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CASE: We present a 67-year-old woman with long finger extrinsic extensor tightness and a 56-year-old man with limited index finger flexion due to extrinsic extensor tightness secondary to tendon transfers for radial nerve palsy. Both patients underwent prior surgical procedures that led to limited range of motion (ROM). Subsequently, they elected for central tendon tenotomy (CTT), which demonstrated postoperative ROM improvement and satisfactory patient outcomes. CONCLUSION: Surgical management of extrinsic extensor tendon tightness of the hand is generally addressed by performing tenolysis to improve tendon excursion. We present a novel and simple technique of CTT with pertinent anatomy, descriptive cases, and a cadaveric video.

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BACKGROUND: The primary objective of this study was to investigate midterm outcomes following endoscopic cubital tunnel release (ECuTR) with the Seg-Way system using patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). A secondary aim was to evaluate symptom resolution as assessed through Dellon's stage, McGowan's grade, and Messina's criteria and recurrence following ECuTR. METHODS: Functional outcomes were assessed in 38 patients who underwent 43 surgeries. Details on baseline characteristics as well as preoperative and postoperative symptoms were collected. Patient-reported outcome measures were administered with at least 1-year follow-up in all patients. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 50.2 ± 16.1 years, with 20 men (52.6%) and 18 women (47.4%). Postoperatively, pain completely resolved in 21 (72.4%), while sensory and motor deficits improved completely in 22 (56.4%) and 11 (64.7%) patients, respectively. Mean time interval between ECuTR and PROMs was 26.3 (13-63) months. Median Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire score was 73.2 (48-91). Median Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) scores were 12.9 (7-35) and 2.5 (0-5), respectively. Most of the patients were satisfied postoperatively with a median satisfaction score of 4 (3-5). There was a significant difference in median DASH and NRS scores between patients with and without concomitant proximal nerve disease. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic cubital tunnel release is a safe and effective option for surgical management of primary cubital tunnel syndrome. The presence of other proximal nerve disease is associated with poorer outcomes, less symptom resolution, and higher recurrence rates. One-year postoperative PROMs show equivalence to those reported in other studies following open cubital tunnel release.

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CASE: A 29-year-old woman with acute peroneal tendon subluxation underwent superior retinacular repair. On exposure, a single peroneal myotendinous unit was encountered, as opposed to the usual presence of independent peroneal tendons arising from separate muscle bellies. At 3-year follow-up, she has had no recurrence with full return to activity and no limitations. CONCLUSION: Multiple peroneal myotendinous variants have been described; however, this report is the first to describe direct intraoperative observation of a single peroneal myotendinous unit. Whether this anatomic variant contributed to the patient's problem or has other potential clinical sequelae remains to be elucidated.

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BACKGROUND: Historically, amputation and pollicization has been the recommended surgical treatment for Blauth type III hypoplastic thumbs. However, due to aesthetic objections or cultural preferences, some parents seek out alternative surgical options. The present study describes a nontraditional technique that preserves and augments the hypoplastic thumb. METHODS: Patient charts were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients with Blauth type III hypoplastic thumbs who underwent thumb reconstruction at our institution from 2008 to 2018. The reconstruction procedure involved toe phalanx transfer, staged tendon transfers, and lengthening as needed. Motion was assessed categorically as ability to flex, extend, or oppose the thumb. Functionality was assessed as ability to pinch and grasp with the surgical hand. Patient- or parent-reported improvement in thumb function was also recorded. RESULTS: Of the 13 patients, 100% could flex, extend, and oppose the thumb to some degree. Eleven patients (85%) had functional one-handed grasp, and 9 (69%) had a functional pinch. Eleven patients (85%) reported no functional limitations of the operative hand. Thirteen patients (100%) reported improvement in hand function after surgery as compared to pre-operatively. There were 2 minor complications (15%), both of which resolved after intervention. No patients experienced donor-site morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Reconstruction of Blauth III thumbs is a nontraditional technique that allows for digit retention by salvaging the hypoplastic thumb. In the present study, the majority of patients had functional thumbs and all reported postoperative improvement. Overall, our results suggest that reconstruction is a viable surgical option for Blauth III hypoplastic thumbs.

