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Apoptotic signal pathways are delivered to caspase-3, caspase-9, or both in different cells via the death receptor pathway, mitochondrial pathway, or by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathway through initiators of caspase-3, -8, -9, or -12. Tacrolimus (Tac)-induced apoptosis was characterized by nuclear fragmentation and caspase-3 activation. We examined the effect of tacrolimus on ER-derived calcium and caspase-3,-12-mediated apoptosis on Jurkat human T lymphocyte. Tac decreased the viability of Jurkat cells in a dose-dependent manner. Tac also increased continuously intracellular concentration of calcium from 24 hours to 72 hours. We did not find intracellular calcium changes on the treatment of calcium ionorpore (A23187) regardless of 1 nmol/L Tac concentration level. However, calcium adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor (thapsigargin) increased intracellular calcium accumulation and co-treating 1 nmol/L Tac further induced intracellular calcium accumulation. Interestingly, we found that 1 nmol/L Tac treatment induced activation of caspase-12 protease as well as the catalytic activity of caspase-3 but not catalytic activation of caspase-6, -8, and -9 proteases in Jurkat cells. These data advance our understanding of Tac-induced apoptosis is ER-derived calcium and caspases-3,-12- mediated apoptosis in human Jurkat cell line.

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BACKGROUND: FK506-induced apoptotic endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mediated stress protein expression was investigated in Jurkat human T-lymphocytes. METHODS: The effect of FK506 on apoptosis and cell viability were examined. FK506-induced apoptosis was confirmed by nuclear fragmentation after DAPI staining. Expression of apoptotic ER-mediated stress proteins was examined by means of Western blotting of Grp78/BiP, Grp94, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), phosphor-PERK, CHOP/GADD153, and Bak. A flow cytometry analysis was performed after DAF-DA or DCF-DA staining. FK506-induced apoptosis was dose-dependent (10 nmol/L) and time-dependent (72 hours). RESULTS: Grp78/BiP and Grp94 expressions were increased 36 hours after FK506 treatment. Increased phospho-PERK expression was observed 6 hours after FK506 treatment and peak activation of phospho-PERK was observed at 36 hours. CHOP/GADD153 expression was increased 48 hours after FK506 treatment. Expression of iNOS after FK506 treatment began to increase at 12 hours, peaked at 24 hours, and decreased after 36 hours. CONCLUSIONS: From these results, we confirmed that FK506 induces apoptosis and acts dose- and time-dependently to decrease the viability of Jurkat cells through activation of apoptosis signaling and expression of apoptotic ER-mediated stress proteins.

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BACKGROUND: We investigated the effect of FK506 in transcriptional activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like2 (Nrf2) in human Jurkat T cells. METHODS: FK506 treatment increased the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in Jurkat cells in a dose-dependent manner. Generation of nitric oxide was also increased after treatment with FK506 in Jurkat cells. Peak levels of endothelial nitricoxide synthase expression occurred at 24 hours and then decreased after 48 hours. RESULTS: We found that a marked dissociation of Nrf 2 from Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 and subsequently Nrf 2 nuclear translocation occurred in Jurkat cells treated with FK506 during 48 hours. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis data revealed that the FK506 treatment increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in Jurkat cells in a dose-dependent manner. HO-1 expression was induced after 6 hours of treatment of FK506 to Jurkat cells, peaked at 24 hours, and then decreased after 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that FK506 induces Nrf 2-driven transcriptional activation of the antioxidant response element by activating HO-1 and free radicals such as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide.

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PURPOSE: A national organ transplant registry is an indispensable organizational requirement for patient care, research, and planning. Even though the Korean Network for Organ Sharing (KONOS) has established a database for a waiting list, organ allocation, and incidence of organ transplantation since 2000, an integrated registry including post-transplantation data is needed for better understanding of organ transplantation. Recently, the Korean Society for Transplantation (KST) and the Korean Center for Disease Control (KCDC) designed a web-based organ transplant registry, named the Korean Organ Transplant Registry (KOTRY). As an initial project of KOTRY, we retrospectively analyzed kidney transplantations (KTs) performed in 2009 and 2010. METHODS: A total of 2292 KTs (91.9%) from 46 hospitals (80.7%) were collected and analyzed. Ninety-five elements related to KT were selected and analyzed. RESULTS: Proportions of male recipients and retransplantations were 58.4% and 7.1%, respectively. Even though glomerulonephritis was the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (28.4%), the number of diabetic nephropathy cases was increasing. The living donor (LD) to deceased donor (DD) ratio was 1.69:1. Because of a serious organ shortage in Korea, DD kidneys with a low initial estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <45 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (21.2%) and expanded criteria donors (ECDs; 18.3%) are frequently used. Other noticeable findings are the increasing number of wife donors and ABO-incompatible (ABOi) transplants for O(+) recipients. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological profile of transplantation is different from country to country. The number of organ transplantations in East Asian countries is rapidly growing, however, there are few epidemiological data about this region in the literature. With the establishment of KOTRY, it was possible to present the first nationwide epidemiological data of Korean KTs.

