RESUMEN
Reducing the risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission is still a public health priority. The development of effective control strategies relies on the quantification of the effects of prophylactic and therapeutic measures in disease incidence. Although several assays can be used to estimate HIV incidence, these estimates are limited by the poor performance of these assays in distinguishing recent from long-standing infections. To address such limitation, we have developed an assay to titrate p24-specific IgG3 antibodies as a marker of recent infection. The assay is based on a recombinant p24 protein capable to detect total IgG antibodies in sera using a liquid micro array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subsequently, the assay was optimised to detect and titrate anti-p24 IgG3 responses in a panel of sequential specimens from seroconverters over 24 months. The kinetics of p24-specific IgG3 titres revealed a transient peak in the 4 to 5-month period after seroconversion. It was followed by a sharp decline, allowing infections with less than 6 months to be distinguished from older ones. The developed assay exhibited a mean duration of recent infection of 144 days and a false-recent rate of ca. 14%. Our findings show that HIV-1 p24-specific IgG3 titres can be used as a tool to evaluate HIV incidence in serosurveys and to monitor the efficacy of vaccines and other transmission control strategies.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Proteína p24 del Núcleo del VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/diagnóstico , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , VIH-1/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Biomarcadores/sangre , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Humanos , Incidencia , Cinética , Seroconversión , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Experimental studies in animal models have described the benefits of physical exercise (PE) to kidney diseases associated with hypertension. Land- and water-based exercises induce different responses in renal function. Our aim was to evaluate the renal alterations induced by different environments of PE in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The SHRs were divided into sedentary (S), swimming exercise (SE), and running exercise (RE) groups, and were trained for 8 weeks under similar intensities (60 min/day). Arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. The renal function was evaluated through urinary volume at each week of training; sodium and potassium excretions, plasma and urinary osmolarities, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), levels of proteinuria, and renal damage were determined. SE and RE rats presented reduced mean AP, systolic blood pressure, and HR in comparison with S group. SE and RE rats showed higher urine osmolarity compared with S. SE rats showed higher free water clearance (P < 0.01), lower urinary density (P < 0.0001), and increased weekly urine volume (P < 0.05) in comparison with RE and S groups. GFR was increased in both SE and RE rats. The proteinuria of SE (7.0 ± 0.8 mg/24 h) rats was decreased at the 8th week of the PE in comparison with RE (9.6 ± 0.8 mg/24 h) and S (9.8 ± 0.5 mg/24 h) groups. The glomerulosclerosis was reduced in SE rats (P < 0.02). SE produced different response in renal function in comparison with RE, in which only swimming-trained rats had better profile for proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis.
Asunto(s)
Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Glomerulonefritis/prevención & control , Hipertensión/terapia , Riñón/fisiopatología , Proteinuria/prevención & control , Carrera , Natación , Animales , Presión Sanguínea , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular , Glomerulonefritis/etiología , Glomerulonefritis/patología , Glomerulonefritis/fisiopatología , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Riñón/patología , Masculino , Proteinuria/etiología , Proteinuria/patología , Proteinuria/fisiopatología , Ratas Endogámicas SHR , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has been proposed as target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients with postural instability and gait disorders due to its involvement in muscle tonus adjustments and control of locomotion. However, it is a deep-seated brainstem nucleus without clear imaging or electrophysiological markers. Some studies suggested that diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) may help guiding electrode placement in the PPN by showing the surrounding fiber bundles, but none have provided a direct histological correlation. We investigated DTI fractional anisotropy (FA) maps from in vivo and in situ post-mortem magnetic resonance images (MRI) compared to histological evaluations for improving PPN targeting in humans. A post-mortem brain was scanned in a clinical 3T MR system in situ. Thereafter, the brain was processed with a special method ideally suited for cytoarchitectonic analyses. Also, nine volunteers had in vivo brain scanning using the same MRI protocol. Images from volunteers were compared to those obtained in the post-mortem study. FA values of the volunteers were obtained from PPN, inferior colliculus, cerebellar crossing fibers and medial lemniscus using histological data and atlas information. FA values in the PPN were significantly lower than in the surrounding white matter region and higher than in areas with predominantly gray matter. In Nissl-stained histologic sections, the PPN extended for more than 10 mm in the rostro-caudal axis being closely attached to the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Our DTI analyses and the spatial correlation with histological findings proposed a location for PPN that matched the position assigned to this nucleus in the literature. Coregistration of neuroimaging and cytoarchitectonic features can add value to help establishing functional architectonics of the PPN and facilitate neurosurgical targeting of this extended nucleus.
