RESUMEN
Reservoir computing (RC) system is based upon the reservoir layer, which non-linearly transforms input signals into high-dimensional states, facilitating simple training in the readout layer-a linear neural network. These layers require different types of devices-the former demonstrated as diffusive memristors and the latter prepared as drift memristors. The integration of these components can increase the structural complexity of RC system. Here, a reconfigurable resistive switching memory (RSM) capable of implementing both diffusive and drift dynamics is demonstrated. This reconfigurability is achieved by preparing a medium with a 3D ion transport channel (ITC), enabling precise control of the metal filament that determines memristor operation. The 3D ITC-RSM operates in a volatile threshold switching (TS) mode under a weak electric field and exhibits short-term dynamics that are confirmed to be applicable as reservoir elements in RC systems. Meanwhile, the 3D ITC-RSM operates in a non-volatile bipolar switching (BS) mode under a strong electric field, and the conductance modulation metrics forming the basis of synaptic weight update are validated, which can be utilized as readout elements in the readout layer. Finally, an RC system is designed for the application of reconfigurable 3D ITC-RSM, and performs real-time recognition on Morse code datasets.
RESUMEN
Collagen-peptide supplementation could be an effective remedy to improve hydration, elasticity, and wrinkling in human skin. The aim of this study was to conduct a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to clinically evaluate the effect on human skin hydration, wrinkling, and elasticity of Low-molecular-weight Collagen peptide (LMWCP) with a tripetide (Gly-X-Y) content >15% including 3% Gly-Pro-Hyp. Individuals (n = 64) were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or 1000 mg of LMWCP once daily for 12 weeks. Parameters of skin hydration, wrinkling, and elasticity were assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks and 12 weeks. Compared with the placebo group, skin-hydration values were significantly higher in the LMWCP group after 6 weeks and 12 weeks. After 12 weeks in the LMWCP group, visual assessment score and three parameters of skin wrinkling were significantly improved compared with the placebo group. In case of skin elasticity, one parameter out of three was significantly improved in the LMWCP group from the baseline after 12 weeks, while, compared with the placebo group, two parameters out of three in the LMWCP group were higher with significance after 12 weeks. In terms of the safety of LMWCP, none of the subjects presented adverse symptoms related to the test material during the study period. These results suggest that LMWCP can be used as a health functional food ingredient to improve human skin hydration, elasticity, and wrinkling.
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Colágeno Tipo I/administración & dosificación , Suplementos Dietéticos , Oligopéptidos/administración & dosificación , Fragmentos de Péptidos/administración & dosificación , Hidrolisados de Proteína/administración & dosificación , Envejecimiento de la Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Administración Oral , Adulto , Colágeno Tipo I/efectos adversos , Suplementos Dietéticos/efectos adversos , Método Doble Ciego , Elasticidad , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Peso Molecular , Oligopéptidos/efectos adversos , Fragmentos de Péptidos/efectos adversos , Hidrolisados de Proteína/efectos adversos , Piel/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Agua/metabolismoRESUMEN
Obesity predisposes animals towards the metabolic syndrome and diseases such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Spirulina maxima is a microalga with anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective activities, but the anti-obesity effect of Spirulina maxima 70% ethanol extract (SM70EE) has not yet been fully established. We investigated the effect of SM70EE on adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and browning using in vitro and in vivo obesity models. SM70EE treatment reduced lipid droplet accumulation by the oil red O staining method and downregulated the adipogenic proteins C/EBPα, PPARγ, and aP2, and the lipogenic proteins SREBP1, ACC, FAS, LPAATß, Lipin1, and DGAT1 by western blot analysis. In addition, the index components of SM70EE, chlorophyll a, and C-phycocyanin, reduced adipogenesis and lipogenesis protein levels in 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 cells. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice administered with SM70EE demonstrated smaller adipose depots and lower blood lipid concentrations than control HFD-fed mice. The lower body mass gain in treated SM70EE-administrated mice was associated with lower protein expression of adipogenesis factors and higher expression of AMPKα-induced adipose browning proteins PRDM16, PGC1α, and UCP1. SM70EE administration ameliorates obesity, likely by reducing adipogenesis and activating the thermogenic program, in 3T3-L1 cells and HFD-induced obese mice.
