RESUMEN
The goal of this study was to develop an empirically derived classification system for selective mutism (SM) using parent-report measures of social anxiety, behavior problems, and communication delays. The sample consisted of parents of 130 children (ages 5-12) with SM. Results from latent profile analysis supported a 3-class solution made up of an anxious-mildly oppositional group, an anxious-communication delayed group, and an exclusively anxious group. Follow-up tests indicated significant group differences on measures of SM symptom severity, externalizing problems, and expressive/receptive language abilities. These results suggest that, although social anxiety is typically a prominent feature of SM, children with the disorder are also likely to present with communication delays and/or mild behavior problems.
Asunto(s)
Mutismo/diagnóstico , Trastornos Fóbicos/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Ansiedad/clasificación , Trastornos de Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Ansiedad/psicología , Déficit de la Atención y Trastornos de Conducta Disruptiva/clasificación , Déficit de la Atención y Trastornos de Conducta Disruptiva/diagnóstico , Déficit de la Atención y Trastornos de Conducta Disruptiva/psicología , Niño , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/clasificación , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/diagnóstico , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/psicología , Preescolar , Comorbilidad , Femenino , Humanos , Control Interno-Externo , Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje/clasificación , Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje/psicología , Masculino , Mutismo/clasificación , Mutismo/psicología , Determinación de la Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Fóbicos/clasificación , Trastornos Fóbicos/psicología , Psicometría/estadística & datos numéricos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Previous research suggests that coping styles are modestly heritable and that this genetic influence is shared in large part with genetic influences on personality. To test this hypothesis, we estimated the heritable basis of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations in a sample of 91 monozygotic and 80 dizygotic twin pairs. Task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and social diversion coping styles were modestly heritable (h(2)=.17 to .20), whereas the use of distraction appeared to be influenced solely by environmental factors. Multivariate analyses showed that genetic contributions to coping styles were, at best, only modestly related to genetic contributions to personality (r=-.03 to .35). Environmental contributions to personality were unrelated to environmental factors in coping style. These results suggest that coping style is not merely a manifestation of basic personality traits but does support the possibility that the genetic factors in personality influences have a modest influence on an individual's preferred coping style or strength (e.g., rigidity vs flexibility).
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Psicológica , Biometría/métodos , Personalidad , Adolescente , Adulto , Afecto , Anciano , Ansiedad/genética , Ansiedad/psicología , Cognición , Depresión/genética , Depresión/psicología , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenotipo , Medio Social , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Gemelos/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There have been several reports of successful psychosocial interventions for children with selective mutism (SM), a disorder in which a child consistently fails to speak in one or more social settings (e.g., school) despite speaking normally in other settings (e.g., home). The present literature review was undertaken in order to provide an up-to-date summary and critique of the SM treatment literature published in the past fifteen years. METHODS: PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify SM treatment studies published in peer-reviewed journals between 1990 and 2005. RESULTS: A total of 23 studies were included in the present review. Of these, ten used a behavioral/cognitive behavioral approach, one used a behavioral language training approach, one used a family systems approach, five used a psychodynamic approach, and six used multimodal approaches to SM treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Although much of this literature is limited by methodological weaknesses, the existing research provides support for the use of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral interventions. Multimodal treatments also appear promising, but the essential components of these interventions have yet to be established. An outline of a cognitive-behavioral treatment package for a typical SM child is provided and the review concludes with suggestions for future research.
Asunto(s)
Mutismo/terapia , Psicoterapia/métodos , Medio Social , Adolescente , Terapia Conductista/métodos , Niño , Preescolar , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/métodos , Terapia Combinada , Terapia Familiar/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Mutismo/diagnóstico , Mutismo/psicología , Terapia Psicoanalítica/métodos , Teoría de SistemasRESUMEN
A developmental psychopathology perspective is offered in an effort to organize the existing literature regarding the etiology of selective mutism (SM), a relatively rare disorder in which a child consistently fails to speak in 1 or more social settings (e.g., school) despite speaking normally in other settings (e.g., home). Following a brief description of the history, prevalence, and course of the disorder, multiple pathways to the development of SM are discussed, with a focus on the various genetic, temperamental, psychological, and social/environmental systems that may be important in conceptualizing this unusual childhood disorder. The authors propose that SM develops due to a series of complex interactions among the various systems reviewed (e.g., a strong genetic loading for anxiety interacts with an existing communication disorder, resulting in heightened sensitivity to verbal interactions and mutism in some settings). Suggestions are provided for future longitudinal, twin/adoption, molecular genetic, and neuroimaging studies that would be particularly helpful in testing the pathways perspective on SM.
Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Infantil , Mutismo/fisiopatología , Mutismo/psicología , Psicología Infantil , Niño , Preescolar , HumanosRESUMEN
Developing a comprehensive understanding of resilience across the lifespan is potentially important for mental health promotion, yet resilience has been vastly understudied compared to disease and vulnerability. The present study investigated the relationship of resilience to personality traits, coping styles, and psychiatric symptoms in a sample of college students. Measures included the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, NEO Five Factor Inventory, Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and Brief Symptom Inventory. Results supported hypotheses regarding the relationship of resilience to personality dimensions and coping styles. Resilience was negatively associated with neuroticism, and positively related to extraversion and conscientiousness. Coping styles also predicted variance in resilience above and beyond the contributions of these personality traits. Task-oriented coping was positively related to resilience, and mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and resilience. Emotion-oriented coping was associated with low resilience. Finally, resilience was shown to moderate the relationship between a form of childhood maltreatment (emotional neglect) and current psychiatric symptoms. These results augment the literature that seeks to better define resilience and provide evidence for the construct validity of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Psicológica , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Personalidad , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometría , Heridas y Lesiones/psicologíaRESUMEN
The 48-item Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) was designed to assess three dimensions (task-oriented, emotional, and avoidant) of self-reported responses to stressful circumstances, but results from factor analyses suggest four factors. The present research used confirmatory factor analysis to verify the four-factor structure for the 21-item CISS short form in samples of 1,628 undergraduate students and 390 community-dwelling adults. Factors corresponding to task-oriented and emotional scales were orthogonal and were well defined by their seven constituent items. The avoidant scale was split into two three-item parcels that describe specific avoidance behaviors (contact a friend and treat oneself) rather than broad response categories. In the undergraduate sample, depression and anxiety correlated negatively with the task-oriented scale and positively with the emotional scale. In the community sample, the emotional scale was positively correlated with neuroticism and negatively correlated with extroversion and agreeableness, whereas the task-oriented scale was negatively correlated with neuroticism and positively correlated with extroversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. It was concluded that the task-oriented and emotional scales have potential as measures of two types of responses to routine stressors.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Psicológica , Mecanismos de Defensa , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Inventario de Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Psicometría/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Ansiedad/psicología , Depresión/psicología , Análisis Factorial , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valores de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Apoyo Social , Estadística como AsuntoRESUMEN
This study used Kenny's social relations model to examine the relationship between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder-related impairment and interpersonal perceptions. Participants were 124 students who had previously completed the Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale as part of a larger study. After engaging in brief dyadic conversations with 3 other students, participants recorded perceptions of personality traits for themselves, their interaction partners and how they believed their partners saw them (metaperceptions). Results indicated that those with more severe post-traumatic stress disorder-related impairment saw themselves negatively and believed their interaction partners also viewed them negatively. However, these individuals were not seen differently by others, except that they were rated as less dependable. Our findings suggest that post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with negative beliefs about the self that may influence self-esteem and interpersonal relationships.
Asunto(s)
Relaciones Interpersonales , Percepción Social , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/psicología , Adulto , Depresión/diagnóstico , Depresión/psicología , Procesamiento Automatizado de Datos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Psicológicos , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/diagnóstico , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Concerns about gender bias in the diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder (CD) have prompted some researchers to recommend that the diagnostic threshold in girls be lowered. Since CD is a highly familial condition, the authors assessed the diagnostic validity of subthreshold CD in girls using family study methodology. They compared the rates of antisocial disorders (CD and antisocial personality disorder) in relatives of four groups of index children: children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and full, subthreshold, or no CD diagnoses and non-ADHD/non-CD control subjects. Results showed no interaction between gender and familiality across the four groups. Furthermore, there was no significant evidence of familiality of subthreshold CD. From a family genetic perspective, the diagnostic threshold for CD does not appear to differ by gender. The current results support the possibility that differential rates of CD reflect actual differences in rates of antisocial behavior across gender.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno de la Conducta/diagnóstico , Salud de la Familia , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/diagnóstico , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/epidemiología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/genética , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/diagnóstico , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/epidemiología , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/genética , Trastorno de la Conducta/epidemiología , Trastorno de la Conducta/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
Within families, co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in parents and children may be common. The authors evaluated the hypothesis that parental ADHD may lead to a reporting bias of ADHD symptoms in offspring. They combined 2 family case-controlled studies of ADHD using structured interviews. They compared rates of maternal reported ADHD symptoms among 3 groups of ADHD children: no parental ADHD (n = 231), mother with ADHD (n = 63), and father with ADHD (n = 57). With the exception of 1 symptom, the rates of reporting between groups did not differ. There was no evidence that the discrepancy between maternal reports and self-reports of symptoms differed by parental ADHD. Results were similar across child gender or referral status. These results do not support the notion that parental ADHD affects maternal reports of offspring ADHD.