Asunto(s)
Imagen de Difusión Tensora/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Núcleo Tegmental Pedunculopontino/diagnóstico por imagen , Núcleo Tegmental Pedunculopontino/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Puntos Anatómicos de Referencia , Anisotropía , Autopsia , Femenino , Humanos , Interpretación de Imagen Asistida por Computador , Imagenología Tridimensional , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Pentavalent antimonial (Sb5+) drugs such as meglumine antimoniate (MA) are the mainstay treatment of leishmaniases in developing countries. The effects of these compounds on drug-metabolizing enzymes have not been characterized and their potential pharmacokinetic interactions with other drugs are therefore unknown. The present study investigated whether treatment with MA (300 mg Sb5+/kg body weight/day, subcutaneously) for 24 days affected the activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A (ethoxyresorufin- O-deethylase), CYP2A5 (coumarin 7-hydroxylase), CYP2E1 ( p-nitrophenol-hydroxylase), CYP2B9/10 (benzyloxy-resorufin- O-debenzylase), or CYP3A11 (erythromycin- N-demethylase) in the livers of Swiss Webster (SW) and DBA-2 male and female mice. The results showed that CYP2A5-, CYP2E1-, and CYP3A11-catalyzed reactions were unaffected by MA treatment. A decrease in CYP2B9/10 activity was noted in DBA-2 females (but not males) and was not observed in SW males or females. However, repeated MA administration reduced mouse liver CYP1A activity. CYP1A2 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were not affected by MA and in vitro exposure of mouse liver microsomes to Sb3+ and Sb5+ did not reduce CYP1A activity. These findings suggested that in vivo treatment with Sb5+ drugs depressed CYP1A activity, without downregulating CYP1A2 mRNA expression. Since in vitro treatment of liver microsomes failed to inhibit CYP1A activity, this effect may require intact cells.
RESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a single partial-body cryotherapy bout between training sessions on strength recovery. 12 young men (23.9±5.9 years) were randomly exposed to 2 different conditions separated by 7 days: 1) Partial-body cryotherapy (subjects were exposed to 3 min of partial-body cryotherapy at - 110 °C between 2 high-intensity training sessions); 2) Control (subjects were not exposed to partial-body cryotherapy between 2 high-intensity training sessions). Subjects were exposed to partial-body cryotherapy after the first training session. The 2 knee extension high-intensity training sessions were separated by a 40-min rest interval. Knee extension training consisted of 6 sets of 10 repetitions at 60°.s(-1) for concentric actions and 6 sets of 10 at 180.s(-1) for eccentric actions. The decrease in eccentric peak torque and total work was significantly (p<0.05) less after partial-body cryotherapy (5.6 and 2%, respectively) when compared to control (16 and 11.6%, respectively). However, the decrease in concentric peak torque and total work was not different (p>0.05) between partial-body cryotherapy (9.4 and 6.5%, respectively) and control (7.5 and 5.2%, respectively). These results indicate that the use of partial-body cryotherapy between-training sessions can enhance eccentric muscle performance recovery.