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Adipocitos Marrones/efectos de los fármacos , Adipocitos Blancos/efectos de los fármacos , Adipogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Adiposidad/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Antiobesidad/farmacología , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Obesidad/prevención & control , Spirulina/química , Células 3T3-L1 , Adipocitos Marrones/metabolismo , Adipocitos Marrones/patología , Adipocitos Blancos/metabolismo , Adipocitos Blancos/patología , Animales , Fármacos Antiobesidad/aislamiento & purificación , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Gotas Lipídicas/efectos de los fármacos , Gotas Lipídicas/metabolismo , Gotas Lipídicas/patología , Lípidos/sangre , Lipogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Obesidad/sangre , Obesidad/patología , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Termogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Tiempo , Aumento de Peso/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Spirulina maxima is a blue-green micro alga that contains abundant amounts of proteins (60-70%), vitamins, chlorophyll a, and C-phycocyanin (C-PC). It has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, and prevent diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, it is unclear whether Spirulina maxima 70% ethanol extract (SM70EE), chlorophyll a, and C-PC prevent Aß1-42-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SM70EE, chlorophyll a, and C-PC prevent Aß1-42-induced cell death. SM70EE, chlorophyll a, and C-PC suppressed the Aß1-42-induced increase in poly-ADP ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage and reduced Aß1-42-induced decreases in glutathione and its associated factors. The level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which plays a critical role in neuronal survival and neuroprotection, was increased by SM70EE, chlorophyll a, and C-PC in Aß1-42-treated cells. SM70EE treatment decreased oxidative stress and cell death in response to Aß1-42 treatment, while simultaneously suppressing PARP cleavage and increasing the levels of glutathione (GSH) and its associated factors. Moreover, SM70EE lowered the levels of APP and BACE1, two major factors involved in APP processing, and increased BDNF expression during Aß1-42-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. We suggest that SM70EE prevents cell death caused by Aß1-42 -induced neurotoxicity via the activation of BDNF signaling.
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Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/toxicidad , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/metabolismo , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Fragmentos de Péptidos/metabolismo , Fragmentos de Péptidos/toxicidad , Spirulina/química , Animales , Estrés Oxidativo , Células PC12 , Ficocianina/administración & dosificación , Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasa-1/metabolismo , Ratas , Sesquiterpenos/administración & dosificación , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Gelidium elegans extract (GEE) is derived from a red alga from the Asia-Pacific region, which has antioxidant, anti-adipogenic, and anti-hyperglycemic effects. However, detailed studies of the toxicology of GEE have not been performed. We evaluated the single oral dose toxicity of GEE in male and female Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats. GEE did not cause deaths or have toxic effects at dosages of 5000 mg/kg/day, although compound-colored stools and diarrhea were observed in both sexes, which lasted <2 days. Therefore, the LD50 of GEE is likely to be >5000 mg/kg. We next evaluated the repeated oral dose toxicity of GEE in CD rats over 14 days and 13 weeks. GEE did not induce any significant toxicological changes in either sex at 2000 mg/kg/day. Repeated oral dose toxicity studies showed no adverse effects, in terms of clinical signs, mortality, body mass, food consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy, organ masses, or histopathology, at dosages of 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg/day. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for GEE is thus likely to be >2000 mg/kg/day, and no pathology was identified in potential target organs. Therefore, this study indicates that repeated oral dosing with GEE is safe in CD rats.
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Mezclas Complejas/toxicidad , Rhodophyta/química , Administración Oral , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Mezclas Complejas/administración & dosificación , Mezclas Complejas/aislamiento & purificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Conducta Alimentaria/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Masculino , Nivel sin Efectos Adversos Observados , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , UrinálisisRESUMEN
Gelidium elegans, a red alga native to the Asia Pacific region, contains biologically active polyphenols. We conducted a molecular biological study of the anti-diabetic effect of Gelidium elegans extract (GEE) in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. Mice that had been administered GEE had significantly lower body mass, water consumption, and fasting blood glucose than db/db controls. Moreover, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), an indicator of the glycemic status of people with diabetes, was significantly lower in mice that had been administered GEE. We also found that 200 mg/kg/day GEE upregulates the insulin signaling pathway by activating insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and increasing the expression of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4). In parallel, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity was lower in GEE-treated groups. In summary, these findings indicate that GEE regulates glucose metabolism by activating the insulin signaling pathway and downregulating the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevención & control , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Rhodophyta , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Biomarcadores/sangre , Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/enzimología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 4/metabolismo , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Hipoglucemiantes/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Sustrato del Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Fosforilación , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Rhodophyta/química , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Spirulina maxima, a microalga containing high levels of protein and many polyphenols, including chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects. However, the mechanisms where by Spirulina maxima ameliorates cognitive disorders induced by amyloid-ß 1-42 (Aß1-42) are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated whether a 70% ethanol extract of Spirulina maxima (SM70EE) ameliorated cognitive impairments induced by an intracerebroventricular injection of Aß1-42 in mice. SM70EE increased the step-through latency time in the passive avoidance test and decreased the escape latency time in the Morris water maze test in Aß1-42-injected mice. SM70EE reduced hippocampal Aß1-42 levels and inhibited amyloid precursor protein processing-associated factors in Aß1-42-injected mice. Additionally, acetylcholinesterase activity was suppressed by SM70EE in Aß1-42-injected mice. Hippocampal glutathione levels were examined to determine the effects of SM70EE on oxidative stress in Aß1-42-injected mice. SM70EE increased the levels of glutathione and its associated factors that were reduced in Aß1-42-injected mice. SM70EE also promoted activation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/serine/threonine protein kinase signaling pathway and inhibited glycogen synthase kinase-3ß phosphorylation. These findings suggested that SM70EE ameliorated Aß1-42-induced cognitive impairments by inhibiting the increased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3ß caused by intracerebroventricular injection of Aß1-42 in mice.
