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Water contamination with pesticides is one of the major pollution problems in northwestern Mexico, and this is due to the extensive use of pesticides in agriculture. In this research, water samples of ten sampling sites (fishing grounds, beaches, and both) were analyzed in the search for 28 pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, among other chemical classes), supplemented with a calculation of the resulting potential environmental risk. Pesticides were separated from the matrix by liquid-liquid extraction and quantified by gas chromatography coupled to electron micro-capture (organohalogenated) and pulsed flame photometric detectors (organophosphates). In addition, the ecotoxicological risk of pesticides in algae, invertebrates, and fish was assessed, based on seawater pesticide concentrations using the Risk Quotient (RQ) and Toxic Units (TU) approach. The results showed 18 pesticides identified in the analyzed samples, where cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos were identified with the maximum concentrations of 1.223 and 0.994 µg L-1, respectively. In addition, these two pesticides have been associated with acute toxic effects on algae, invertebrates, and fish. It is important to pay particular attention to the search for long-term alternatives to the use of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin due to their high detection rates and the risks associated with their toxic properties. However, the adoption of alternative measures to synthetic pesticide control should be a priority, moving towards sustainable practices such as the use of biopesticides, crop rotation and polycultures.

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Continued human population growth has resulted in increased demand for products, including those derived from aquaculture. The main challenge in aquaculture is producing more every year. In recent years, environmentally friendly supplements that provide the necessary pathways for optimal production have been emphasized. One of them is prebiotics, selectively utilized substrates by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit. Interest in applying prebiotics in global fish farming has increased in recent years as it has been shown to improve growth, boost the immune system, resist stress conditions, and cause the modulation of digestive enzymes. These effects reflect reduced production and disease costs. However, in Latin American countries such as Mexico, large-scale use of these food supplements is needed as a sustainable alternative to improve fish production. This paper gives a review of the current advances obtained with the application of prebiotics in commercially farmed fish worldwide, mentions the prebiotics to use in the aquaculture industry, and updates the status of studies about the used prebiotics in global commercial fish cultivated in Mexico, as well as freshwater and marine endemic fish in this country. Also, the limitations of prebiotics application in terms of their use and legislation are analyzed.

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Understanding the role of space in infectious diseases' dynamics in urban contexts is key to developing effective mitigation strategies. Urbanism, a discipline that both studies and acts upon the city, commonly uses drawings to analyze spatial patterns and their variables. This paper revisits drawings as analytical and integrative tools for interdisciplinary research. We introduce the use of drawings in two interdisciplinary projects conducted in the field of global public health: first, a study about the heterogeneous burden of tuberculosis and COVID-19 in Lima, Peru, and second, a study about urban malaria in Jimma, Ethiopia. In both cases, drawings such as maps, plans, and sections were used to analyze spatial factors present in the urban context at different scales: from the scale of the territory, the city, and the district, to the neighborhood and the household. We discuss the methodological approaches taken in both cases, considering the nature of the diseases being investigated as well as the natural and social context in which the studies took place. We contend that the use of drawings helps to reimagine space in public health research by adding a multidimensional perspective to spatial variables and contexts. The processes and products of drawing can help to (a) identify systemic relations within the spatial context, (b) facilitate integration of quantitative and qualitative data, and (c) guide the formulation of policy recommendations, informing public and urban health planning.

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In 2020, the combination of police killings of unarmed Black people, including George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and Ahmaud Arbery, and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic brought about public outrage over long-standing inequalities in society. The events of 2020 ignited global attention to systemic racism and racial inequalities, including the lack of diversity, equity, and inclusion in the academy and especially in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) fields. Racial and ethnic diversity in graduate programs in particular warrants special attention as graduate students of color report experiencing alarming rates of racism, discrimination, microaggressions, and other exclusionary behaviors. As part of the Graduate Dean's Advisory Council on Diversity (GDACD) at the University of California Merced, the authors of this manuscript held a year-long discussion on these issues and ways to take meaningful action to address these persistent issues of injustices. We have outlined 10 rules to help graduate programs develop antiracist practices to promote racial and ethnic justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion (JEDI) in the academy. We focus on efforts to address systemic causes of the underrepresentation and attrition of students from minoritized communities. The 10 rules are developed to allow graduate groups to formulate and implement rules and policies to address root causes of underrepresentation of minoritized students in graduate education.

