RESUMEN
Cellular immune responses are thought to be an important antiviral host defense, but the relationship between virus-specific T-helper and cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses has not been defined. To investigate a potential link between these responses, we examined functional human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific memory CTL precursor frequencies and p24-specific proliferative responses in a cohort of infected untreated persons with a wide range of viral loads and CD4 cell counts. Levels of p24-specific proliferative responses positively correlated with levels of Gag-specific CTL precursors and negatively correlated with levels of plasma HIV-1 RNA. These data linking the levels of HIV-specific CTL with virus-specific helper cell function during chronic viral infection provide cellular immunologic parameters to guide therapeutic and prophylactic vaccine development.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , VIH-1/inmunología , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/inmunología , Linfocitos T Colaboradores-Inductores/inmunología , División Celular , Enfermedad Crónica , Estudios de Cohortes , Productos del Gen gag/inmunología , Proteína p24 del Núcleo del VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/virología , Humanos , ViremiaAsunto(s)
Neoplasias Óseas/epidemiología , Condroma/epidemiología , Membrana Sinovial , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Irlanda , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadAsunto(s)
Calcio/análisis , Fracturas del Cuello Femoral , Cabeza Femoral/análisis , Flúor/análisis , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadAsunto(s)
Fracturas del Cuello Femoral , Adulto , Anciano , Clavos Ortopédicos , Costos y Análisis de Costo , Femenino , Fracturas del Cuello Femoral/epidemiología , Fracturas del Cuello Femoral/cirugía , Estudios de Seguimiento , Fijación Interna de Fracturas , Humanos , Irlanda , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estaciones del Año , Infección de la Herida Quirúrgica , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Of 881 patients with hip fracture operated on in Galway between 1968 and 1973 only 77 per cent were alive after six months from the time of injury, 72 per cent survived 1 year and 63 per cent survived two years. A control sample, sex and age matched, showed survival rates of 96 per cent, 93 per cent and 84 per cent for corresponding periods. After six months the hip fracture appears to have little bearing on survival.Factors having an adverse effect on the outcome were the following in their order of importance: atheroma, bedsores on admission, male sex, concomitant illness and sustaining the injury in the first quarter of the year. A better than average outcome was associated with the absence of these factors or their logical converse. Factors which appear to play an insignificant role in relation to mortality are the type of operation, the length of operation or the accident circumstances except road traffic accidents, which were often in young healthy patients and so gave a better than expected survival. In assessing the influence of these factors on mortality each group was again compared with matched samples from the general population.