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Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/metabolismo , Aprendizaje por Laberinto , Trastornos de la Memoria/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Spirulina/química , Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/administración & dosificación , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/toxicidad , Animales , Glutatión/metabolismo , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Inyecciones Intraventriculares , Masculino , Trastornos de la Memoria/etiología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Fragmentos de Péptidos/administración & dosificación , Fragmentos de Péptidos/toxicidad , Fosforilación , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Procesamiento Proteico-PostraduccionalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pterostilbene is a stilbenoid and major compound and has diverse biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory. However, it has not been shown whether pterostilbene affects the mitotic clonal expansion during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. PURPOSE: In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the detailed mechanism of pterostilbene on anti-adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. METHODS: Preadipocytes were converted to adipocytes through treatment with MDI (IBMX; 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, DEX; dexamethasone, insulin) in 3T3-L1 cells. Oil Red O staining was performed to measure intracellular lipid accumulation. Western blot analysis was conducted to analyze protein expressions. RESULTS: Our results showed that pterostilbene decreased the lipid accumulation compared to MDI-induced differentiation, using Oil Red O staining. Next, we found that pterostilbene suppressed the expression of C/EBPα, PPARγ, and aP2 as well as the mitotic clonal expansion-associated proteins CHOP10 and C/EBPß, by western blot analysis. Our results indicated that pterostilbene may repress adipocyte differentiation through the activation of HO-1 expression prior to entering into the mitotic clonal expansion in 3T3-L1 cells. RNA interference was used to determine whether HO-1 acts as a regulator of CHOP10. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that pterostilbene induced HO-1 expression which acts as a regulator of CHOP10. Together, we demonstrated that pterostilbene suppresses the initiation of mitotic clonal expansion via up-regulation of HO-1 expression during adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells.
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Adipocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Adipogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Hemo-Oxigenasa 1/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Estilbenos/farmacología , Células 3T3-L1 , Adipocitos/citología , Animales , Proteína alfa Potenciadora de Unión a CCAAT/metabolismo , Proteína beta Potenciadora de Unión a CCAAT/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular , Ratones , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción CHOP/metabolismo , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Medication use in older people has been increasing as the incidence of chronic diseases increases worldwide. The objective of this study was to assess potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) and potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) to improve the rational use of medications in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this large, cross-sectional study, data on older people from a regional community obtained during health examinations in 2013 - 2014 were analyzed. Demographic and medication information were collected. We evaluated PIM use in older people by analyzing medication data. The most common PIMs and pDDIs are presented. RESULTS: Among 864 older people, 145 (16.8%) had at least 1 PIM. 41 patients (4.7%) were prescribed more than 2 PIMs, with a mean PIM number of 1.34 per patient. The most commonly prescribed PIMs were alprazolam (12.6%), followed by diazepam (9.4%), amitriptyline (7.9%), meloxicam (7.3%), and nabumetone (5.2%). There were a total of 2,469 cases of pDDIs, with 236 cases (9.6%) of risk categories X and D. The most common pDDI was atorvastatin and diltiazem. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that PIM use and pDDIs were common in older people in the community setting, suggesting that optimal medication use and supportive interventions are necessary in this population.
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Interacciones Farmacológicas , Prescripción Inadecuada/estadística & datos numéricos , Lista de Medicamentos Potencialmente Inapropiados/estadística & datos numéricos , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedad Crónica , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , República de Corea , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Spirulina maxima is a microalgae which contains flavonoids and other polyphenols. Although Spirulina maxima 70% ethanol extract (SM70EE) has diverse beneficial effects, its effects on neurotoxicity have not been fully understood. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of SM70EE against trimethyltin (TMT)-induced neurotoxicity in HT-22 cells. SM70EE inhibited the cleavage of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Besides, ROS production was decreased by down-regulating oxidative stress-associated enzymes. SM70EE increased the factors of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/cyclic AMPresponsive elementbinding protein (CREB) signalling pathways. Additionally, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was suppressed by SM70EE. Furthermore, we investigated whether SM70EE prevents cognitive deficits against scopolamine-induced neurotoxicity in mice by applying behavioral tests. SM70EE increased step-through latency time and decreased the escape latency time. Therefore, our data suggest that SM70EE may prevent TMT neurotoxicity through promoting activation of BDNF/CREB neuroprotective signaling pathways in neuronal cells. In vivo study, SM70EE would prevent cognitive deficits against scopolamine-induced neurotoxicity in mice.
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Extractos Celulares/química , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Síndromes de Neurotoxicidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Spirulina/química , Animales , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/genética , Proteína de Unión a CREB/genética , Extractos Celulares/farmacología , Línea Celular , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Ratones , Neuronas/patología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Síndromes de Neurotoxicidad/patología , Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasas/genética , Polifenoles/química , Polifenoles/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Ferulic acid (FA) is phenolic compound found in fruits. