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Purpose: To examine factors of influence in diabetes management and their association with self-reported health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes treated at Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs). Methods: This cross-sectional study examined data from the 2014 Health Center Patient Survey (HCPS). Predictor variables were categorized across three levels of the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities research framework. Outcome variables retrieved from HCPS included self-reports of blood glucose levels, and diabetes-related emergency department (ED)/hospital visits during past year. Results: A total of 936 patients with diabetes were included. Most (65%) participants received a diabetes self-management plan. During the previous year, 72% received > = 2 A1C checks, 52% reported high blood glucose levels, and 12% visited an ED/hospital. Multivariable results showed that insulin use and receiving a self-management plan were associated with high blood glucose levels and ED/hospital visits. Community factors of being unable to get medications and receiving a specialist foot exam were respectively associated with high blood glucose levels and ED/hospital visits. Conclusion: Different factors were associated with health outcomes in patients with diabetes treated at FQHCs. Identifying these factors can help with targeted screening and follow-up and assessing potential interventions to improve health outcomes. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-024-01388-5.

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OBJECTIVES: Since 2015, the Harvard Workshop on Research Methods in Supportive Oncology has trained early-career investigators in skills to develop rigorous studies in supportive oncology. This study examines workshop evaluations over time in the context of two factors: longitudinal participant feedback and a switch from in-person to virtual format during the COVID pandemic. METHODS: We examined post-workshop evaluations for participants who attended the workshop from 2015 to 2021. We qualitatively analyzed evaluation free text responses on ways in which the workshop could be improved and "other comments." Potential areas of improvement were categorized and frequencies were compiled longitudinally. Differences in participants' ratings of the workshop and demographics between in-person and virtual formats were investigated with t-tests and Chi-square tests, respectively. RESULTS: 286 participants attended the workshop over 8 years. Participant ratings of the workshop remained consistently high without substantial variation across all years. Three main themes emerged from the "other comments" item: (1) sense of community; (2) passion and empowerment; and (3) value of protected time. Participants appeared to identify fewer areas for improvement over time. There were no significant differences in participant ratings or demographics between the in-person and virtual formats. SIGNIFINACE OF RESULTS: While the workshop has experienced changes over time, participant evaluations varied little. The core content and structure might have the greatest influence on participants' experiences.

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BACKGROUND: Pharmacists' provision of naloxone services in community pharmacy settings is well-recognized. Recently, studies describing pharmacists' naloxone services in settings other than community pharmacies have emerged in the literature. There is a need to synthesize evidence from these studies to evaluate the scope and impact of pharmacists' naloxone services beyond community pharmacy settings. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this systematic review were to a) identify pharmacists' naloxone services and their outcomes, and b) examine knowledge, attitudes, and barriers (KAB) related to naloxone service provision in non-community pharmacy settings. METHODS: Eligible studies were identified using PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL. Inclusion criteria were as follows: peer-reviewed empirical research conducted in the U.S. from January 2010 through February 2022; published in English; and addressed a) pharmacists' naloxone services and/or b) KAB related to the implementation of naloxone services. PRISMA guidelines were used to report this study. RESULTS: Seventy-six studies were identified. The majority were non-randomized and observational; only two used a randomized controlled (RCT) design. Most studies were conducted in veterans affairs (30%) and academic medical centers (21%). Sample sizes ranged from n = 10 to 217,469, and the majority reported sample sizes <100. Pharmacists' naloxone services involved clinical staff education, utilization of screening tools to identify at-risk patients, naloxone prescribing and overdose education and naloxone dispensing (OEND). Outcomes of implementing naloxone services included improved naloxone knowledge, positive attitudes, increased OEND, and overdose reversals. Pharmacists cited inadequate training, time constraints, reimbursement issues, and stigma as barriers that hindered naloxone service implementation. CONCLUSION: This systematic review found robust evidence regarding pharmacist-based naloxone services beyond community pharmacy settings. Future programs should use targeted approaches to help pharmacists overcome barriers and enhance naloxone services. Additional research is needed to evaluate pharmacist naloxone services by using rigorous methodologies (e.g., larger sample sizes, RCT designs).