Asunto(s)
Crioterapia , Fuerza Muscular/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Entrenamiento de Fuerza , Adulto , Humanos , Rodilla/fisiología , Masculino , Torque , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine maternal characteristics associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes among women infected with HIV. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Multiple sites in Latin America and the Caribbean. POPULATION: Women infected with HIV enrolled in the Perinatal (2002-2007) and the Longitudinal Study in Latin American Countries (LILAC; 2008-2012) studies of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) International Site Development Initiative (NISDI). METHODS: Frequencies of adverse pregnancy outcomes assessed among pregnancies. Risk factors investigated by logistic regression analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm delivery (PT), low birthweight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), stillbirth (SB), and neonatal death. RESULTS: Among 1512 women, 1.9% (95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 1.3-2.7) of singleton pregnancies resulted in a stillbirth and 32.9% (95% CI 30.6-35.4) had at least one adverse pregnancy outcome. Of 1483 singleton live births, 19.8% (95% CI 17.8-21.9) were PT, 14.2% (95% CI 12.5-16.1) were LBW, 12.6% (95% CI 10.9-14.4) were SGA, and 0.4% (95% CI 0.2-0.9) of infants died within 28 days of birth. Multivariable logistic regression modelling indicated that the following risk factors increased the probability of having one or more adverse pregnancy outcomes: lower maternal body mass index at delivery (odds ratio, OR, 2.2; 95% CI 1.4-3.5), hospitalisation during pregnancy (OR 3.3; 95% CI 2.0-5.3), hypertension during pregnancy (OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.5-4.8), antiretroviral use at conception (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.0-1.9), and tobacco use during pregnancy (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.3-2.2). The results of fitting multivariable logistic regression models for PT, LBW, SGA, and SB are also reported. CONCLUSIONS: Women infected with HIV had a relatively high occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, and some maternal risk factors were associated with these adverse pregnancy outcomes. Interventions targeting modifiable risk factors should be evaluated further.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo , Resultado del Embarazo , Adulto , Región del Caribe , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Mortalidad Infantil , Recién Nacido de Bajo Peso , Recién Nacido , Recién Nacido Pequeño para la Edad Gestacional , América Latina , Modelos Logísticos , Estudios Longitudinales , Embarazo , Nacimiento Prematuro/etiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , MortinatoRESUMEN
Species richness and abundance of bats were studied in four nature reserves, including a karst area which has many potential rocky shelters for bats, such as caves and rock crevices. The reserves were located in the greater Belo Horizonte metropolitan area, one of the most populated regions of Brazil, within the Atlantic Forest, and Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) ecological domains. Bats were sampled using mist-nets and, in the karst area, also by active searches in shelters. A total of 1,599 bats were captured representing 30 species belonging to four families. There was little similarity among the four chiropteran faunas. The greatest species richness was found in the karst area with 22 species recorded whereas richness estimates in the other areas indicated the need for further studies. Two hundred and sixty-five individuals of 14 species were captured from 56 shelters. Most of the shelters were frequently used for diurnal roosts, and all the bats found belonged to the Phyllostomidae, with the exception of Myotis nigricans (Vespertilionidae), Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Molossidae) and Peropteryx macrotis (Emballonuridae). The sanguinivorous Desmodus rotundus was the most common species in the shelters. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of maintaining multiple protected areas to ensure a representative fauna of bats in a region characterized by a vegetation transition zone and with intense economic activity and high environmental impact. This study also demonstrates the importance of rock shelters for maintaining local bat richness and the importance of active searches for bats in their diurnal roosts for a more thorough sampling of the bat fauna at a given locality.
Asunto(s)
Quirópteros/clasificación , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ecosistema , Animales , Biodiversidad , Biomasa , Brasil , Densidad de Población , Árboles , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
Species richness and abundance of bats were studied in four nature reserves, including a karst area which has many potential rocky shelters for bats, such as caves and rock crevices. The reserves were located in the greater Belo Horizonte metropolitan area, one of the most populated regions of Brazil, within the Atlantic Forest, and Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) ecological domains. Bats were sampled using mist-nets and, in the karst area, also by active searches in shelters. A total of 1,599 bats were captured representing 30 species belonging to four families. There was little similarity among the four chiropteran faunas. The greatest species richness was found in the karst area with 22 species recorded whereas richness estimates in the other areas indicated the need for further studies. Two hundred and sixty-five individuals of 14 species were captured from 56 shelters. Most of the shelters were frequently used for diurnal roosts, and all the bats found belonged to the Phyllostomidae, with the exception of Myotis nigricans (Vespertilionidae), Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Molossidae) and Peropteryx macrotis (Emballonuridae). The sanguinivorous Desmodus rotundus was the most common species in the shelters. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of maintaining multiple protected areas to ensure a representative fauna of bats in a region characterized by a vegetation transition zone and with intense economic activity and high environmental impact. This study also demonstrates the importance of rock shelters for maintaining local bat richness and the importance of active searches for bats in their diurnal roosts for a more thorough sampling of the bat fauna at a given locality.(AU)
Neste estudo, a riqueza e a abundância de espécies de morcegos foram estudadas em quatro reservas naturais, incluindo uma área cárstica com muitas cavernas e fendas em rochas, que constituem abrigos rochosos potenciais para os morcegos. As reservas encontram-se dentro da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte-MG, uma das mais povoadas do Brasil, e dentro dos domínios de Floresta Atlântica e do Cerrado. Os morcegos foram amostrados com redes de neblina (mist-nets) e, na área cárstica, também foi realizada busca ativa por morcegos em seus abrigos. Foram capturados 1.599 morcegos de 30 espécies, pertencentes a quatro famílias. Houve pouca similaridade entre as faunas de quirópteros analisadas. A maior riqueza foi encontrada na área cárstica, com 22 espécies registradas com redes de neblina e em seus abrigos; entretanto, estimativas de riqueza indicaram a necessidade de mais estudos nas outras áreas. Do total amostrado, 265 indivíduos de 14 espécies foram capturados em 56 abrigos. A maioria dos abrigos era ocupada no período diurno e de uso frequente; os morcegos presentes eram filostomídeos, exceto Myotis nigricans (Vespertilionidae), Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Molossidae) e Peropteryx macrotis (Emballonuridae). O hematófago Desmodus rotundus foi o mais frequente nos abrigos. O resultado deste estudo indica a importância da manutenção de diferentes áreas para a conservação dos quirópteros em região caracterizada como zona de transição vegetacional e com intensa atividade econômica e impacto ambiental. Este estudo demonstra também a importância dos abrigos rochosos para a riqueza local de espécies e a importância de busca ativa por morcegos em seus abrigos diurnos para uma amostragem mais efetiva da fauna local destes quirópteros.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Quirópteros/clasificación , Biodiversidad , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ecosistema , BrasilRESUMEN
This paper focuses on the feasibility of unconventional aqueous two-phase systems for bromelain purification from pineapple processing waste. The main difference in comparison with conventional systems is the integration of the liquid-liquid extraction technique with fractional precipitation, which can decrease the protein content with no loss of biological activity by removing of unwanted molecules. The analysis of the results was based on the response surface methodology and revealed that the use of the desirability optimisation methodology (DOM) was necessary to achieve higher purification factor values and greater bromelain recovery. The use of DOM yielded an 11.80-fold purification factor and 66.38 % biological activity recovery using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a molar mass of 4,000, 10.86 % PEG concentration (m/m) and 36.21 % saturation of ammonium sulphate.