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PURPOSE: Symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with advanced ipsilateral glenohumeral arthritis requiring total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) may be easily overlooked. Even when diagnosed beforehand, most upper extremity surgeons have historically chosen to perform TSA and carpal tunnel release (CTR) separately. We hypothesized that combined single-stage TSA and CTR is feasible and yields results comparable with those when the 2 procedures are performed separately, while avoiding 2 surgeries. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of patients who underwent single-stage primary TSA and ipsilateral CTR between 2015 and 2019. The shoulder outcomes included pain, range of motion, and validated quality of life (QoL) questionnaires: Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12) and Penn Shoulder Score. The CTR outcomes included pain, grip, pinch, VR-12, shortened Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire (QuickDASH), and Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire. The time to the initiation of rehabilitation and complications were also analyzed. The comparison group consisted of patients who underwent independent TSA or CTR during the same period. RESULTS: Forty-one patients underwent concomitant TSA and CTR, 248 underwent isolated TSA, and 154 underwent isolated CTR. The shoulder outcomes of patients who underwent the combined procedure were similar to those of patients who underwent isolated TSA in terms of pain, range of motion, general QoL (VR-12), and shoulder-specific QoL (Penn Shoulder Score). The outcomes of patients who underwent the combined procedure were similar to those of patients who underwent isolated CTR in terms of pain, grip and pinch, general QoL (VR-12), QuickDASH, and Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire. The time to the initiation of rehabilitation was also comparable. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant CTR and TSA are feasible. The functional outcomes and QoL of patients who underwent the concomitant treatment were comparable with those of patients who underwent the 2 procedures separately. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

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BACKGROUND: Large prospective institutional data provide the opportunity to conduct level II and III studies using robust methodologies and adequately powered sample-sizes, while circumventing limitations of retrospective databases. We aimed to validate a prospective data collection tool, the Orthopaedic Minimal Data Set Episode of Care (OME), implemented at a tertiary North American health care system for distal radial fracture (DRF) open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). METHODS: The first 100 DRF ORIFs performed after OME inception (February 2015) were selected for this validation study. A blinded review of the operative notes and charts was performed, and extracted data of 75 perioperative DRF ORIF procedure variables were compared with OME collected data for agreement. Outcomes included completion rates and agreement measures in OME versus electronic medical record (EMR)-based control datasets. Data counts were evaluated using raw percentages and McNemar tests. Cohen (κ) and concordance correlation coefficient analyzed categorical and numerical variable agreement, respectively. RESULTS: Overall, OME demonstrated superior completion and agreement parameters versus EMR-based retrospective review. Nine data points (12.0%) demonstrated significantly higher completion rates within the OME dataset (P < .05, each), and 88% (66/75) of captured variables demonstrated similar completion rates. Up to 80.0% (60/75) of variables either demonstrated an agreement proportion of ≥0.90 or were solely reported in the OME. Of 33 variables eligible for agreement analyses, 36.4% (12/33) demonstrated almost perfect agreement (κ > 0.80), and 63.6% (21/33) exhibited almost perfect or substantial agreement (κ > 0.60). CONCLUSIONS: The OME is a valid and accurate prospective data collection tool for DRF ORIF that is reliably able to match or supersede traditional retrospective chart review. Future investigations could use this tool for large-scale analyses investigating peri/intraoperative DRF ORIF variables.

