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Brevetoxins (PbTxs) are emerging marine toxins that can lead to Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning in humans by the ingestion of contaminated seafood. Recent reports on brevetoxin detection in shellfish in regions where it has not been described before, arise the need of updated guidelines to ensure seafood consumers safety. Our aim was to provide toxicological data for brevetoxin 3 (PbTx3) by assessing oral toxicity in mice and comparing it with intraperitoneal administration. We followed an Up-and-Down procedure administering PbTx3 to mice and registering clinical signs, neuromuscular function, histopathology, and blood changes. Neuromuscular dysfunction like seizures and ataxia, as well as loss of limb strength were observed at 6 h. Performance and clinical signs largely improved at 24 h, time at which no blood biochemical or histological alterations were detected independently of the administration route. However, PbTx3 oral administration results in lower toxicity than intraperitoneal administration. Mortality was only observed at 4000 µg/kg bw PbTx3 administered via oral, but we still found toxicity clinical signs at low toxin doses. We could stablish an oral Lowest-Observable-Adverse-Effect-Level for PbTx3 of 100 µg/kg bw and an oral No-Observable-Adverse-Effect-Level of 10 µg/kg bw in mice. The data here reported should be considered in the evaluation of risks of PbTxs for human health.

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Como se ha podido comprobar, la irrupción de una pandemia como la generada por el COVID-19, así como, las consiguientes restricciones, afectan en mayor medida a los grupos más vulnerables como, entre otros, son las personas con Trastorno Mental Grave (TMG). Los objetivos fundamentales de este estudio pasan por analizar y comparar con la población general a la que pertenecen, el porcentaje de infecciones, hospitalizaciones y fallecimientos relacionados con el COVID-19 en el caso de recursos destinados a la atención a personas con TMG, como son los gestionados por la Línea de Rehabilitación Psicosocial (LRHP) de la organización Hermanas Hospitalarias. A su vez, también se analizan y comparan con periodos previos otras variables que han podido verse afectadas en esta crisis sanitaria tales como ingresos psiquiátricos, abandono de los recursos, intentos autolíticos o suicidios consumados. A diferencia de lo encontrado en la literatura previa, los resultados indican que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los porcentajes de infecciones, hospitalizaciones o fallecimientos por COVID-19 entre la LRHP y los registrados en la población general. En cuanto a variables relacionadas con la Salud Mental, se encuentran diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el año 2020 y el anterior, en el porcentaje de ingresos psiquiátricos y abandono en los recursos ambulatorios, siendo estos menores en 2020. Sin embargo, en el caso de los recursos residenciales, se registra un porcentaje significativamente mayor en el porcentaje de abandonos en 2020. Dichos resultados han de ser tomados con cautela, puesto que existen múltiples limitaciones que pudieran estar afectando a los mismos y pueden ser interpretados teniendo en cuenta los cambios contextuales relacionados con la pandemia respecto al funcionamiento de los recursos hospitalarios o a las restricciones a nivel de movilidad (AU)

As has been seen, the outbreak of a pandemic such as that generated by COVID-19, as well as the consequent restrictions, affect to a greater extent the most vulnerable groups such as, among others, people with Severe Mental Disorder (SMD). The fundamental objectives of this study are to analyze and compare with the general population to which they belong, the percentage of infections, hospitalizations and deaths related to COVID-19 in the case of resources destined to the care of people with TMG, such as those managed by the Linea de Rehabilitacion Psicosocial (LRHP) of the Sisters Hospitallers organization. At the same time, other variables that have been affected in this health crisis such as psychiatric admissions, abandonment of resources, autolytic attempts or completed suicides are also analyzed and compared with previous periods. Unlike what was found in the previous literature, the results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences between the percentages of infections, hospitalizations or deaths from COVID-19 between the LRHP and those registered in the general population. As for variables related to Mental Health, there are statistically significant differences between 2020 and the previous year, in the percentage of psychiatric admissions and abandonment in outpatient resources, these being lower in 2020. However, in the case of residential resources, there is a significantly higher percentage of abandonments in 2020. These results must be taken with caution, since there are multiple limitations that could be affecting them and can be interpreted taking into account the contextual changes related to the pandemic regarding the functioning of hospital resources or restrictions at the level of mobility (AU)

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In the original publication [...].