Asunto(s)
Sulfato de Amonio/química , Ananas/enzimología , Bromelaínas/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Polietilenglicoles/química , Bromelaínas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/químicaRESUMEN
The excessive activation of neutrophils generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the secretion of primary granular enzymes, such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is implicated in numerous inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate chalcones as inhibitors of the chlorinating activity of MPO using in vitro and ex vivo assays. In addition to cytotoxic properties, the inhibition of respiratory burst, the scavenger capacity, and the oxidation potential were measured. 4'-Aminochalcone (1), 4'-amino-4- fluorochalcone (2), and 4'-amino-4-methylchalcone (3) exhibited potent inhibition of the chlorinating activity of MPO, as evaluated in a neutrophil system and a free cell system, to the following degree: (1) IC50 = 0.265 � 0.036 µmol L-1; (2) IC50 = 0.250 � 0.081 µmol L-1; and (3) IC50 = 0.250 � 0.012 µmol L-1. These values were similar to those for 5-fluorotryptamine (IC50 = 0.192 � 0.012 µmol L-1), a compound considered to be a potent MPO inhibitor. These aminochalcones were not toxic to neutrophils at concentrations below 100 µmol L- 1, as determined by the trypan blue exclusion assay. Compounds 1-3 presented a high oxidation potential (Epa1 â 0.80 V), low scavenger capacity against DPPH⢠and HOCl, and low inhibition of respiratory burst. These data indicated that aminochalcones are potent inhibitors of MPO chlorinating activity, a new property for chalcone derivatives, given that they are neither antioxidant agents nor inhibitors of respiratory burst. In conclusion, the selected aminochalcones have potential as pharmacological agents for inflammatory diseases.
Asunto(s)
Chalconas/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Peroxidasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Chalconas/síntesis química , Chalconas/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Halogenación , Humanos , Neutrófilos/citología , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , Superóxidos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Dietary fat composition can interfere in the development of obesity due to the specific roles of some fatty acids that have different metabolic activities, which can alter both fat oxidation and deposition rates, resulting in changes in body weight and/or composition. High-fat diets in general are associated with hyperphagia, but the type of dietary fat seems to be more important since saturated fats are linked to a positive fat balance and omental adipose tissue accumulation when compared to other types of fat, while polyunsaturated fats, omega-3 and omega-6, seem to increase energy expenditure and decrease energy intake by specific mechanisms involving hormone-sensitive lipase, activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and others. Saturated fat intake can also impair insulin sensitivity compared to omega-3 fat, which has the opposite effect due to alterations in cell membranes. Obesity is also associated with impaired mitochondrial function. Fat excess favors the production of malonyl-CoA, which reduces GLUT4 efficiency. The tricarboxylic acid cycle and beta-oxidation are temporarily uncoupled, forming metabolite byproducts that augment reactive oxygen species production. Exercise can restore mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity, which may be crucial for a better prognosis in treating or preventing obesity.
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Animales , Humanos , Composición Corporal/fisiología , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/fisiología , Obesidad/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo/fisiología , Ingestión de Energía/fisiología , Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Obesidad/etiologíaRESUMEN
Dietary fat composition can interfere in the development of obesity due to the specific roles of some fatty acids that have different metabolic activities, which can alter both fat oxidation and deposition rates, resulting in changes in body weight and/or composition. High-fat diets in general are associated with hyperphagia, but the type of dietary fat seems to be more important since saturated fats are linked to a positive fat balance and omental adipose tissue accumulation when compared to other types of fat, while polyunsaturated fats, omega-3 and omega-6, seem to increase energy expenditure and decrease energy intake by specific mechanisms involving hormone-sensitive lipase, activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and others. Saturated fat intake can also impair insulin sensitivity compared to omega-3 fat, which has the opposite effect due to alterations in cell membranes. Obesity is also associated with impaired mitochondrial function. Fat excess favors the production of malonyl-CoA, which reduces GLUT4 efficiency. The tricarboxylic acid cycle and beta-oxidation are temporarily uncoupled, forming metabolite byproducts that augment reactive oxygen species production. Exercise can restore mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity, which may be crucial for a better prognosis in treating or preventing obesity.