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Background: The saline load test is routinely used to recognize other joints' traumatic arthrotomies; however, there are currently no studies evaluating the novelty of this test for metacarpophalangeal joints (MCPJs). This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness and sensitivity of saline load testing in identifying the traumatic arthrotomies of the MCPJs using human cadavers. Methods: This was a cadaveric study of 16 hands (79 MCPJs). Traumatic arthrotomies were created using 11-blade stab-incisions, followed by blunt probing into the joint on the radial or ulnar side of the flexed MCPJs. A 3-mL syringe was used to inject intra-articular methylene-blue-dyed saline from the contralateral side. The volume at saline extravasation was recorded. Test sensitivity and factors influencing extravasation volume were assessed. Results: The mean (range) volume injected to identify arthrotomy of all MCPJs was 0.18 mL (0.1-0.4 mL). The mean volume to identify MCPJ arthrotomy of the thumb, index, long, ring, and small fingers was 0.16 mL (0.1-0.3 mL), 0.19 mL (0.1-0.3 mL), 0.21 mL (0.1-0.4 mL), 0.17 mL (0.1-0.3 mL), and 0.16 mL (0.1-0.3 mL), respectively. Cadaver age, laterality, and joint range of motion were not significantly associated with the injected volume at extravasation(P > .05, each). Injection volumes of 0.3 and 0.32 mL were required to detect arthrotomies at 95% and 99% sensitivities across all MCPJs. None of the MCPJs required > 0.4 mL to detect arthrotomy. Conclusions: Saline joint loading volumes to detect traumatic arthrotomy were similar for all MCPJs. Injection volumes of 0.32 mL is suggested for 99% sensitivity. Our findings provide the first report, to our knowledge, on intra-articular injection volumes expected to detect an arthrotomy of MCPJ. This is critical for further validation using in vivo clinical studies.

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BACKGROUND: The Orthopaedic Minimal Data Set (OrthoMiDaS) Episode of care (OME) is a prospectively collected database enabling capture of patient and surgeon-reported data in a more efficient, comprehensive, and dependable manner than electronic medical record (EMR) review. We aimed to assess and validate the OME as a data capture tool for carpometacarpal (CMC) arthroplasty compared to traditional EMR-based review. Specifically, we aimed to: (1) compare the completeness of the OME versus EMR data; and (2) evaluate the extent of agreement between the OME and EMR data-based datasets for carpometacarpal (CMC) arthroplasty. METHODS: The first 100 thumb CMC arthroplasties after OME inception (Febuary, 2015) were included. Blinded EMR-based review of the same cases was performedfor 48 perioperative variables and compared to their OME-sourced counterparts. Outcomes included completion rates and agreement measures in OME versus EMR-based control datasets. RESULTS: The OME demonstrated superior completion rates compared to EMR-based retrospective review. There was high agreement between both datasets where 75.6% (34/45) had an agreement proportion of >0.90% and 82.2% (37/45) had an agreement proportion of >0.80. Over 40% of the variables had almost perfect to substantial agreement (κ > 0.60). Among the 6 variables demonstrating poor agreement, the surgeon-inputted OME values were more accurate than the EMR-based review control. CONCLUSIONS: This study validates the use of the OME for CMC arthroplasty by illustrating that it is reliably able to match or supersede traditional chart review for data collection; thereby offering a high-quality tool for future CMC arthroplasty studies.

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BACKGROUND: Failure to recognize a potential wrist arthrotomy may lead to missed septic arthritis and devastating sequelae. The saline load test is routinely used to recognize traumatic arthrotomies of other joints; however, there are limited data optimizing this test for the wrist. The purpose of this study was to investigate and perform saline load testing to identify traumatic arthrotomies of the wrist. METHODS: This was a cadaveric study of 15 wrists. Traumatic arthrotomies were created using a blunt trocar through the 3-4 portal. A 3-mL syringe with 0.1 mL markings was used to inject methylene blue dyed saline into the wrist through the 1-2 portal. Once extravasation was visible from the atherectomized site, the volume was recorded. RESULTS: The mean (range) volume injected to identify the arthrotomy of all wrists was 1.22 mL (range, 0.1-3.1 mL). Multivariate regression demonstrated that cadaver age, laterality, and extension range of motion were not significantly associated with the injected saline volume at extravasation (P > .05, each). Greater joint range of motion was independently associated with higher saline volume load for extravasation (odds ratio: 1.049; 95% confidence interval: 1.024-1.075; P = .003). CONCLUSIONS: We found that 2.68 and 3.02 mL of methylene blue dyed saline offered 95% and 99% sensitivity, respectively, for diagnosing traumatic wrist arthrotomy. The maximum volume of saline needed to recognize an arthrotomy was 3.1 mL. We recommend this be the minimum volume used to evaluate a traumatic wrist arthrotomy.

