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The medical complexity of the geriatric patients has been steadily rising. Still, as outcomes of surgical procedures in the elderly are improving, centers are pushing boundaries. There is also a growing appreciation of the importance of perioperative fluid management on postoperative outcomes, especially in the elderly. Optimal fluid management in this cohort is challenging due to the combination of age-related physiological changes in organ function, increased comorbid burden, and larger fluid shifts during more complex surgical procedures. The current state-of-the-art approach to fluid management in the perioperative period is outlined.

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Audit and feedback is an effective method to improve attending physician performance. However, there are limited data on how audit and feedback impacts care provided by resident physicians. The authors conducted a 3-arm randomized clinical trial among internal medicine resident physicians to examine the impact of an audit and feedback intervention on ambulatory quality measures (AQMs). Residents in all 3 groups received an email containing the contact information of a population health coordinator and a list of AQMs (control). In addition, the Practice Target group received individual AQM data compared to the target AQM goals for all primary care practices. The Peer Comparison group received information on individual AQM data compared to the average performance of residents in the same postgraduate year. Residents in each intervention group received updated information 6 months later. Ten AQMs related to diabetes care, hypertension management, lipid control, and cancer screening, as well as a composite quality score, were examined at baseline, 6 months, and 13 months. At 13 months follow-up, the Practice Target group had statistically significant improvement in cervical cancer screening rate (77% vs. 65.3%), colorectal cancer screening rate (72.5% vs. 64.6%), and composite quality score (71.7% vs 65.4%) compared to baseline. Providing internal medicine residents with individual AQMs data compared to target goal for the practice led to statistically significant improvement in cancer screening rates and the composite quality score. Audit and feedback may be a relatively simple yet effective tool to improve population health in the resident clinic setting.

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Obesity continues to be a public health problem in the general population, and also significantly increases the risk for the development of new-onset heart failure (HF). However, in patients with already-established, chronic HF, overweight and mild to moderate obesity is associated with substantially improved survival compared to normal weight patients; this has been termed the "obesity paradox". The majority of studies measure obesity by body mass index, but studies utilizing less-frequently used measures of body fat and body composition, including waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, skinfold estimates, and bioelectrical impedance analysis also confirm the obesity paradox in HF. Other areas of investigation such as the relationship of the obesity paradox to cardiorespiratory fitness, gender, and race are also discussed. Finally, this review explores various explanations for the obesity paradox, and summarizes the current evidence for intentional weight loss treatments for HF in context.

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Although high body mass index (BMI) is associated with improved outcomes in established heart failure (HF), the impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on this obesity paradox is less clear. We studied 1,675 patients with systolic HF who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing at a single university center (77.4% men, mean age 52.2 ± 11.6 years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction 23.2 ± 7.1% and New York Heart Association class III or IV in 79.1%). We evaluated 2-year survival in patients stratified by both BMI (normal 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m(2)[reference], overweight 25 to 29.9 kg/m(2), obese ≥30.0 kg/m(2)) and by peak oxygen uptake (PKVO2; high >14 ml/kg/minute, low ≤14 ml/kg/minute). At 2 years, BMI category was significantly associated with outcomes for the low PKVO2 group (p <0.001) but not the high PKVO2 group (p = 0.1). In the low PKVO2 group, obese patients had decreased risk of death free from urgent status 1A heart transplant or ventricular assist device placement after multivariate adjustment compared with normal BMI (hazard ratio [HR] 0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44 to 0.91, p = 0.01); no significant difference was observed for overweight patients (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.25, p = 0.5). In the high PKVO2 group, no relation was seen (overweight BMI HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.32, p = 0.3; obese HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.75, p = 0.7). In conclusion, the obesity paradox was only observed in patients with lower cardiorespiratory fitness in this advanced systolic HF cohort, indicating that improved functional capacity may attenuate the obesity paradox.