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Composición Corporal/fisiología , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/fisiología , Obesidad/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo/fisiología , Animales , Ingestión de Energía/fisiología , Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Humanos , Obesidad/etiologíaRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of human head hair on thermoregulation during exercise carried out under solar radiation. 10 healthy male subjects (mean±SD: 25.1±2.5 yr; height: 176.2±4.0 cm; weight: 73.7±6.7 kg; VO(2max) 56.2±5.3 mLO(2)·kg (-1)·min (-1)) took part in 2 1 h-long trials of continuous exercise on a treadmill at 50% VO2(max) under solar radiation that were separated by at least 2 days. Whereas for the first trial they retained their natural head hair (HAIR), in the second trial their hair was totally shaved (NOHAIR). Several properties were measured, including environmental heat stress (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature index - WBGT, °C), heart rate, rectal temperature, skin temperature, head temperature, and global sweat rate. The main findings were that whereas there was a lower sweat rate in the HAIR condition (HAIR: 7.08±0.79 vs. NOHAIR: 7.67±0.79 g·m (-2)·min (-1); p=0.03), there were no significant differences in any of the other variables between the HAIR and NOHAIR trials. In conclusion, the presence of head hair resulted in a lower sweat rate.
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Regulación de la Temperatura Corporal/fisiología , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Cabello/fisiología , Sudoración/fisiología , Adulto , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Cabeza , Humanos , Masculino , Carrera , Luz Solar , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Since visceral adipose tissue (VAT) may account for impaired peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity (IS), it has been hypothesized that the partial removal of VAT could result in improved insulin action, while the re-growth of the excised tissue and/or compensatory growth of non-excised depots seems to occur. Thus, it was aimed to investigate whether or not VAT removal and exercise affect IS. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet and subsequently assigned randomly to one of four groups: 1. exercised plus lipectomized (EL), 2. exercised plus sham-lipectomized (ES), 3. sedentary plus lipectomized (CL), 4. sedentary plus sham-lipectomized (CS). After lipectomy, EL and ES animals underwent a 7-consecutive-day training period. Body weight, food intake, basal metabolic rate, fasting glucose, and glucose tolerance were assessed before and after the interventions. Fasting insulin and the HOMA index, body fat mass, and the expression of pro-inflammatory genes were assessed after the interventions. RESULTS: EL group showed greater insulin sensitivity compared to all other groups. EL and ES groups showed lower fasting insulin levels when compared to CL and CS groups, respectively. The EL group showed improved IS when compared to the remaining groups. The CL group showed impaired glucose tolerance and increased TNF-alpha gene expression. Body weight and fat mass did not differ among the groups. PPAR gamma gene expression was increased in the EL and ES groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that short-term swimming training improved insulin sensitivity, but failed to prevent fat regain in lipectomized animals. Lipectomy induced impaired glucose tolerance, which is probably related to increased TNF-alpha gene expression. It is possible that a high-fat diet might be implicated in faster regain of adipose tissue after lipectomy. Our results also show that short-term exercise associated with lipectomy could improve insulin sensitivity.
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Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/prevención & control , Lipectomía/efectos adversos , Condicionamiento Físico Animal/fisiología , Aumento de Peso/fisiología , Grasa Abdominal/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo/química , Adiposidad , Animales , Metabolismo Basal , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Glucemia/análisis , Peso Corporal , Dieta , Ingestión de Energía , Epidídimo , Ayuno/sangre , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/etiología , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Inflamación/metabolismo , Insulina/sangre , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , PPAR alfa/genética , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Natación , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of endurance training on leptin levels and adipose tissue gene expression and their association with insulin, body composition and energy intake. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: trained (N = 18) and sedentary controls (N = 20). The trained group underwent swimming training for 9 weeks. Leptin and insulin levels, adiposity and leptin gene expression in epididymal and inguinal adipose tissue were determined after training. There were no differences in energy intake between groups. Trained rats had a decreased final body weight (-10%), relative and total body fat (-36 and -55%, respectively) and insulin levels (-55%) compared with controls (P < 0.05). Although trained animals showed 56% lower leptin levels (2.58 +/- 1.05 vs 5.89 +/- 2.89 ng/mL in control; P < 0.05), no difference in leptin gene expression in either fat depot was demonstrable between groups. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that lower leptin levels in trained rats were due primarily to their lower body fat mass. After adjustment for total body fat, leptin levels were still 20% (P < 0.05) lower in exercised rats. In conclusion, nine weeks of swimming training did not affect leptin gene expression, but did lead to a decrease in leptin levels that was independent of changes in body fat.