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Background: Given differences in residency training background, there has been increasing interest in characterizing differential outcomes between orthopaedic surgeons (OS) and neurosurgeons (NS) with regards to outcomes after cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA). This study aimed to assess if there were differences in perioperative outcomes of CDA between OS and NS. Methods: Patients who underwent a single-level CDA between 2012 and 2019 were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database using current procedural terminology codes. The patients were subsequently stratified into those who underwent CDA with OS versus NS, and propensity score-matched to adjust for differences in patient characteristics. Differences were assessed in medical and surgical complications, as well as operative time and healthcare utilization parameters [reoperations, readmissions, and lengths-of-stay (LOS)]. Results: A total of 2,148 patients were identified (NS: n=1,395; OS: n=753). After 1:1 propensity score matching (n=741 each), there were no differences in characteristics between patients who underwent CDA by OS versus NS (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in any of the medical or surgical complications between the two groups (P>0.05 for each). There was a significant difference in the operative time between NS and OS (103.7±36.18 vs. 98.75±36.69 minutes; P=0.009). There were no significant differences in readmissions, reoperations, or LOS between the two groups (P>0.05 for each). Conclusions: There were no differences in medical or surgical complications, as well as in reoperations, readmissions, and LOS in patients who underwent a single-level CDA between OS and NS. There was a statistically significant shorter operative time of four minutes for OS as compared to NS, which is unlikely to have clinical relevance.

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CASE: A 79-year-old man 6 days status-post left total knee arthroplasty (TKA) presented to our institution from an outside hospital (OSH) after a suspected STEMI and ventricular fibrillation arrest. At the OSH, intraosseous (IO) access was placed in his right tibia. Orthopaedics was consulted for compartment syndrome at the IO access site. X-rays demonstrated this was secondary to the IO access abutting the cement mantle of a stemmed tibial component of a remote TKA, for which the patient required emergent fasciotomies. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare providers should be cognizant of potential orthopaedic hardware that can impede proper introduction of IO access.

A 79-year-old man 6 days status-post left total knee arthroplasty (TKA) presented to our institution from an outside hospital (OSH) after a suspected STEMI and ventricular fibrillation arrest. At the OSH, intraosseous (IO) access was placed in his right tibia. Orthopaedics was consulted for compartment syndrome at the IO access site. X-rays demonstrated this was secondary to the IO access abutting the cement mantle of a stemmed tibial component of a remote TKA, for which the patient required emergent fasciotomies. Healthcare providers should be cognizant of potential orthopaedic hardware that can impede proper introduction of IO access.