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Teleost fish are the most diverse group of extant vertebrates and have varied digestive anatomical structures and strategies, suggesting they also possess an array of different host-microbiota interactions. Differences in fish gut microbiota have been shown to affect host development, the process of gut colonization, and the outcomes of gene-environment or immune system-microbiota interactions. There is generally a lack of studies on the digestive mechanisms and microbiota of agastric short-intestine fish however, meaning that we do not understand how changes in gut microbial diversity might influence the health of these types of fish. To help fill these gaps in knowledge, we decided to study the Mexican pike silverside (Chirostoma estor) which has a simplified alimentary canal (agastric, short-intestine, 0.7 gut relative length) to observe the diversity and metabolic potential of its intestinal microbiota. We characterized gut microbial populations using high-throughput sequencing of the V3 region in bacterial 16S rRNA genes while searching for population shifts resulting associated with fish development in different environments and cultivation methods. Microbiota samples were taken from the digesta, anterior and posterior intestine (the three different intestinal components) of fish that grew wild in a lake, that were cultivated in indoor tanks, or that were raised in outdoor ponds. Gut microbial diversity was significantly higher in wild fish than in cultivated fish, suggesting a loss of diversity when fish are raised in controlled environments. The most abundant phyla observed in these experiments were Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, particularly of the genera Mycoplasma, Staphylococcus, Spiroplasma, and Aeromonas. Of the 14,161 OTUs observed in this experiment, 133 were found in all groups, and 17 of these, belonging to Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Spiroplasma genera, were found in all samples suggesting the existence of a core C. estor microbiome. Functional metagenomic prediction of bacterial ecological functions using PICRUSt2 suggested that different intestinal components select for functionally distinct microbial populations with variation in pathways related to the metabolism of amino acids, vitamins, cofactors, and energy. Our results provide, for the first time, information on the bacterial populations present in an agastric, short-gut teleost with commercial potential and show that controlled cultivation of this fish reduces the diversity of its intestinal microbiota.

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Exploring the intersection of race/ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and immigration status, this study explored the concept of minority stress among 31 Latinx undocuqueer immigrants within the context of LGBTQ "safe" spaces. For participants, LGBTQ nightclubs and relationships represented important physical and symbolic spaces where they were able to understand what it meant to be undocuqueer. Participants described experiences of fear, anxiety, and rejection as they attempted to enter and exist within spaces presumably "safe" for LGBTQ people. The cumulative effect of feeling unsafe led participants to avoid certain spaces and inhibited their capacity to engage in relationships authentically. This study raises implications for research and policy related to serving LGBTQ and immigrant communities.

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Centering the experiences of 31 undocuqueer immigrants, this study seeks to understand the ways that undocuqueer immigrants negotiate the boundaries of social performance by revealing or concealing their gender, sexuality, and immigration status. Findings of this study reveal how, in order to avoid the constant threat of rejection (both legal and social), undocuqueer immigrants engage visibility schemas and make strategic decisions about coming out of the shadows and the closet across different contexts. Undocuqueer immigrants' narratives reveal the ways the closet resembles the shadows in that both provide protection from the outside world, yet neither are considered suitable places for sustaining life. This study raises implications for both research and policy by considering how the intersection of gender, sexuality, and immigration status nullifies neoliberal narratives of coming out as an empowering process and illustrating the uneven landscapes of social acceptance and political control that undocuqueer immigrants must negotiate.

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This study brings gender, sexuality, and immigration status, and their conceptual margins, to the center of analysis via the narratives of 31 self-identified undocuqueer immigrants. Undocuqueer immigrants ascribe meaning to their experiences by producing alternate subjectivities and subject positions that resist multiple axes of oppression. These subjectivities problematize the exclusionary repercussions of single-axis identity categorization that mostly benefit those who already have some structural privileges. Undocuqueer as a form of resistance to essentialized identity discourses was evidenced in participants' opposition to heteronormative, homonormative, and DREAMer discourses. This study has implications for further understanding the way that queer politics and identity interact with various axes of inequality.

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PURPOSE: To determine the frequency and association of polymorphisms in the TP53 and RB1 genes with clinical characteristics in a group of children with retinoblastoma (RB) in northern Mexico. METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal, and analytical study of 11 patients diagnosed with RB was conducted. Endpoint PCR and high-resolution real-time PCR were performed. Chi-square and Student t tests were used to evaluate associations between variables. Allelic frequencies, as well as genotypic and Hardy-Weinberg equilibriums, were evaluated using Guo and Thompson's method. RESULTS: We found a statistically significant difference between the polymorphism RB1-GG/rs9568036 and tumor chemoresistance (p<0.05). The allelic variants RB1-AA and AG/rs9568036 were determined to be associated with tumor chemosensitivity (p<0.05). A statistically significant relation between the polymorphism RB1-GG/rs9568036 and males (p = 0.0386), rate ratio (RR) = 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.76-5.32), as well as between the allelic variants RB1-AA and AG/rs9568036 and females (p = 0.0027), RR = 8.0 (95% CI = 1.28-50.04), was observed. We also observed a statistically significant association between the rs1042522 polymorphism in the TP53 gene and unilateral presentation of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: The rs9568036 polymorphism in the RB1 gene and the allelic variants can be associated with type of response to medical therapy and associated with male sex, while the allelic variant rs1042522 polymorphism in the TP53 gene is associated with the unilateral presentation of the disease in a group of Mexican children with RB.

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OBJECTIVES: Prostate cancer is considered a tumour with a long natural history. However, its high-risk variants exhibit variable behaviour. We analyse the factors that affect BR and CSS (multivariate, Kaplan Meier). METHODS: From 1997 to 2013, 657 patients were operated of a high-grade prostate cancer (pT2b 7.2%, pT3a 73%, pT3b 18.3%, pT4 1.5%). Gleason score was ≥8 in 23% of cases. Percentage of PSMs was 46.1%. Mean follow-up was 113 months (24-192). RESULTS: BR occurred in 36.5%. Patients with Gleason score <8, 31.7% had BR, Gleason ≥8 had BR in 48% (p<0.05). PSMs recurrence occurred in 48.9%, whereas 26.1% in NSM (p<0.05). If lymphadenectomy, BR occurred in 48.7%, if not 30.9% (p<0,05). In multivariate analysis, stage, Gleason≥8 and PSMs were independent factors for BR. Treatment of BR was 36.5% radiotherapy, 24.1% HT, and 21.2% both simultaneously. Active surveillance was performed in 13.3%. Disease progression (biochemical or radiological) occurred in 23.5%. CSS was 98.93%, pT4 was the stage with the greatest mortality (10%), followed by pT3b (3.4%), p<0.05. Patients with a Gleason score ≥8 accounted for 71% CSM (p<0,05). PSMs and lymphadenectomy didn't have repercussions for survival. In multivariate analysis, Gleason≥8 was independent factor for CSM. CONCLUSIONS: Radical prostatectomy plays an important role in multi-modal approach with good oncological control at medium follow up. Gleason score ≥8 was the factor with the greatest effect on CSM. Lymphadenectomy didn't affect CSS.

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OBJETIVO: El cáncer de próstata se considera un tumor con una historia natural prolongada. Sin embargo, la variante de alto riesgo muestra un comportamiento variable. Analizaremos aquellos factores que afectan a la Recidiva Bioquímica (RB) y la Supervivencia Cáncer Específica (SCE) en pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente. MÉTODOS: Desde 1997-2013 se han operado un total de 657 pacientes con cáncer de próstata con criterios de alto grado según la Asociación Europea de Urología (pT2b 7,2%, pT3a 73%, pT3b 18,3%, pT4 1,5%). El índice de Gleason fue ≥ 8 en 23%. El porcentaje de márgenes quirúrgicos positivos (MQP) fue 46,1%. El seguimiento medio fue 113 meses (24-192). RESULTADOS: En 36,5% se produjo RB. En Gleason < 8, la RB fue 31,7%, en Gleason ≥ 8 del 48% (p < 0,05). La RB en MQP fue 48,9%, por 26,1% en los negativos (p < 0,05). En pacientes con linfadenectomía, la RB se produjo en 48,7%, por 30,9% en los que no se realizó (p < 0,05). En el estudio multivariante, el estadio, el Gleason ≥ 8, MQP, TR y PSA fueron factores independientes de RB. El tratamiento de la RB fue radioterapia 36,5%, Hormonoterapia 24,1%, ambas 21,2%. La vigilancia activa se realizó en 13,3%. La progresion (bioquímica o radiológica) se produjo en el 23,5%. La SCE fue del 98,93%, siendo pT4 el estadio con mayor mortalidad (10%), seguido de pT3b (3,4%), p < 0,05. Pacientes con Gleason ≥ 8 la mortalidad fue del 71% (p < 0,05). MQP y linfadenectomía no tuvieron repercusion en la SCE. En el análisis multivariante, Gleason≥8 fue factor independiente de MCE (Mortalidad cancer específica). CONCLUSIONES: La prostatectomía radical juega un papel importante en el tratamiento multimodal del cáncer de próstata, con un buen control oncológico a medio plazo. El Gleason ≥ 8 es el factor más importante en la SCE. En nuestro trabajo, la linfadenectomía no afectó la SCE

OBJECTIVES: Prostate cancer is considered a tumour with a long natural history. However, its highrisk variants exhibit variable behaviour. We analyse the factors that affect BR and CSS (multivariate, Kaplan Meier). METHODS: From 1997 to 2013, 657 patients were operated of a high-grade prostate cancer (pT2b 7.2%, pT3a 73%, pT3b 18.3%, pT4 1.5%). Gleason score was ≥ 8 in 23% of cases. Percentage of PSMs was 46.1%. Mean follow-up was 113 months (24-192). RESULTS: BR occurred in 36.5%. Patients with Gleason score <8 31.7% had BR, Gleason ≥ 8 had BR in 48% (p < 0.05). PSMs recurrence occurred in 48.9%, whereas 26.1% in NSM (p < 0.05)- If lymphadenectomy, BR occurred in 48.7%, if not 30.9% (p < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, stage, Gleason ≥ 8 and PSMs were independent factors for BR. Treatment of BR was 36.5% radiotherapy, 24.1% HT, and 21.2% both simultaneously. Active surveillance was performed in 13.3%. Disease progression (biochemical or radiological) occurred in 23.5%. CSS was 98.93%, pT4 was the stage with the greatest mortality (10%), followed by pT3b (3.4%), p < 0.05. Patients with a Gleason score ≥ 8 accounted for 71% CSM (pz<0.05)- PSMs and lymphadenectomy didn't have repercussions for survival. In multivariate analysis, Gleason ≥ 8 was independent factor for CSM. CONCLUSIONS: Radical prostatectomy plays an important role in multi-modal approach with good oncological control at medium follow up. Gleason score ≥ 8 was the factor with the greatest effect on CSM. Lymphadenectomy didn't affect CSS

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INTRODUCTION: High and very high-risk prostate cancers are tumors that display great variation in their progression, making their behaviour and consequent prognosis difficult to predict. We analyse preoperative and postoperative risk factors that could influence biochemical recurrence of these tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out univariate and multivariate analyses in an attempt to establish statistically significant preoperative (age, rectal examination, PSA, biopsy Gleason score, uni/bilateral tumor, affected cylinder percentage) and postoperative (pT stage, pN lymph node affectation, Gleason score, positive surgical margins, percentage of tumor affectation, perineural infiltration) risk factors, as well as their relationship with biochemical recurrence (PSA >0.2 ng/mL). RESULTS: We analysed 276 patients with high and very high-risk prostate cancer that were treated with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) between 2003-2007, with a mean follow-up of 84 months. Incidence of biochemical recurrence is 37.3%. Preoperative factors with the greatest impact on recurrence are suspicious rectal exam (OR 2.2) and the bilateralism of the tumor in the biopsy (OR 1.8). Among the postoperative factors, the presence of a LRP positive surgical margins (OR 3.4) showed the greatest impact, followed by the first grade of the Gleason score (OR 3.3). CONCLUSIONS: The factor with the greatest influence on biochemical recurrence when it comes to surgery and high and very high-risk prostate cancer is the presence of a positive margin, followed by the Gleason score. Preoperative factors (PSA, biopsy Gleason score, rectal examination, number of affected cylinders) offered no guidance concerning the incidence of BCR.

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Introducción: Los quistes de duplicación intestinal son anormalidades poco frecuentes que se presentan principalmente en el período perinatal, y pueden causar problemas respiratorios y para la alimentación. Los quistes sublinguales de duplicación intestinal pueden presentar solo epitelio del aparato digestivo, del respiratorio o de ambos. En los dos últimos casos se denominan coristomas. Caso clínico: Se describe un caso de un paciente de 10 meses de edad que presentó una masa quística sublingual desde el nacimiento. Se realizó la resección total con abordaje transoral y la reconstrucción de la lengua en planos. La pieza quirúrgica resultó una estructura quística de contenido mucoide, de 23 × 17 × 11 mm y color marrón. El revestimiento del quiste estaba formado por mucosa gástrica, con epitelio foveolar y glándulas formadas por células parietales y principales. Conclusiones: El quiste de duplicación intestinal es una entidad extremadamente rara. El abordaje quirúrgico es eficaz y curativo con mínima morbilidad y mortalidad, sin recurrencia en su seguimiento.