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The palmar region of the canine carpus is anatomically complex, and the information found in the literature about its anatomy is inconsistent. The aims of this prospective, descriptive, anatomic study were (1) the clarification and (2) the description of the precise anatomic composition of the palmar region of the canine carpus, with special reference to the canalis carpi. For this study, 92 cadaveric specimens were obtained from 46 dogs that had died for reasons unrelated to this study. Of these, 43 medium-to-large-breed dogs were randomly selected for the dissection of transverse slices of the carpus. Samples of the flexor retinaculum and flexor carpi radialis tendon and surrounding tissues were taken for complementary histology. For additional histology of the palmar structures in their anatomical position, three small breed dogs were randomly selected for obtaining transverse slices. The anatomic characteristics of the components of the palmar region of the canine carpus were qualitatively described, with special attention to the following structures: flexor retinaculum, flexor carpi radialis muscle, arteria and vena mediana, nervus medianus, interflexorius muscle, flexor digitorum profundus muscle, canalis carpi, and arteria and nervus ulnaris. The findings from this study provide reference information about the anatomy of the palmar region of the canine carpus.

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El primer obetivo del presente estudio pasó por analizar los valores medios y ver las posibles diferencias entre la puntuación total y los tres factores que integran una escala de valoración acerca de la satisfacción con los servicios prestados, creada ad hoc para el mismo y que cuenta con una versión para recursos diurnos y otra para recursos residenciales, habiendo de hacerse la valoración de los ítems que la componen tanto durante el periodo de confinamiento por COVID-19 como durante la adaptación a la nueva normalidad. Por su parte, el segundo objetivo tuvo que ver con el análisis de los valores medios en calidad de vida subjetiva, valiéndose de una escala validada para población con Trastorno Mental Grave, tras la declaración de la pandemia en 2020 y comparar los mismos con los obtenidos en el año anterior. Dichos cuestionarios fueron aplicados entre los meses de diciembre y enero de 2020 a todos los usuarios de recursos diurnos y residenciales de la Línea de Rehabilitación Psicosocial de la entidad Hermanas Hospitalarias que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión. Tras la recogida de datos y posteriores análisis, se encuentra que la valoración media en cuanto a la satisfacción con los servicios prestados está en torno al 6, lo que correspondería a “bastante satisfecho”, en el caso de la puntuación total y de los tres factores, tanto en recursos residenciales como diurnos. Si bien, solo se localizan diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el caso de los recursos diurnos entre el periodo de confinamiento y adaptación a la nueva normalidad, algo que ocurre en la puntuación total y en dos de los tres factores (AU)

The first objective of this study was to analyze the average values and see the possible differences between the total score and the three factors that make up a rating scale about satisfaction with the services provided, created ad hoc for it and that has a version for day resources and another for residential resources, having to make the assessment of the items that compose it both during the period of confinement by COVID-19 and during the adaptation to the new normal. For its part, the second objective had to do with the analysis of the average values as subjective quality of life, using a validated scale for population with Severe Mental Disorder, after the declaration of the pandemic in 2020 and compare them with those obtained in the previous year. These questionnaires were applied between the months of December and January 2020 to all users of day and residential resources of the Línea de Rehabilitación Psicosocial of the entity Hermanas Hospitalarias who met the inclusion criteria. After the collection of data and subsequent analysis, it is found that the average assessment in terms of satisfaction with the services provided is around 6, which would correspond to "quite satisfied", in the case of the total score and the three factors, both in residential and day resources (AU)