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BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a potential postoperative complication after total hip arthroplasty (THA). These events present with a range of severity, and some require readmission. The present study aimed to identify unexplored risk factors for severe VTE that lead to hospital readmission. METHODS: The Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality's National Readmissions Database was retrospectively queried for all patients who underwent primary THA (January 2016 to December 2018). Study population included patients who were readmitted for VTE within 90 days after an elective THA. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed using patient demographics, insurance status, elective nature of the surgery, healthcare institution characteristics, and baseline comorbidities. RESULTS: Higher risk of readmission for VTE was evident among elderly (71-80 years vs <40 years: odds ratio [OR] 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-2.2, P = .0002), male patients (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.2-1.3). Nonelective THAs were associated with markedly higher odds of readmission for VTE (OR 20.5, 95% CI 18.9-22.2), peripheral vascular disease (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.4), lymphoma (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.1), metastatic cancer (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4-2.2), obesity (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.4-1.6), and fluid-electrolyte imbalance (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0-1.2). Home health care (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-0.8) and discharge to skilled nursing facility (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.7-0.8) had lower odds of readmission for VTE vs unsupervised home discharge, while insurance type was not a significant driver(P > .05). CONCLUSION: One in 135 THA patients is likely to experience a VTE requiring readmission after THA. Male patients, age >70 years, and specific baseline comorbidities increase such risk. Furthermore, discharge to a supervised setting mitigated the risk of VTE requiring readmission compared to unsupervised discharge. As VTE prophylaxis protocols continue to evolve, these patients may require optimized perioperative care pathways to mitigate VTE complications.

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BACKGROUND: Non-emergent low-back pain (LBP) is one of the most prevalent presenting complaints to the emergency department (ED) and has been shown to contribute to overcrowding in the ED as well as diverting attention away from more serious complaints. There has been an increasing focus in current literature regarding ED admission and opioid prescriptions for general complaints of pain, however, there is limited data concerning the trends over the last decade in ED admissions for non-emergent LBP as well as any subsequent opioid prescriptions by the ED for this complaint. AIM: To determine trends in non-emergent ED visits for back pain; annual trends in opioid administration for patients presenting to the ED for back pain; and factors associated with receiving an opioid-based medication for non-emergent LBP in the ED. METHODS: Patients presenting to the ED for non-emergent LBP from 2010 to 2017 were retrospectively identified from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey database. The "year" variable was transformed to two-year intervals, and a weighted survey analysis was conducted utilizing the weighted variables to generate incidence estimates. Bivariate statistics were used to assess differences in count data, and logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with patients being discharged from the ED with narcotics. Statistical significance was set to a P value of 0.05. RESULTS: Out of a total of 41658475 total ED visits, 3.8% (7726) met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. There was a decrease in the rates of non-emergent back pain to the ED from 4.05% of all cases during 2010 and 2011 to 3.56% during 2016 and 2017. The most common opioids prescribed over the period included hydrocodone-based medications (49.1%) and tramadol-based medications (16.9), with the combination of all other opioid types contributing to 35.7% of total opioids prescribed. Factors significantly associated with being prescribed narcotics included age over 43.84-years-old, higher income, private insurance, the obtainment of radiographic imaging in the ED, and region of the United States (all, P < 0.05). Emergency departments located in the Midwest [odds ratio (OR): 2.42, P < 0.001], South (OR: 2.35, < 0.001), and West (OR: 2.57, P < 0.001) were more likely to prescribe opioid-based medications for non-emergent LBP compared to EDs in the Northeast. CONCLUSION: From 2010 to 2017, there was a significant decrease in the number of non-emergent LBP ED visits, as well as a decrease in opioids prescribed at these visits. These findings may be attributed to the increased focus and regulatory guidelines on opioid prescription practices at both the federal and state levels. Since non-emergent LBP is still a highly common ED presentation, conclusions drawn from opioid prescription practices within this cohort is necessary for limiting unnecessary ED opioid prescriptions.

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Background: Historically, scapulothoracic fusion (STF) is performed using steel wire and plate construct fixation. The purpose of this study is to report a recent fusion achieved through ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene-reinforced suture fixation as well as to perform a systematic literature review of techniques, fusion rates, complications, and reoperation. Methods: Patient data were gathered from chart review and clinical encounters. For the review, MEDLINE, Embase, and Ovid databases were queried for STF cases. Thirty articles reporting on 386 fusion procedures were included. Results: Including this patient, 5 of 387 (1.3%) STFs have been attempted with fiber suture. Fusion rates of metal-only constructs is 90.8% (346 of 381) with 11.3% (43 of 381) requiring wire removal or trimming because of symptomatic hardware and 7% (27 of 381) causing a postoperative pneumothorax. Although a small sample size, all fiber-suture constructs have achieved union without implant removal and without pneumothorax development. In this patient, fusion was determined radiographically at 6 months with substantial improvement in pain level and function. Conclusion: Scapulothoracic fusion has benefit to patients to have failed other management options for winged scapula, most commonly those with neurologic trauma or facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. With advancements in surgical options, fiber-suture offers an alternative to steel wire to achieve fusion. Further cases with longer term follow-up are needed to determine if significant differences in outcomes exist between constructs.