Background: Intestinal duplication cysts are rare abnormalities that occur primarily during the perinatal period and may cause problems for feeding and/or breathing. Sublingual intestinal duplication cysts can present either gastrointestinal epithelium or respiratory or both; the latter two cases are called choristomas. Case report: We describe a 10-month-old infant who presented a sublingual cystic mass at birth. Total successful transoral resection and reconstruction of the tongue was performed in planes. The surgical specimen was a brown cystic structure of mucoid content with dimensions of 23 × 17 × 11 mm. The cyst lining consists of gastric mucosa with foveolar epithelium and glands composed of parietal and chief cells. Conclusions: The intestinal duplication cyst is an extremely rare entity. The surgical approach is effective and curative with minimal morbidity and mortality and without recurrence in follow-up.

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INTRODUCTION: Extrahepatic portal vein obstruction is an important cause of portal hypertension among children. The etiology is heterogeneous and there are few evidences related to the optimal treatment. AIM AND METHODS: To establish guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of EHPVO in children, a group of gastroenterologists and pediatric surgery experts reviewed and analyzed data reported in the literature and issued evidence-based recommendations. RESULTS: Pediatric EHPVO is idiopathic in most of the cases. Digestive hemorrhage and/or hypersplenism are the main symptoms. Doppler ultrasound is a non-invasive technique with a high degree of accuracy for the diagnosis. Morbidity is related to variceal bleeding, recurrent thrombosis, portal biliopathy and hypersplenism. Endoscopic therapy is effective in controlling acute variceal hemorrhage and it seems that vasoactive drug therapy can be helpful. For primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding, there are insufficient data for the use of beta blockers or endoscopic therapy. For secondary prophylaxis, sclerotherapy or variceal band ligation is effective; there is scare evidence to recommend beta-blockers. Surgery shunt is indicated in children with variceal bleeding who fail endoscopic therapy and for symptomatic hypersplenism; spleno-renal or meso-ilio-cava shunting is the alternative when Mesorex bypass is not feasible due to anatomic problems or in centers with no experience. CONCLUSIONS: Prospective control studies are required for a better knowledge of the natural history of EHPVO, etiology identification including prothrombotic states, efficacy of beta-blockers and comparison with endoscopic therapy on primary and secondary prophylaxis.

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In Solanaceae, the self-incompatibility S-RNase and S-locus F-box interactions define self-pollen recognition and rejection in an S-specific manner. This interaction triggers a cascade of events involving other gene products unlinked to the S-locus that are crucial to the self-incompatibility response. To date, two essential pistil-modifier genes, 120K and High Top-Band (HT-B), have been identified in Nicotiana species. However, biochemistry and genetics indicate that additional modifier genes are required. We recently reported a Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor, named NaStEP (for Nicotiana alata Stigma-Expressed Protein), that is highly expressed in the stigmas of self-incompatible Nicotiana species. Here, we report the proteinase inhibitor activity of NaStEP. NaStEP is taken up by both compatible and incompatible pollen tubes, but its suppression in Nicotiana spp. transgenic plants disrupts S-specific pollen rejection; therefore, NaStEP is a novel pistil-modifier gene. Furthermore, HT-B levels within the pollen tubes are reduced when NaStEP-suppressed pistils are pollinated with either compatible or incompatible pollen. In wild-type self-incompatible N. alata, in contrast, HT-B degradation occurs preferentially in compatible pollinations. Taken together, these data show that the presence of NaStEP is required for the stability of HT-B inside pollen tubes during the rejection response, but the underlying mechanism is currently unknown.

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OBJECTIVES: Aging of the current population is an evident fact, and the surgical treatment of these patients is something we find in our daily practice. In this sense, all doubts that may arise when it comes to carrying out this technique in patients with important comorbidities appear to be cleared, as even patients with prior respiratory or heart disease benefit from the laparoscopic approach. METHODS: An analysis was carried out on a total of 99 patients over 70 years of age who underwent renal laparoscopic surgery, compared, on one hand, to 173 patients under 70 years of age undergoing the same procedure, and on the other, to 95 patients over 70 years of age who underwent open surgery We collected and compared all complications described intraoperatively and in the immediate postoperative period, as well as hospital stay. RESULTS: Patients over 70 years of age have a greater comorbidity compared to patients under 70 (ICH 1.46 vs. 0.89 p<0.05), but there are no statistical differences in terms of intraoperative or postoperative complications, or mean hospital stay. When compared to patients over 70 years of age with a similar comorbidity who underwent classic surgery, (ICH 1.46 vs. 1.45), we found a lower rate of complications (12.2 vs. 28.4% transfusion, 1.4 vs. 4.0% fever, p<0.05) and a shorter hospital stay (4.9 vs. 7.1%p<0.002). CONCLUSION: Patient age does not seem to have a determining effect on complications or on the postoperative period of kidney disease when laparoscopy is used, which is why this method of treatment seems adequate in such cases.

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OBJETIVO: El envejecimiento de la población actual es un hecho evidente y el tratamiento quirúrgico de estos pacientes es una situación que nos encontramos en nuestro ejercicio habitual. En este sentido, las dudas que nos puede surgir en realizar esta técnica en enfermos con importante comorbilidad parece despejarse, ya que incluso en pacientes con patología respiratoria o cardiológica previa se benefician del abordaje laparoscópico. MÉTODOS: Se analiza un total de 99 pacientes mayores de 70 años operados por laparoscopia renal comparados por una parte a los 173 menores de 70 años sometidos a la misma técnica y por otra parte a los 95 pacientes mayores de 70 años operados por cirugía abierta. Recogemos y comparamos las complicaciones intraoperatorias descritas, postoperatorias inmediatas y estancia hospitalaria. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes mayores de 70 años presentan una mayor comorbilidad respecto a los menores de 70 (Indice de Charlson 1,46 vs 0,89 p <0,05), pero no hay diferencias estadisticas en cuanto a complicaciones intraoperatorias, postoperatorias ni estancia media. Al comparar con los pacientes mayores de 70 años intervenidos por cirugía clásica, con una comorbilidad similar (Indice de Charlson 1,46 vs 1,45) encontramos una menor tasa de complicaciones (12,2 vs 28,4% transfusión, 1,4 vs 4,9% fiebre, p< 0,05) y una menor estancia hospitalaria (4,9 vs 7,1% p< 0,002). CONCLUSIÓN: La edad no parece ser un factor de riesgo que aumente las complicaciones intraoperatorias y postoperatorias en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía renal laparoscópica(AU)

OBJECTIVES: Aging of the current population is an evident fact, and the surgical treatment of these patients is something we find in our daily practice. In this sense, all doubts that may arise when it comes to carrying out this technique in patients with important comorbidities appear to be cleared, as even patients with prior respiratory or heart disease benefit from the laparoscopic approach. METHODS: An analysis was carried out on a total of 99 patients over 70 years of age who underwent renal laparoscopic surgery, compared, on one hand, to 173 patients under 70 years of age undergoing the same procedure, and on the other, to 95 patients over 70 years of age who underwent open surgery. We collecteded and compared all complications described intraoperatively and in the immediate postoperative period, as well as hospital stay. RESULTS: Patients over 70 years of age have a greater comorbidity compared to patients under 70 (ICH 1.46 vs. 0.89 p<0.05), but there are no statistical differences in terms of intraoperative or postoperative complications, or mean hospital stay. When compared to patients over 70 years of age with a similar comorbidity who underwent classic surgery, (ICH 1.46 vs. 1.45), we found a lower rate of complications (12.2 vs. 28.4% transfusion, 1.4 vs. 4.0% fever, p<0.05) and a shorter hospital stay (4.9 vs. 7.1% p<0.002). CONCLUSION: Patient age does not seem to have a determining effect on complications or on the postoperative period of kidney disease when laparoscopy is used, which is why this method of treatment seems adequate in such cases(AU)

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OBJETIVO: La cirugía laparoscópica retroperitoneal se ha instaurado en multitud de centros considerándose como primera opción terapéutica en un número cada vez más elevado de patologías. Analizamos las complicaciones encontradas en nuestra experiencia de 5 años de cirugía laparoscópica renal.MÉTODOS: Analizamos retrospectivamente las complicaciones intraoperatorias y postoperatorias ocurridas en las cirugías renales laparoscópicas realizadas entre Junio de 2004 y Marzo de 2010. También se estudian diversos factores demográficos que pudieran tener importancia en la causa de las complicaciones.RESULTADOS: Se han realizado un total de 404 procedimientos laparoscópicos de estas características, con un total de 98 complicaciones (24,2%) médicas y quirúrgicas. La tasa de exitus es del 0,4%, se realiza reconversión a cirugía abierta en 8 pacientes (1,9%) y en 4 ocasiones (0,99%) se precisa de una revisión quirúrgica postoperatoria. La complicación intraoperatoria más frecuente es el sangrado (6,4%) y la postoperatoria es el deterioro de la función renal (6,4%). La nefroureterectomía es la intervención con mayor tasa de complicaciones.4º CONCLUSIONES: El análisis de las complicaciones de una técnica quirúrgica es fundamental y para ello habría que buscar un consenso en la definición de las mismas para que el estudio sea lo más completo y crítico posible(AU)

OBJECTIVES: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery has been applied in many centers as the first therapeutic option in an ever increasing number of cases. We analyze the complications seen in our 5 years of experience in laparoscopic renal surgery.METHODS: We retrospectively analyze intraoperative and postoperative complications that occurred in the lapa-roscopic renal procedures carried out bet-ween June 2004 and November 2009. We also study several demographic factors that may play a role in the cause of the complications. RESULTS: A total of 404 laparoscopic procedures that meet these characteristics were performed with a total of 98 medical and surgical complications (24.2%). Death rate was 0.6, conversion to open surgery occurred in 8 patients (1.9%) and postoperative surgical revision was required on 4 patients (0.99%). The most common intraoperative complication was bleeding (6.4%) and the most common postoperative complication was dete-rioration of renal function (6.4%). Nephroureterectomy was the procedure with the highest complication rate.CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the complications of a surgical technique is fundamental and a consensus on the definition of such complications must be reached in order for the study to be as complete and critical as possible(AU)

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OBJECTIVES: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery has been applied in many centers as the first therapeutic option in an ever increasing number of cases. We analyze the complications seen in our 5 years of experience in laparoscopic renal surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively analyze intraoperative and postoperative complications that occurred in the laparoscopic renal procedures carried out between June 2004 and November 2009. We also study several demographic factors that may play a role in the cause of the complications. RESULTS: A total of 404 laparoscopic procedures that meet these characteristics were performed with a total of 98 medical and surgical complications (24.2%). Death rate was 0.6, conversion to open surgery occurred in 8 patients (1.9%) and postoperative surgical revision was required on 4 patients (0.99%). The most common intraoperative complication was bleeding (6.4%) and the most common postoperative complication was deterioration of renal function (6.4%). Nephroureterectomy was the procedure with the highest complication rate. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the complications of a surgical technique is fundamental and a consensus on the definition of such complications must be reached in order for the study to be as complete and critical as possible.

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The objective of this study was to analyze the histopathological patterns of inflammation, distribution, severity, and degree of gastric mucosa of Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-infected children in Northern Mexico, as well as the correlation between colonization density and inflammation intensity. We carried out a cross-sectional study of gastric biopsies performed on children ranging from 2 to 17 years of age who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for diverse gastroduodenal disorders. This study includes only children who were found to be Hp carriers, with positive results for tests of Hp antigens in feces and in gastric biopsy studies. We studied 107 patients (age 8.2 ± 3.7 years). In 47.7% of patients, the density of Hp colonization was low; only 21.5% had a marked density. Mononuclear leukocyte infiltration showed a similar distribution. Thirty-seven percent of patients had follicular gastritis. An acute inflammatory response was absent in 65% and mild in 20.6% of patients. When inflammation was present, it was primarily located in the antrum (79%). There were no cases of intestinal metaplasia or atrophy. A link was found between Hp density and age, infiltration by mononuclear cells, the presence of follicular gastritis, and the level of neutrophil infiltration (P  =  0.001). Despite the high rates of Hp infection in the region, the histopathological findings in these children were mild and were limited primarily to the antral mucosa. These data indicate the need to study the behavior of this disease in children in diverse study populations to provide localized prevention and treatment strategies.

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