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Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Insulina/sangre , Leptina/sangre , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Natación/fisiología , Animales , Ingestión de Energía , Expresión Génica , Insulina/metabolismo , Leptina/genética , Masculino , Condicionamiento Físico Animal/fisiología , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of endurance training on leptin levels and adipose tissue gene expression and their association with insulin, body composition and energy intake. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: trained (N = 18) and sedentary controls (N = 20). The trained group underwent swimming training for 9 weeks. Leptin and insulin levels, adiposity and leptin gene expression in epididymal and inguinal adipose tissue were determined after training. There were no differences in energy intake between groups. Trained rats had a decreased final body weight (-10 percent), relative and total body fat (-36 and -55 percent, respectively) and insulin levels (-55 percent) compared with controls (P < 0.05). Although trained animals showed 56 percent lower leptin levels (2.58 ± 1.05 vs 5.89 ± 2.89 ng/mL in control; P < 0.05), no difference in leptin gene expression in either fat depot was demonstrable between groups. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that lower leptin levels in trained rats were due primarily to their lower body fat mass. After adjustment for total body fat, leptin levels were still 20 percent (P < 0.05) lower in exercised rats. In conclusion, nine weeks of swimming training did not affect leptin gene expression, but did lead to a decrease in leptin levels that was independent of changes in body fat.
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Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Insulina/sangre , Leptina/sangre , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Natación/fisiología , Ingestión de Energía , Expresión Génica , Insulina/metabolismo , Leptina/genética , Condicionamiento Físico Animal/fisiología , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficiency (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria, 3-HMG) is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism involving the final step of leucine degradation. HL is the key enzyme for the production of glucose-sparing ketone bodies for brain. Positive biochemical findings are metabolic acidosis, hyperammonaemia, and hypoketotic hypoglycaemia in the neonatal period or infancy. In the present study we report 15 Brazilian patients with HL deficiency and present their clinical and biochemical findings. Urine from all patients contained large amounts of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric, 3-methylglutaconic, 3-hydroxyisovaleric and 3-methylglutaric acids, and 3-methylcrotonylglycine was also observed in 13 patients. The main features at clinical presentation were hypoglycaemia (12 patients), seizures (10 patients), metabolic acidosis (9 patients), vomiting (6 patients), and hepatomegaly (5 patients). All but two patients were of Portuguese ancestry. HL deficiency comprised 7.3% of total organic acidurias detected in our laboratory during a 13-year time span, indicating a high incidence of this disorder in Brazil. Limited molecular characterization (4/15 patients only) revealed two mutations common for individuals of Portuguese/Spanish (Iberian Peninsula) ancestry (E37X and V168fs(-2)). Our findings increase the number of HL-deficient patients and reinforce the characteristic phenotypic picture of the disease. Effective dietary interventions based on mild protein restriction and avoidance of fasting and possibly alternative C5 ketone body generating therapy for this disorder may provide further impetus and rationale for expanded newborn screening of HL deficiency.
RESUMEN
Recent findings have indicated that creatine supplementation may affect glucose metabolism. This study aimed to examine the effects of creatine supplementation, combined with aerobic training, on glucose tolerance in sedentary healthy male. Subjects (n = 22) were randomly divided in two groups and were allocated to receive treatment with either creatine (CT) ( approximately 10 g . day over three months) or placebo (PT) (dextrose). Administration of treatments was double blind. Both groups underwent moderate aerobic training. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and both fasting plasma insulin and the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index were assessed at the start, and after four, eight and twelve weeks. CT demonstrated significant decrease in OGTT area under the curve compared to PT (P = 0.034). There were no differences between groups or over time in fasting insulin or HOMA. The results suggest that creatine supplementation, combined with aerobic training, can improve glucose tolerance but does not affect insulin sensitivity, and may warrant further investigation with diabetic subjects.
Asunto(s)
Creatina/farmacología , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Glucosa/metabolismo , Insulina/fisiología , Adulto , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Humanos , Insulina/sangre , MasculinoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Necrosectomy is the gold standard treatment for infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN). A percutaneous and endoscopic approach has been accepted in selected cases. Endoscopic drainage (ED) of IPN can be performed by using transpapillary or transmural procedures, or a combination of both with or without endoscopic ultrasound. AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the indications, complications, success rate, and the importance of assessment of main pancreatic duct integrity by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) in patients with IPN. METHODS: Records of all patients who underwent endoscopic necrosectomy from January 2002 to December 2007 at Rio de Janeiro Federal University Hospital were reviewed. A total of 56 patients were included. ED was performed using daily transmural and transpapillary drainage. A diagnostic pancreatogram (ERP) to search for communications between the pancreatic duct and the collection were performed in all cases and in cases where communication existed. A pre-cut needle knife was used to puncture the cyst wall, aspirate the content and then enter at the cyst cavity (contrast was injected to ensure opacification of the cyst and subsequent drainage). Sphincterotomy catheter or balloons were used to enlarge and ensure a wide cystoenterostomy. All patients were followed with computerized tomography scans or ultrasound to ensure clinical resolution. Mean follow-up was 21 months. RESULTS: 49/56 patients could be successfully treated. ED was successful in 49 patients (87%) and in 3 (13%) it failed. Mean follow-up was 21 months. During this period, there were 2 (10.5%) pseudocyst recurrences and only 1 (5.2%) recurrence of new episodes of pancreatic necrosis, and all were managed clinically and/or endoscopically. No mortality was related to the procedure. CONCLUSION: ED with daily necrosectomy is a useful method to remove infected and sterile pancreatic necrosis.
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Endoscopía/métodos , Enfermedades Pancreáticas/cirugía , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , NecrosisRESUMEN
AIM: The aim of the present study was to compare the highest heart rate (HR) of soccer players recorded during competition matches with the maximum HR (HR(max)) estimated from age and the highest HR recorded in effort tests within a single category (intracategory) and between categories (intercategories). METHODS: The sample was made up of 19 under-17 athletes, 12 under-20 athletes and 14 professional athletes of a Brazilian first division soccer team. Players' HR was monitored during official competition matches and maximum effort test with a set of HR monitors. The highest HR recorded during competitive matches (MHR1) was considered as the highest HR value attained by each player during matches. HR(max) estimated from age (MHR2) was estimated by using the equation HR(max)= (220-age). The highest HR recorded in effort tests (MHR3) was determined as being the highest HR value recorded during a maximum effort test (1 000-m run). The Wilcoxon test was used in intracategory statistical analysis. The Kruskal Wallis test was used in intercategory statistical analysis. The significance level adopted was P<0.05. RESULTS: In all categories, MHR3 was lower than MHR1. Concerning intercategory analysis, the three categories did not exhibit a difference in MHR1 RESULTS: Relative to MHR3, the under-17 and under-20 categories were not different from each other. These two categories exhibited larger MHR3 values than the professional one did. CONCLUSION: HR(max) measured during field tests can be underestimated in relation to that measured during competition activities, maybe because the tests represent an artificial situation for athletes, who do not feel as motivated as during competitions.