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BACKGROUND: Deltoid compartment syndrome is a rare entity. The purpose of this study was to report a recent case and perform a systematic literature review. METHODS: Patient data were gathered from chart review and clinical encounters. For the review, the MEDLINE, Embase, and Ovid databases were queried for deltoid compartment syndrome cases. Seventeen articles reporting on 18 patients with deltoid compartment syndrome were included. RESULTS: Including our patient, 9 of 19 patients (47.4%) presented with compartment syndrome limited to the deltoid. Most patients presented with additional affected compartments, most commonly in the ipsilateral arm (7 of 19, 37%). Isolated deltoid involvement often resulted from iatrogenic injury; of 10 iatrogenic reports, 8 involved only the deltoid. Of 19 cases, 5 (26%) occurred in powerlifters, climbers, or anabolic steroid or testosterone injectors. In 13 of 19 cases (68%), the patients were men aged 18-36 years, and only 1 female case (5%) was reported. Prolonged recumbence owing to substance abuse was documented in 6 of 19 cases (32%). CONCLUSION: Deltoid compartment syndrome is rare, with only 19 reported cases, including our patient. Men are more commonly affected, and isolated deltoid compartment syndrome occurs in about 50% of reported cases. More than half of cases are iatrogenic, secondary to prolonged lateral decubitus positioning, injections, and surgical interventions about the shoulder. Prolonged recumbence from intoxication is also a common etiology. Providers should be aware of and recognize deltoid compartment syndrome to facilitate urgent surgical management.

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STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective comparative cohort study. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate: (1) pain relief efficacy; (2) opioid consumption; (3) length of stay (LOS); (4) discharge disposition (DD); and (5) safety and adverse effects of liposomal bupivacaine (LB) in pediatric patients who underwent spinal deformity correction. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: LB is a long-acting, locally injectable anesthetic. Previous orthopedic studies investigating its use have been limited to adult patients. The use of LB as part of postoperative pain management in pediatric patients undergoing spine deformity correction surgery is yet to be evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 195 patients that received LB as part of their postoperative pain management regimen were compared with 128 patients who received standard pain management without LB. Pain intensity, opioid consumption, LOS, and DD were recorded. Potential LB-related complications were reported as frequencies and statistically compared for superiority. Noninferiority tests were performed using the Farrington-Manning score test. Multivariate tests based on generalized estimating equations were performed to determine the common and average treatment effects. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: The LB cohort demonstrated lower pain scores [postoperative day 1 (POD 1)-median=2, interquartile range (IQR)=(0-5) vs. 5 (2.5-7); POD 2-3 (0-5) vs. 4 (3-6); P<0.001], lower overall opioid consumption (78.2 vs. 129 morphine milligram equivalents; P=0.0001) and consistently from POD 0 to 3 (mean differences; 7.47, 9.04, 17.2, and 17.3 morphine milligram equivalents, respectively; P<0.01), shorter LOS (median=3 d, IQR=3-4 vs. 4 d, IQR=4-6; P<0.001), and similar to-home DD (98% vs. 97%). Complications were similar among the cohorts in superiority and 10% noninferiority analyses. Patients in the LB cohort had lower odds for complications (odds ratio=0.77; 95% CI, 0.64-0.93; P=0.009 and 0.67; 95% CI, 0.50-0.90; P=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of LB when added to the current multimodal postoperative pain management regimens after pediatric spinal surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