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This study describes access to prescription medications and examines personal, financial, and structural barriers associated with access to prescription medications in patients with type 2 diabetes treated at Federally Qualified Health Centers. We used a cross-sectional design to analyze data retrieved from the 2014 Health Center Patient Survey. Adult participants who self-reported having type 2 diabetes were included in this study. Predictor variables were categorized into personal, financial, and structural barriers. Outcomes include being unable to get and delayed in getting prescription medications. Chi-square and multivariable regression models were conducted to examine associations between predictor and outcome variables. A total of 1097 participants with type 2 diabetes were included in analyses. Approximately 29% of participants were delayed, and 24% were unable to get medications. Multivariable regression results showed that personal barriers, such as federal poverty level, health status, and psychological distress were associated with being unable to get medications. Financial barriers including out-of-pocket medication cost and employment were associated with access to prescription medications. Type of health center funding program as a structural barrier was associated with access to medications. In conclusion, multi-level tailored strategies and policy changes are needed to address these barriers to improve access to prescription medications and health outcomes in underserved patient populations.

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BACKGROUND: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) surveillance testing is a cornerstone of prostate cancer survivorship because patients with biochemical recurrence often have no symptoms. However, the investigation of guideline-concordant PSA surveillance across racial groups is limited. We examined racial differences in PSA surveillance testing 5-years post-definitive treatment for localized prostate cancer. METHODS: We created a population-based retrospective cohort from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linked database for men diagnosed with prostate cancer between the years 2007 to 2011 with Medicare claims through 2016 (N = 21,372). Multivariable log-binomial regression models were used to examine the effect of race on the likelihood of not receiving at least one PSA surveillance test annually 5-years post-definitive treatment. RESULTS: Black men had 90%, 71%, 44%, 34%, and 23% increased risk of not receiving at least one PSA surveillance test annually in the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth years of post-definitive treatment follow-up, respectively. The adjusted relative risk [ARR] for Black men compared to White men were 1.68 (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.37-2.07), 1.52 (95% CI, 1.32-1.75), 1.32 (95% CI, 1.17-1.48), and 1.16 (95% CI, 1.05-1.29) in the first, second, third, and fourth year of post-definitive treatment, respectively. CONCLUSION: Black men were more likely not to receive guideline-concordant PSA surveillance testing following definitive treatment for localized prostate cancer during the first 4 years post-treatment. This study suggest room for improvement in defining survivorship care plans for Black men to increase use of PSA surveillance testing.

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Recent studies conducted in the mouse and cellular models suggest a stage-specific, differential effect of Akt activity modulation on tumor growth and metastasis in various cancers. In prostate cancer (PCa), although the deletion of Akt1 gene in a neuroendocrine model of TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) blunted oncogenic transformation and tumor growth, Akt1 suppression in the advanced PCa resulted in the activation of transforming growth factor-ß pathway and enhanced metastasis to the lungs. Such a dual role for the Akt isoforms and its signaling partners has not been investigated in human PCa. In the current study, we performed genomic database analysis of Akt isoforms and associated pathway molecules in human prostate adenocarcinoma, castration-resistant PCa, neuroendocrine PCa and metastatic PCa for mutations, genetic alterations, mRNA and protein expressions and activating phosphorylations from cBioportal. Results from the protein data analysis from the cBioportal were compared to the results of our data on human PCa tissue analysis and the cellular effects of Akt1 suppression using MK-2206 on PCa cell aggressiveness. Our study indicates the existence of a dual role for Akt1 in PCa and warrants a large-scale analysis of the early and advanced stage PCa clinical samples for further clarity.

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BACKGROUND: The Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) drastically reduced reimbursement for androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in 2005. One unintended consequence of the MMA may be an increase in the racial disparities in receipt of ADT. Given these policy changes, it becomes increasingly important to assess racial disparities in timely receipt of ADT. METHODS: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the associations between race and median time to receipt of ADT among men with metastatic prostate cancer before and after the passage of the MMA. A population-based retrospective cohort was created from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare. RESULTS: A total of 1,846 African-American and 9,462 Caucasian men diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer from 2000 through 2011 were included. An accelerated failure time regression model was used to examine factors associated with racial differences in median time to receipt of ADT. Results indicate that African-American men had a longer median time to receipt of ADT both before the MMA (Time Ratio (TR): 1.15; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) [1.05, 1.27]) and after the MMA (TR: 1.29; 95% CI [1.10, 1.53]) as compared to Caucasian men. In addition to race, men residing in South had longer median time to receipt of ADT (TR: 1.26, 1.52; 95% CI [1.01, 1.52; 1.24, 1.87] before and after MMA, respectively) compared to the Northeast region. CONCLUSION: Considering the palliative benefits of ADT, it is important to develop effective strategies to address racial differences in receipt of treatment for metastatic prostate cancer.

