RESUMEN
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 is the retrovirus which is responsible for the human immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) described in infancy in 1983. It is the most serious disorder caused by HIV, by a neurotropic virus, and is particularly severe in infancy. In children infected by vertical transmission of HIV, there is a shorter clinical latent period than in adults, and more viraemia than in children over the age of three months infected by blood transfusion. The neurological disorder caused by HIV is a complex clinical syndrome in which there may be varying degrees of retardation of cognition, movement or behaviour. A growing number of HIV+ children are being followed-up in the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) to treat the neuropsychomotor development and the presence of neurological behaviour in these children. The neurological, analytical (laboratory), electro-encephalographic and tomographic changes seen in a sample of 344 HIV+ children were studied. Analysis of these results showed a significant difference between affected and non-affected children. Encephalopathy occurred in 36% of the cases, being progressive in 29% and static in 17%. There was a relationship between neurological involvement at the first consultation and progress to encephalopathy. The RDNPM showed a tendency towards encephalopathy, usually between 1 and 5 years of age, which might also be the first sign of the disease. We found a significant relationship between being infected and having alterations not seen in cerebrospinal fluid, EEG, TCC and neurological progress.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/complicaciones , Encefalopatías/etiología , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/transmisión , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Western Blotting , Encefalopatías/diagnóstico , Electroencefalografía , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina A , Inmunoglobulina G , Inmunoglobulina M , Lactante , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction between N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and the adrenergic and opioid systems in the modulation of inhibitory avoidance retention. Rats were trained and tested in the step-down inhibitory avoidance task (0.3 mA footshock). The training-test interval was 24 h. The animals received an i.p. injection of saline or MK-801 (0.0625 mg/kg) 30 min before training, and saline, epinephrine (25 micrograms/kg), or naloxone (0.4 mg/kg) i.p. immediately after training. In the saline-pretreated rats, epinephrine and naloxone enhanced memory retention. Pretraining MK-801 prevented the facilitatory effects of those treatments. The present findings suggest that the facilitation of learning by post-training epinephrine and naloxone is prevented by the pretraining NMDA receptor blockade.