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Tacrolimus (FK506) has been widely used as an immunosuppressant. We examined the effects of FK506 on expression of apoptotic signal transduction pathway proteins of Jurkat human T lymphocytes. We investigated the effects of FK506 on apoptosis, cell viability, caspase family protein activity, Western blotts of Bcl-2, Bak, Fas, Fas-L, CDK4, and cyclin D1, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial membrane potential transition. Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of FK506. Flow cytometric analysis was performed after staining with propidium iodide. Viability of Jurkat cells was decreased by the addition of FK506 in dose- and time- dependent manner. FK506-induced cytotoxicity was characterized by G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest. FK506-induced cell death was confirmed by apoptosis characterized by nuclear fragmentation and caspase-3 protease activation. FK506 induced no change in catalytic activity of caspase-6, -8, and -9 proteases. No change in expression of Bcl-2 protein was noted but we confirmed increased expression of Bak protein. No changes of expressions of Fas and Fas-L were seen. Increased expressions of CDK4 and cyclin D1 were identified. In addition, pharmacological scavenging study of ROS, including H2O2, revealed that cytotoxicity was achieved by generation of ROS, which might modulate Bak protein expression and mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, FK506-induced cell death was apoptotic, characterized by nuclear fragmentation and caspase-3 activation. FK506 induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest via expression of CDK4 and cyclin D1. Apoptosis was also achieved by generation of H2O2, which modulated Bak protein expression and mitochondrial dysfunction.

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We examined the effects of rapamycin on activation, proliferation, and expression of cytotoxic effector molecules in Molt-4 human T lymphocytes. We investigated the effects of rapamycin on cell viability, caspase family protein activities. Western blots of Bcl-2, Bak, p53, p21, p27, Rb, CDK2, and cyclin B1, as well as measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial membrane potential transition. Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of rapamycin. Flow cytometric analysis was performed using propidium iodide stain. Viability of Molt-4 cells was decreased by the addition of rapamycin in dose- and time-dependent manners. Rapamycin induced no nuclear fragmentation in Molt-4 cells. Generation of H2O2 in rapamycin-treated Molt-4 cells increased in a time-dependent manner. There were no changes among catalytic activities of caspase proteases. And there was no evidence of expression of Bcl-2, p53, p21, p27, or Rb proteins. G2/M phase cell cycle arrest was identified by flow cytometry. We noted decreased expressions of CDK2 and cyclin B1. We also noted increased Bak protein expression and change in mitochondrial membrane potential transition. In conclusion, rapamycin-induced cytotoxicity was characterized by generation of ROS, which modulated Bak protein expression and mitochondrial dysfunction. G2/M phase cell cycle arrest was achieved by decreased expressions of CDK2 and cyclin B1.

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This quasi-experimental study attempted to show that nursing intervention using the DanJeon Breathing Exercise Program (DJBEP) improved the quality of life of recipients after kidney transplantation. DJBEP progressed in three steps. We prospectively included 29 outpatient volunteers: experimental group: n = 15; control group: n = 14. DJBEP derived from the Roy's adaptation model decreased both the stress and the uncertainty of kidney transplantation recipients. It has also been shown to restore serum cholesterol and serum creatinine levels and enhance strength and flexibility. Simultaneously, self-esteem was enhanced, and eventually adaptation was promoted both physiologically and psychologically. The quality of life of kidney transplantation recipients was enhanced. DJBEP played an effective role as a nursing intervention to promote the quality of life of kidney transplant patients by increasing their physiological and psychological status.

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Mizoribine (MZR), an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, which depletes cellular guanadine triphosphate, is an immunosuppressive drug. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanism by which MZR exerts cytotoxic effects on human Jurkat T cells. Our study showed that MZR-induced apoptotic death of human Jurkat T cells is dose-dependent and time-dependent, as revealed by chromatin condensation and H2AX phosphorylation. Furthermore, MZR increased the catalytic activity of caspase family cysteine proteases, including caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, in human Jurkat T cells. In conclusion, MZR induces the apoptotic death of human Jurkat T cells via activation of caspase family proteases as well as by mitochondrial dysfunction.

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