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Viral infections pose significant global challenges due to their rapid transmissibility. Therefore, preventing and treating these infections promptly is crucial to curbing their spread. This review focuses on the vital link between nutrition and viral infections, underscoring how dietary factors influence immune system modulation. Malnutrition, characterized by deficiencies in essential nutrients such as vitamins A, C, D, E, and zinc, can impair the immune system, thereby increasing vulnerability to viral infections and potentially leading to more severe health outcomes that complicate recovery. Additionally, emerging evidence highlights the role of commensal microbiota in immune regulation, which can affect hosts' susceptibility to infections. Specific dietary components, including bioactive compounds, vitamins, and probiotics, can beneficially modify gut microbiota, thus enhancing immune response and offering protection against viral infections. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which dietary adjustments and gut microbiota impact the pathogenesis of viral infections, with a particular focus on strengthening the immune system.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Estado Nutricional , Probióticos , Virosis , Humanos , Virosis/prevención & control , Virosis/inmunología , Dieta , Vitaminas , Desnutrición/prevención & control , Sistema InmunológicoRESUMEN
The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the critical importance of vaccination to global health security and highlighted the potential of digital health solutions to improve immunization strategies. This article explores integrating digital health technologies with immunization programs to improve coverage, monitoring, and public health outcomes. It examines the current landscape of digital tools used in immunization initiatives, such as mobile health apps, electronic health records, and data analytics platforms. Case studies from different regions demonstrate the effectiveness of these technologies in addressing challenges such as vaccine hesitancy, logistics, and real-time monitoring of vaccine distribution and adverse events. The paper also examines ethical considerations, data privacy issues, and the need for a robust digital infrastructure to support these innovations. By analyzing the successes and limitations of digital health interventions in immunization campaigns during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, we provide recommendations for future integration strategies to ensure resilient and responsive immunization systems. This research aims to guide policymakers, health professionals, and technologists in leveraging digital health to strengthen immunization efforts and prepare for future public health emergencies.
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Knowledge of Human Polyomavirus (HPyV) infection in the anal area and its association with sexually transmitted infections such as Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains limited. Therefore, anal specimens from 150 individuals of both sexes were analyzed for screening purposes. HPV DNA was found in 50.7% of cases, with a predominance of high-risk (HR) genotypes. HPyV DNA was found in 39.3% of samples, with Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) being the most common, with a higher viral load than JCPyV and BKPyV. In addition, MCPyV viral load increased in people living with HIV (PLWH) with HPV infection (p < 0.0001).
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Coinfección , Infecciones por VIH , Poliomavirus de Células de Merkel , Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Infecciones por Polyomavirus , Carga Viral , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/virología , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Coinfección/virología , Coinfección/epidemiología , Poliomavirus de Células de Merkel/genética , Poliomavirus de Células de Merkel/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Polyomavirus/virología , Infecciones por Polyomavirus/epidemiología , ADN Viral/genética , Genotipo , Canal Anal/virología , Canal Anal/patología , Anciano , Adulto Joven , Papillomaviridae/genética , Papillomaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Papillomaviridae/clasificación , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/virología , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/epidemiología , PrevalenciaAsunto(s)
Vacuna Antisarampión , Sarampión , Vacunación , Humanos , Sarampión/prevención & control , Sarampión/epidemiología , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Vacuna Antisarampión/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/prevención & control , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/virología , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Virus del Sarampión/genética , Virus del Sarampión/inmunologíaRESUMEN
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2024.100786.].
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Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are newly emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases identifies the following as emerging infectious diseases: SARS, MERS, COVID-19, influenza, fungal diseases, plague, schistosomiasis, smallpox, tick-borne diseases, and West Nile fever. The factors that should be taken into consideration are the genetic adaptation of microbial agents and the characteristics of the human host or environment. The new approach to identifying new possible pathogens will have to go through the One Health approach and omics integration data, which are capable of identifying high-priority microorganisms in a short period of time. New bioinformatics technologies enable global integration and sharing of surveillance data for rapid public health decision-making to detect and prevent epidemics and pandemics, ensuring timely response and effective prevention measures. Machine learning tools are being more frequently utilized in the realm of infectious diseases to predict sepsis in patients, diagnose infectious diseases early, and forecast the effectiveness of treatment or the appropriate choice of antibiotic regimen based on clinical data. We will discuss emerging microorganisms, omics techniques applied to infectious diseases, new computational solutions to evaluate biomarkers, and innovative tools that are useful for integrating omics data and electronic medical records data for the clinical management of emerging infectious diseases.