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The accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) is the first neural integrative centre of the vomeronasal system (VNS), which is associated primarily with the detection of semiochemicals. Although the rabbit is used as a model for the study of chemocommunication, these studies are hampered by the lack of knowledge regarding the topography, lamination, and neurochemical properties of the rabbit AOB. To fill this gap, we have employed histological stainings: lectin labelling with Ulex europaeus (UEA-I), Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BSI-B4), and Lycopersicon esculentum (LEA) agglutinins, and a range of immunohistochemical markers. Anti-G proteins Gαi2/Gαo, not previously studied in the rabbit AOB, are expressed following an antero-posterior zonal pattern. This places Lagomorpha among the small groups of mammals that conserve a double-path vomeronasal reception. Antibodies against olfactory marker protein (OMP), growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), glutaminase (GLS), microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2), glial fibrillary-acidic protein (GFAP), calbindin (CB), and calretinin (CR) characterise the strata and the principal components of the BOA, demonstrating several singular features of the rabbit AOB. This diversity is accentuated by the presence of a unique organisation: four neuronal clusters in the accessory bulbar white matter, two of them not previously characterised in any species (the γ and δ groups). Our morphometric study of the AOB has found significant differences between sexes in the numerical density of principal cells, with larger values in females, a pattern completely opposite to that found in rats. In summary, the rabbit possesses a highly developed AOB, with many specific features that highlight the significant role played by chemocommunication among this species.

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Como demuestran recientes estudios, el sesgo de género parece afectar a las derivaciones que se llevan a cabo en recursos tanto hospitalarios como de rehabilitación psicosocial comunitaria en el caso de las personas diagnosticadas de Trastorno Mental Grave, ya que los resultados obtenidos tienden a mostrar que éstos atienden al doble de hombres que de mujeres. Con el objetivo de indagar si este dato también se da en el caso de algunos de los recursos que gestiona la organización Hermanas Hospitalarias, se extraen los datos correspondientes a las derivaciones a cuatro de sus centros (Línea de Rehabilitación Psicosocial, Clínica San Miguel, Complejo Asistencial Benito Menni de Ciempozuelos y Complejo Asistencial de Málaga) desde el año 2012 hasta el 2018 desagregado por sexo dichos datos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el porcentaje de hombres derivados a los diferentes recursos analizados supera al de mujeres en buena parte de los recursos analizados, si bien, la diferencia previamente planteada, únicamente se daría en el caso de los Centros de Rehabilitación Laboral (CRL) (31% vs 69%), siendo la productiva-laboral, un área especialmente atravesada por los mandatos de género. Dichos datos, a pesar de ser meramente descriptivos, pueden servir para, en primer lugar, hacer estudios de mayor envergadura de cara a comprobar este aspecto y, en segundo lugar, en caso de confirmarse, poner en marcha diferentes estrategias destinadas a disminuir la brecha de género

As recent studies show, gender bias seems to affect referrals that are carried out in both hospital and community psychosocial rehabilitation resources in the case of people diagnosed with Serious Mental Disorder, since the results obtained tend to show that these They serve twice as many men as women. With the objective of investigating whether this information is also given in the case of some of the resources managed by the Hermanas Hospitalarias organization, the data corresponding to the referrals to four of its centers (Línea de Rehabilitación Psicosocial, Clínica San Miguel, Complejo Asistencial Benito Menni de Ciempozuelos y Complejo Asistencial de Málaga) are extracted from 2012 to 2018 disaggregated by sex such data. The results obtained show that the percentage of men referred to the different resources analyzed exceeds that of women in a good part of the resources analyzed, although the difference previously raised would only occur in the case of the Centers for Labor Rehabilitation (CRL) (31% vs. 69%), being productive-labor, an area especially crossed by gender mandates. These data, despite being merely descriptive, can be used to, in the first place, carry out larger studies in order to verify this aspect and, secondly, if confirmed, implement different strategies aimed at reducing the gap of gender

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The characterization of the rabbit mammary pheromone, which is sensed by the main olfactory system, has made this species a unique model for the study of pheromonal communication in mammals. This discovery has brought attention to the global understanding of chemosensory communication in this species. Chemocommunication is mediated by two distinct organs located in the nasal cavity, the main olfactory epithelium and the vomeronasal organ (VNO). However, there is a lack of knowledge about the vomeronasal system in rabbits. To understand the role of this system, an exhaustive anatomical and histological study of the rabbit VNO was performed. The rabbit VNO was studied macroscopically by light microscopy, and by histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. We employed specific histological staining techniques (periodic acid-Schiff, Alcian blue, Gallego's trichrome), confocal autofluorescence, histochemical labelling with the lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA-I), and immunohistochemical studies of the expression of the Gαi2 and Gαo proteins and olfactory marker protein. The opening of the vomeronasal duct into the nasal cavity and its indirect communication with the oral cavity through a functional nasopalatine duct was demonstrated by classical dissection and microdissection. In a series of transverse histological sections, special attention was paid to the general distribution of the various soft-tissue components of this organ (duct, glands, connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves) and to the nature of the capsule of the organ. Among the main morphological features that distinguish the rabbit VNO, the presence of a double envelope, which is bony externally and cartilaginous internally, and highly developed venous sinuses stand out. This observation indicates the crucial role played in this species by the pumping mechanism that introduces chemical signals into the vomeronasal duct. The functional properties of the organ are also confirmed by the presence of a well-developed neuroepithelium and profuse glandular tissue that is positive for neutral mucopolysaccharides. The role of glycoconjugates was assessed by the identification of the α1-2 fucose glycan system in the neuroepithelium of the VNO employing UEA-I lectin. The pattern of labelling, which was concentrated around the commissures of the sensory epithelium and more diffuse in the central segments, is different from that found in most mammals studied. According to the expression of G-proteins, two pathways have been described in the VNOs of mammals: neuroreceptor cells expressing the Gαi2 protein (associated with vomeronasal receptor type 1); and cells expressing Gαo (associated with vomeronasal receptor type 2). The latter pathway is absent in most mammals studied. The expression of both G-protein families in the rabbit VNO places Lagomorpha together with rodents and insectivores in a small group of mammals belonging to the two-path model. These findings support the notion that the rabbit possesses a highly developed VNO, with many specific morphological features, which highlights the significance of chemocommunication in this species.

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BACKGROUND: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12 months, as compared with usual care. METHODS/DESIGN: Design: pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. SCOPE: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). POPULATION: patients aged 65-74 years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3 months). SAMPLE SIZE: n = 400 (200 per study arm). INTERVENTION: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. OUTCOMES: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. DISCUSSION: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799.

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Ingestion of shellfish with dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) can lead to diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). The official control method of DSP toxins in seafood is the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS). However in order to calculate the total toxicity of shellfish, the concentration of each compound must be multiplied by individual Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF). Considering that TEFs caused some controversy and the scarce information about DTX2 toxicity, the aim of this study was to characterize the oral toxicity of DTX2 in mice. A 4-Level Up and Down Procedure allowed the characterization of DTX2 effects and the estimation of DTX2 oral TEF based on determination of the lethal dose 50 (LD50). DTX2 passed the gastrointestinal barrier and was detected in urine and feces. Acute toxicity symptoms include diarrhea and motionless, however anatomopathology study and ultrastructural images restricted the toxin effects to the gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless enterocytes microvilli and tight junctions were not altered, disconnecting DTX2 diarrheic effects from paracellular epithelial permeability. This is the first report of DTX2 oral LD50 (2262 µg/kg BW) indicating that its TEF is about 0.4. This result suggests reevaluation of the present TEFs for the DSP toxins to better determine the actual risk to seafood consumers.

