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Introduction: This article analyses the presence of gender bias in clinical trials of monoclonal antibodies used to treat multiple sclerosis. Material and methods: We performed a systematic review of controlled clinical trials of 4 monoclonal antibodies used to treat multiple sclerosis (natalizumab, rituximab, alemtuzumab, and ocrelizumab). We searched the PubMed/MEDLINE database for articles published in English before March 2020. The study was conducted in accordance with the relevant international recommendations. Results: The search identified 89 articles, 55 of which met the inclusion criteria. Of all patients included in these trials, 64.6% were women. The lead authors of 10 of the studies were women. Fifteen of the 55 studies included a sex-based analysis of the primary endpoint. Only 8 articles discussed the results separately for men and for women. Conclusions: The clinical trials of these 4 monoclonal antibodies present a significant gender bias. In most cases, the primary and secondary endpoints are not analyzed according to patient sex, despite the fact that international recommendations include this as a minimum requirement for ensuring scientific validity and obtaining appropriate results for extrapolation to the wider population.(AU)

Introducción: Este artículo evalúa el sesgo de género presente en los ensayos clínicos sobre anticuerpos monoclonales para el tratamiento de la esclerosis múltiple. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos controlados de 4 anticuerpos monoclonales (natalizumab, rituximab, alemtuzumab y ocrelizumab) para el tratamiento de la esclerosis múltiple a través de las bases de datos Pubmed/Medline, publicados hasta marzo de 2020 y los cuales fueron escritos en inglés. El estudio siguió las correspondientes recomendaciones internacionales. Resultados: Se identificaron 89 artículos, de los cuales 55 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se encontró que el 64,6% del total de pacientes eran mujeres. El sexo del primer autor era femenino en 10 ensayos clínicos. El análisis de la variable principal en función del sexo se realizó en 15 de los 55 artículos incluidos. Además, solo 8 ensayos clínicos discutieron los resultados separadamente de acuerdo al sexo. Conclusiones: Los ensayos clínicos de estos 4 anticuerpos monoclonales muestran un sesgo de género significativo. En su mayoría, la variable principal y secundarias no son analizadas en función del sexo. Esto se produce a pesar de las recomendaciones internacionales que lo establecen, como requisito mínimo, para dar validez científica y obtener unos resultados apropiados para extender su aplicación a la población global.(AU)

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INTRODUCTION: This article analyses the presence of gender bias in clinical trials of monoclonal antibodies used to treat multiple sclerosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a systematic review of controlled clinical trials of 4 monoclonal antibodies used to treat multiple sclerosis (natalizumab, rituximab, alemtuzumab, and ocrelizumab). We searched the PubMed/MEDLINE database for articles published in English before March 2020. The study was conducted in accordance with the relevant international recommendations. RESULTS: The search identified 89 articles, 55 of which met the inclusion criteria. Of all patients included in these trials, 64.6% were women. The lead authors of 10 of the studies were women. Fifteen of the 55 studies included a sex-based analysis of the primary endpoint. Only 8 articles discussed the results separately for men and for women. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical trials of these 4 monoclonal antibodies present a significant gender bias. In most cases, the primary and secondary endpoints are not analyzed according to patient sex, despite the fact that international recommendations include this as a minimum requirement for ensuring scientific validity and obtaining appropriate results for extrapolation to the wider population.

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PURPOSE: The aim of this work was to investigate the association between anticholinergic burden or anticholinergic drug use and xerostomia and/or xerophtalmia in elderly through a systematic review of the published literature. METHODS: A search was carried out in 3 databases (CINAHL, Embase and Pubmed). Studies conducted in people ≥65 years of age, who took anticholinergic medications, and measured the association between the anticholinergic burden or the use of these medications with the prevalence of xerostomia and / or xerophthalmia, published up to August 2022, were selected. Studies published in languages other than Spanish and/or English were excluded. RESULTS: One thousand two hundred eleven articles were identified, 10 were selected for this review: six cross-sectional studies, two cohorts, one case-control and one randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of 3535 patients included in the different studies were studied. The most used scales were the Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS) and the Anticholinergic Risk Scale (ARS). Four articles studied the relationship between the use of anticholinergic medication and the prevalence of xerostomia and / or xerophthalmia, finding a positive relationship with xerostomia in all of them. Another 6 measured the relationship between anticholinergic burden and xerostomia and / or xerophthalmia. Four found a positive relationship between anticholinergic burden and xerostomia and/or xerophthalmia. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a clear relationship between the use of anticholinergic drugs or anticholinergic burden and the presence of xerostomia. This relationship was less conclusive in the case of xerophthalmia.

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INTRODUCTION: This article analyses the presence of gender bias in clinical trials of monoclonal antibodies used to treat multiple sclerosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a systematic review of controlled clinical trials of 4 monoclonal antibodies used to treat multiple sclerosis (natalizumab, rituximab, alemtuzumab, and ocrelizumab). We searched the PubMed/MEDLINE database for articles published in English before March 2020. The study was conducted in accordance with the relevant international recommendations. RESULTS: The search identified 89 articles, 55 of which met the inclusion criteria. Of all patients included in these trials, 64.6% were women. The lead authors of 10 of the studies were women. Fifteen of the 55 studies included a sex-based analysis of the primary endpoint. Only 8 articles discussed the results separately for men and for women. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical trials of these 4 monoclonal antibodies present a significant gender bias. In most cases, the primary and secondary endpoints are not analyzed according to patient sex, despite the fact that international recommendations include this as a minimum requirement for ensuring scientific validity and obtaining appropriate results for extrapolation to the wider population.