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Deep soft tissue defects after complicated primary or revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can be devastating to the patient and technically challenging. The purpose of this review was to (1) discuss different methods used to provide coverage for deep defects of the knee following TKA, as well as to (2) report on their success rates. A comprehensive literature search was performed. Reports were only included if they (1) were case series, (2) were level III studies or above (including retrospective cohort studies and meta-analyses), (3) were in English, and (4) discussed the outcome of graft or flap coverage of soft tissue defects after total knee arthroplasty. A total of 28 case series and four retrospective comparative studies were retrieved. In 16 studies, 195 out of 241 patients who received gastrocnemius flaps (81%) experienced successful outcomes. In seven studies including 84 patients that underwent fasciocutaneous flap coverage, over 90% of patients experienced successful outcomes. In the four studies examining 144 patients with delayed versus prophylactic soft tissue reconstruction, up to 81% of patients experienced a successful outcome. Various factors must be taken into consideration when assessing full-thickness defects over a TKA and collaboration between plastic and orthopaedic surgeons is required to select the optimal approach.

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Although the anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty has gained increasing utilization, some studies have suggested a higher risk of femoral complications, as well as difficulty with femoral exposure. Techniques of soft tissue releases have been described to offer better femoral exposure, and to help mitigate complications. The purpose of the study is to describe an algorithmic soft tissue femoral release in direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty and to assess the clinical outcomes of patients upon which this algorithm of femoral soft tissue releases was utilized. Clinical outcomes with the Harris Hip Score, reoperation rates, component survivorship, and complications were analyzed.

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BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent and debilitating condition for which a wide range of non-surgical treatment options are available. Although there is plethora of literature investigating their safety and efficacy, for many treatment modalities, a consensus has not yet been reached concerning efficacy. Therefore, it is essential for practitioners to understand the risks and benefits of the available treatments for the successful management of knee OA. This study explored the efficacy of non-surgical treatment options for knee OA including: (I) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); (II) weight loss; (III) intra-articular injections; (IV) physical therapy; and (V) bracing. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review of studies between 1995 and 2018 was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed and EBSCO Host. Searches were performed using the following terms: total knee arthroplasty (TKA); cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors; bracing; physical therapy; weight loss; knee; treatment; therapeutics; OA; intra-articular injection; hyaluronic acid; corticosteroid; and alternatives. The initial search yielded 7,882 reports from which 545 relevant studies were identified. After full-text analysis, 43 studies were included for this analysis. RESULTS: NSAIDs are most effective when used continuously and may be used in conjunction with other forms of treatment for knee OA as they have been shown to provide some pain relief as well as functional improvements. Weight loss is a safe and effective way to improve knee pain, function, and stiffness without adverse effects. However, it can be very challenging for obese patients with knee OA due to their limited mobility and lack of adherence to a low-calorie diet. Intra-articular injections have had mixed results, with findings from recent studies indicating long-term outcomes to be equivocal. Physical therapy leads to significant improvements in pain and function. Decreased compliance with physical therapy is thought to be due to high copayments, pain with activities, lacks of transportation, and high time commitments. Brace modalities have demonstrated significant pain and functional improvements and prolongations of the time to TKA. Additionally, they limit the need for other treatment modalities which are associated with greater risks. CONCLUSIONS: NSAIDs, weight loss, intraarticular injections, and physical therapy have all been shown to be effective non-surgical treatment options for knee OA. However, these options have some limitations, and are best when used in conjunction. Bracing for knee OA is a noninvasive, non-pharmacologic option which can significantly reduce pain and improve function with minimal adverse effects. Therefore, a combination of knee braces along with other non-operative modalities should be one mainstay of treatment in conjunction with other treatment modalities to reduce pain, improve function, stiffness, and mobility in knee OA.