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Gambierol and its two, tetra- and heptacyclic, analogues have been previously proved as promising molecules for the modulation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) hallmarks in primary cortical neurons of 3xTg-AD fetuses. In this work, the effect of the tetracyclic analogue of gambierol was tested in vivo in 3xTg-AD mice (10 months old) after 1 month of weekly treatment with 50 µg/kg. Adverse effects were not reported throughout the whole treatment period and no pathological signs were observed for the analyzed organs. The compound was found in brain samples after intraperitoneal injection. The tetracyclic analogue of gambierol elicited a decrease of amyloid ß1-42 levels and a dose-dependent inhibition of ß-secretase enzyme-1 activity. Moreover, this compound also reduced the phosphorylation of tau at the 181 and 159/163 residues with an increase of the inactive isoform of the glycogen synthase kinase-3ß. In accordance with our in vitro neuronal model, this compound produced a reduction in the N2A subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. The combined effect of this compound on amyloid ß1-42 and tau phosphorylation represents a multitarget therapeutic approach for AD which might be more effective for this multifactorial and complex neurodegenerative disease than the current treatments.

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The modulation of the immune system can have multiple applications such as cancer treatment, and a wide type of processes involving inflammation where the potent chemotactic agent cyclophilin A (Cyp A) is implicated. The Porifera phylum, in which Spongionella is encompassed, is the main producer of marine bioactive compounds. Four secondary metabolites obtained from Spongionella (Gracilin H, A, L, and Tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1) were described to hit Cyp A and to block the release of inflammation mediators. Based on these results, some role of Spongionella compounds on other steps of the signaling pathway mediated by this chemotactic agent can be hypothesized. In the present paper, we studied the effect of these four compounds on the surface membrane CD147 receptor expression, on the extracellular levels of Cyp A and on the ability to migrate of concanavalin (Con A)-activated T lymphocytes. Similar to a well-known immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine A (CsA), Gracilin H, A, L, and tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1 were able to reduce the CD147 membrane expression and to block the release of Cyp A to the medium. Besides, by using Cyp A as chemotactic agent, T cell migration was inhibited when cells were previously incubated with Gracilin A and Gracilin L. These positive results lead us to test the in vivo effect of Gracilin H and L in a mouse ear delayed hypersensitive reaction. Thus, both compounds efficiently reduce the ear swelling as well as the inflammatory cell infiltration. These results provide more evidences for their potential therapeutic application in immune-related diseases of Spongionella compounds.

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Domoic acid (DA) is one of the best known marine toxins, causative of important neurotoxic alterations. DA effects are documented both in wildlife and experimental assays, showing that this toxin causes severe injuries principally in the hippocampal area. In the present study we have addressed the long-term toxicological effects (30 days) of DA intraperitoneal administration in rats. Different histological techniques were employed in order to study DA toxicity in heart, an organ which has not been thoroughly studied after DA intoxication to date. The presence of DA was detected by immunohistochemical assays, and cellular alterations were observed both by optical and transmission electron microscopy. Although histological staining methods did not provide any observable tissue damage, transmission electron microscopy showed several injuries: a moderate lysis of myofibrils and loss of mitochondrial conformation. This is the first time the association between heart damage and the presence of the toxin has been observed.

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Almost all the information about the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) comes from clinical trials involving only middle-aged patients. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of CPAP treatment in elderly patients with severe OSA on clinical, quality-of-life and neurocognitive spheres. We performed an open-label, randomised, multicentre clinical trial in a consecutive clinical cohort of 224 elderly (≥70 years old) patients with confirmed severe OSA (apnoea-hypopnea index ≥30) randomised to receive CPAP (n=115) or no CPAP (n=109) for 3 months. A sleep study was performed by either full polysomnography or respiratory polygraphy. CPAP titration was performed by an autoCPAP device. The primary endpoint was quality of life (Quebec Sleep Questionnaire) and secondary endpoints included sleep-related symptoms, presence of anxiety/depression, office-based blood pressure and some neurocognitive tests. The mean±sd age was 75.5±3.9 years. The CPAP group achieved a greater improvement in all quality-of-life domains (p<0.001; effect size: 0.41-0.98), sleep-related symptoms (p<0.001; effect size 0.31-0.91) as well as anxiety (p=0.016; effect size 0.51) and depression (p<0.001; effect size: 0.28) indexes and some neurocognitive tests (digit symbol test (p=0.047; effect size: 0.20) and Trail Making Test A (p=0.029; effect size: 0.44)) in an intention-to-treat analysis. In conclusion, CPAP treatment resulted in an improvement in quality of life, sleep-related symptoms, anxiety and depression indexes and some neurocognitive aspects in elderly people with severe OSA.