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The high frequency of treatment-related side effects for men with localized prostate cancer creates uncertainty for treatment outcomes. This study assessed the comparative effectiveness of treatment-related side effects associated with conservative management and cryotherapy in patients with localized prostate cancer. A retrospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted, using the linked data of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results and Medicare, which included patients diagnosed from 2000 through year 2013, and their Medicare claims information from 2000 through 2014. To compare the differences in baseline characteristics and treatment-related side effects between the study cohorts, χ2 tests were conducted. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between treatment selection and side effects. There were 7,998 and 3,051 patients in the conservative management and cryotherapy cohort, respectively. The likelihood of erectile dysfunction, lower urinary tract obstruction, urinary fistula, urinary incontinence, and hydronephrosis was reported to be significantly lower (53%, 35%, 69%, 65%, and 36%, respectively) in the conservative management cohort. Conservative management had a lower likelihood of treatment-related side effects compared to cryotherapy. However, further research is needed to compare other significant long-term outcomes such as costs associated with these treatment choices and quality of life.

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This study describes how a concurrent exploratory mixed methodology (CEMM) approach was used to investigate perceptions of prostate cancer (CaP) fear and facilitators of screening behavior in African-American (AA) and Caribbean-born (CB) black men for instrument development. A quantitative paper-based questionnaire was modified, adapted, and administered to participants from the Personal Integrative Model of Prostate Cancer Disparity Survey and the Powe Fatalism Inventory. Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis. Of the 31 participants, 17 (55%) were CB black men and 14 (45%) were AA men. CB black men reported significantly higher mean perception of CaP treatment scores compared to AA men (8.23 versus 6.14, p < 0.05). Overall, the focus group and interview data revealed highly interrelated key themes. These themes included perceived barriers to CaP screening (e.g., health-care affordability), misconceptions about CaP (e.g., limited knowledge), and misinformation about CaP (e.g., conflicting CaP screening information from health-care providers). Feeling responsible to make sure family members were taken care of and the role of a significant other were reported as motivation for visiting the doctor. As a result of the CEMM design, a reliable survey instrument was developed to measure CaP fear and facilitators for screening behavior within subpopulations of AA men, which is important because despite their shared genetic ancestry, AA and CB black males may have very different lifestyles.

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BACKGROUND: Navigation programs are generally characterized as providing patient-centered support and guidance intended to help patients and family members overcome barriers such as timely diagnosis resolution, patient satisfaction, coping with primary and adjuvant treatment, management of side effects, and patient engagement in the healthcare process. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between the Independent Specialty Medical Advocate (ISMA) model of patient navigation and intermediate patient health outcomes for newly diagnosed cancer patients. METHODS: A pre-post intervention study was conducted in 26 newly diagnosed cancer patients recruited from a national partnership between the LIVESTRONG Cancer Navigation Service Program and the NavigateCancer Foundation between April 2013 and December 2015. Participants received a 1-hour initial telephone consultation, and then a navigation care plan was developed for the 6-week study period. A paired t test was conducted to assess changes in intermediate health outcomes at baseline and 6 weeks after study intervention. RESULTS: The majority of study participants were males (62%), married (50%), and Caucasian (69%). Overall, there was a statistically significant reduction in anxiety at 6 weeks postintervention (mean, 2.48; SD, 0.62; P <.05) compared with baseline (mean, 2.92; SD, 0.82) and in depression at 6 weeks postintervention (mean, 2.00; SD, 0.81; P <.05) compared with baseline (mean, 2.45; SD, 0.19). CONCLUSION: The ISMA model of patient navigation appears to be associated with significant reduction in anxiety and depression. Further studies are needed to evaluate the ISMA model of patient navigation on long-term patient outcomes.