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Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes , Humanos , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/microbiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/prevención & control , Salud Única , Enfermedades Transmisibles/microbiología , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/virología , Aprendizaje Automático , Biología Computacional/métodosRESUMEN
Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a peptide hormone produced primarily in the adrenal glands, playing a crucial role in various physiological processes. As well as improving vascular integrity and decreasing vascular permeability, ADM acts as a vasodilator, positive inotrope, diuretic, natriuretic and bronchodilator, antagonizing angiotensin II by inhibiting aldosterone secretion. ADM also has antihypertrophic, anti-apoptotic, antifibrotic, antioxidant, angiogenic and immunoregulatory effects and antimicrobial properties. ADM expression is upregulated by hypoxia, inflammation-inducing cytokines, viral or bacterial substances, strength of shear stress, and leakage of blood vessels. These pathological conditions are established during systemic inflammation that can result from infections, surgery, trauma/accidents or burns. The ability to rapidly identify infections and the prognostic, predictive power makes it a valuable tool in severe viral and bacterial infections burdened by high incidence and mortality. This review sheds light on the pathophysiological processes that in severe viral or bacterial infections cause endothelitis up to the development of organ damage, the resulting increase in ADM levels dosed through its more stable peptide mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM), the most significant studies that attest to its diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in highlighting the severity of viral or bacterial infections and appropriate therapeutic insights.
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Adrenomedulina , Infecciones Bacterianas , Virosis , Adrenomedulina/metabolismo , Humanos , Infecciones Bacterianas/metabolismo , Infecciones Bacterianas/complicaciones , Virosis/metabolismo , Virosis/complicaciones , Inflamación/patología , AnimalesRESUMEN
Background: This study focuses on urban arboviruses, specifically dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and Zika (ZIKV), which pose a significant public health challenge in Rio de Janeiro state, Southeast Brazil. In our research, we highlight critical findings on the transmission dynamics of these arboviruses in Rio de Janeiro, identifying distinct patterns of disease spread. Methods: By combining genomic data with case reports from the Brazilian Ministry of Health, we have analysed the phylogenetics, prevalence and spatial distribution of these endemic viruses within the state. Findings: Our results revealed sustained DENV transmission primarily in the northern part of the state, a significant ZIKV epidemic in 2016 affecting all mesoregions, and two major CHIKV outbreaks in 2018 and 2019, predominantly impacting the northern and southern areas. Our analysis suggests an inverse relationship between arboviral case incidence and urban density, with less populous regions experiencing higher transmission rates, potentially attributed to a complex interplay of factors such as the efficacy of vector control measures, environmental conditions, local immunity levels, and human mobility. Furthermore, our investigation unveiled distinct age and gender trends among affected individuals. Notably, dengue cases were predominantly observed in young adults aged 32, while chikungunya cases were more prevalent among individuals over 41. In contrast, cases of ZIKV were concentrated around the 33-year age group. Intriguingly, females accounted for nearly 60% of the cases, suggesting a potential gender-based difference in infection rates. Interpretation: Our findings underscore the complexity of arbovirus transmission and the need for interventions tailored to different geographical mesoregions. Enhanced surveillance and genomic sequencing will be essential for a deeper, more nuanced understanding of regional arbovirus dynamics. Identifying potential blind spots within the state will be pivotal for developing and implementing more effective public health strategies, specifically designed to address the unique challenges posed by these viruses throughout the state. Funding: This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health USA grant U01 AI151698 for the United World Arbovirus Research Network (UWARN) and the CRP-ICGEB RESEARCH GRANT 2020 Project CRP/BRA20-03.