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Presentamos un modelo de trabajo en terapiafamiliar organizado en torno a la representaciónpor parte del equipo de profesionales de los componentesdel espacio público de comunicación interpersonal.Analizamos los componentes conceptuales delos espacios privado y público y el trabajo práctico conellos basado en la adaptación del equipo terapéutico alas fases evolutivas de la familia durante el proceso dela terapia, que permite definir un itinerario guía en suprogreso hasta su conclusión (AU)

We present a working model infamily therapy organized around the representationby the team of professionals of public spacecomponents of interpersonal communication. Weanalyze the conceptual components of privateand public spaces and practical work with thembased on the adaptation of the therapeutic teamto the developmental stages of the family duringthe therapy process, which allows to define a itineraryguide in his progress up to his conclusion (AU)

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Los síntomas psicóticos se muestran en muchos casos resistentes a la medicación y también a las intervenciones psicológicas(p. ej.: TCC) orientadas hacia la remisión de los mismos. ACT ofrece un enfoque diferente, basado, no en la eliminación de los síntomas, sino en la aceptación de las experiencias incómodas y el compromiso personal con las direcciones de valor elegidas. Para analizar las posibilidades de esta nueva perspectiva se ha realizado la presente revisión. De la búsqueda manual y computerizada se seleccionaron un total de 21 artículos que contaban con evidencia empírica de ACT y psicosis. Los datos sugieren que ACT reduce la tasa de rehospitalización, disminuye la credibilidad de las alucinaciones y aumenta la frecuencia de acciones valiosas, entre otros beneficios. Es necesaria más investigación, pero a la luz de los resultados disponibles, ACT se presenta como un tratamiento prometedor en el abordaje de la psicosis (AU)

Too often, psychotic symptoms are resistant to pharmacological and psychological treatments which aim to remove these symptoms (i. e.: TCC). ACT suggests a different perspective, focused in the acceptance of aversive experiences and personal commitment toward chosen goals and values, instead of symptom reduction. The present research has been performed in order to assess the potential of this new perspective. After manual and computerized search, 21 studies with empirical evidence of ACT and psychosis were selected. Results suggest that ACT decreases rehospitalization rates, hallucinations ‘credibility and increases the frequency of valued actions, among other benefits. Although more research is required, ACT seems a promising treatment for psychosis (AU)

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In vivo, after administration by gavage to mice and rats, okadaic acid has been reported to produce lesions in liver, small intestine and forestomach. Because several reports differ in the damage detected in different organs, and on okadaic acid distribution after consumption, we determined the toxicity of this compound after oral administration to mice. After 24 hours, histopathological examination showed necrotic foci and lipid vacuoles in the livers of intoxicated animals. By immunohistochemical analysis, we detected this toxin in the liver and kidneys of intoxicated animals. Okadaic acid induces oxidative stress and can be activated in vitro into reactive compounds by the post-mitochondrial S9 fraction, so we studied the okadaic effect on the gene expression of antioxidant and phase II detoxifying enzymes in liver. We observed a downregulation in the expression of these enzymes and a reduction of protein expression of catalase and superoxide dismutase 1 in intoxicated animals.

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Partiendo de una exposición de los conceptos esenciales que forman parte de la teoría del reconocimiento, indagamos en sus conexiones con varias fuentes de planteamientos psicoterapéuticos. Posteriormente reflexionamos sobre ciertos riesgos en su aplicación para proponer finalmente una estructura de entrevista basada en sus aportaciones(AU)

Based on a statement of the essential concepts that are part of the theory of recognition, we investigate its connections with various psychotherapeutic approaches sources. Then reflect on certain risks in its application to propose finally a structure interview based on their contributions (AU)

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