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Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), an innovative treatment option for prostate cancer, has rapidly diffused over the past decade. To inform our understanding of racial disparities in prostate cancer treatment and outcomes, this study compared diffusion of IMRT in African American (AA) and Caucasian American (CA) prostate cancer patients during the early years of IMRT diffusion using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked database. A retrospective cohort of 947 AA and 10,028 CA patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer from 2002 through 2006, who were treated with either IMRT or non-IMRT as primary treatment within 1 year of diagnoses was constructed. Logistic regression was used to examine potential differences in diffusion of IMRT in AA and CA patients, while adjusting for socioeconomic and clinical covariates. A significantly smaller proportion of AA compared with CA patients received IMRT for localized prostate cancer (45% vs. 53%, p < .0001). Racial differences were apparent in multivariable analysis though did not achieve statistical significance, as time and factors associated with race (socioeconomic, geographic, and tumor related factors) explained the preponderance of variance in use of IMRT. Further research examining improved access to innovative cancer treatment and technologies is essential to reducing racial disparities in cancer care.

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PURPOSE: The Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) and Minority-Based Community Clinical Oncology Program (MBCCOP) are provider-based research networks (PBRN) that improve minority enrollment in cancer-focused clinical trials. We hypothesized that affiliation with a PBRN may also mitigate racial differences in hospice enrollment for patients with lung cancer. METHODS: We used the SEER-Medicare data, linked to the National Cancer Institute's CCOP program data, to identify all patients (≥ age 65 years) with lung cancer, diagnosed from 2001 to 2007. We defined clinical treatment settings as CCOP, MBCCOP, academic, or community-affiliated and used multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine factors associated with hospice enrollment. RESULTS: Forty-one thousand eight hundred eighty-five (55.1%) patients with lung cancer enrolled in hospice before death. Approximately 55% of CCOP, 57% of MBCCOP, 57% of academic, and 52% of community patients enrolled. Patients who were more likely to enroll were female (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% CI, 1.31 to 1.40); ≥ age 79 years (OR, 1.11; 95%CI, 1.06 to 1.16); white; lived in more educated areas; had minimal comorbidities; and had distant disease. Asian and black patients in academic (41.1% and 50.4%, respectively) and community practices (35.2% and 43.4%, respectively) were less likely to enroll in hospice compared with white patients (academic, 58.8%; community, 53.1%). However, hospice enrollment was equivalent for black and white patients in MBCCOP (59.5% v 57.2%) and CCOP (52.2% v 56.3%) practices. CONCLUSION: Minority patients with lung cancer receiving treatment in cancer-focused PBRN- affiliated practices have greater hospice enrollment than those treated in academic and community practices.

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Cancer fatalism is believed to be a major barrier for cancer screening in Black males. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare perceptions of prostate cancer (CaP) fatalism and predictors of CaP screening with Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) testing between U.S.-born and Caribbean-born Black males. The Powe Fatalism Inventory and the Personal Integrative Model of CaP Disparity Survey were used to collect the following data from males in South Florida. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to examine the statistically significant predictors of CaP screening. A total of 211 U.S.-born and Caribbean-born Black males between ages 39-75 were recruited. Nativity was not a significant predictor of CaP screening with PSA testing within the last year (Odds ratio [OR] = 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.26, 2.48, p = 0.70). Overall, higher levels of CaP fatalism were not a significant predictor of CaP screening with PSA testing within the last year (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 0.48, 3.91, p = 0.56). The study results suggest that nativity did not influence CaP screening with PSA testing. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the association between CaP screening behavior and levels of CaP fatalism.

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A pilot study was conducted in anticipation of implementation of a larger project to assess human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors among older African Americans. A cross-sectional methodology was employed, including 33 African Americans aged more than 50 years in the metropolitan Washington, DC, area. The average age of the participants was 66 years old, with an age range from 51 to 86 years. Data were collected utilizing previously validated instruments that were administered using an audio computer-assisted survey instrument. There was relatively high knowledge regarding HIV, with female participants scoring significantly higher compared to male participants (p=.003). Another specific finding of the preliminary study was the association between higher levels of spirituality and lower levels of HIV sexual risk behaviors (Spearman's correlation=-0.369, p=.035). Results of this pilot study suggest that older African American females may be more knowledgeable regarding HIV than older African American males. This may suggest that educational and behavioral interventions developedfor this group may need to be structured based upon the targeted gender of the audience. The association between increased spirituality and decreased risk behaviors may suggest that spiritually-based interventions may provide some benefit regarding reduction of HIV risk behaviors in this population. However, the small sample size in this study warrants caution in the conclusions and highlights the need for further research in this population.

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