury in patients undergoing HCA. The cellular mechanisms underlying this pro-inflammatory, ischemic-induced injury represent potential targets for neuroprotection in the future.