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Obesity is a growing public health problem in the general population, and significantly increases the risk for the development of new-onset heart failure (HF). However, in the setting of chronic HF, overweight and mild to moderate obesity is associated with substantially improved survival compared to normal-weight patients. Evidence exists for an "obesity paradox" in HF, with the majority of data measuring obesity by body mass index, but also across various less-frequently used measures of body fat (BF) and body composition including waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, skinfold estimates of percent BF, and bioelectrical impedance analysis of body composition. Other emerging areas of investigation such as the relationship of the obesity paradox to cardiorespiratory fitness are also discussed. Finally, this review explores various explanations for the obesity paradox, and summarizes the current evidence for intentional weight loss treatments for HF in context.

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Obesity is common in heart failure (HF) and is associated with improved outcomes, a finding often termed the "obesity paradox." Although fat distribution varies by gender, the role of obesity in the outcomes of women compared to men with HF has not been well studied. In a cohort of patients with advanced systolic HF followed at a single university center, 2,718 patients had body mass indexes (BMIs) measured at baseline, and 469 patients with HF had waist circumferences (WCs) measured at baseline. Elevated BMI was defined as ≥25 kg/m(2). High WC was defined as ≥88 cm in women and ≥102 cm in men. The primary outcome was death, urgent heart transplantation, or ventricular assist device placement. The mean age was 53.0 ± 12.4 years, 25% of subjects were women, and the mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 22.9 ± 7.19%. In men, 2-year event-free survival was better for high versus normal BMI (63.2% vs 53.5%, p <0.001) and for high versus normal WC (78.8% vs 63.1%, p = 0.01). In women, 2-year event-free survival was better for elevated versus normal BMI (67.1% vs 56.6%, p = 0.01) but similar in the 2 WC groups. In multivariate analyses, normal BMI and normal WC were associated with higher relative risk for the primary outcome in men (BMI 1.34, WC 2.02) and women (BMI 1.38, WC 2.99). In conclusion, in patients with advanced HF, high BMI and WC were associated with improved outcomes in both genders. Further investigation of the interaction between body composition and gender in HF outcomes is warranted.

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BACKGROUND: Higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with improved heart failure (HF) survival, but the role of waist circumference (WC) in HF outcomes has not been studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 344 patients with advanced systolic HF had WC and BMI measured at presentation. High WC was defined as ≥88 cm in women and ≥102 cm in men, and high BMI as ≥25 kg/m(2). Two-year urgent heart transplant (UT)-free survival in high vs normal WC groups was 77.9% vs 64.3% (P = .025) and in high vs normal BMI was 89.8% vs 58.2% (P < .001). After multivariable adjustment, normal WC compared with high WC was associated with higher all-cause mortality (risk ratio [RR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34-5.71) and higher risk of death/UT (RR 2.14, 95% CI 1.25-3.68). The best outcomes were seen in those with both high WC and high BMI. CONCLUSIONS: High WC, an alternative anthropometric index of obesity more specific to abdominal adiposity, high BMI, and the combination of high WC/high BMI were each associated with improved outcomes in this advanced HF cohort, lending further support for an obesity paradox in HF. The role of body composition in HF survival should be a focus of future investigation.

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UNLABELLED: The purpose of this study was to measure role strain in older adult workers who were also caregivers of frail elders according to Komarovsky's role strain theory, and to determine whether different patterns of role strain exist for male worker-caregivers than females. METHOD: Researchers developed the Job-Caregiver Role Strain Scale Survey, which was adapted from a survey that measured role strain in working parents and spouses. Surveys were distributed to 11 male and 34 female older workers who were also caregivers. RESULTS: A factor analysis was completed, which isolated four factors of role strain. Researchers named the factors time management and arrangements, health and competing role demands, low rewards, and reactions to perceptions. Role strain in older adult worker-caregivers is complex and involves multiple variables. A discriminant function analysis predicted differences in the way older male and female worker-caregivers perceived role strain. Use of role strain theory can assist employers and occupational therapists in developing and maintaining work environments that support not only the older employee's work performance, but participation in the role of elder caregiver as well.

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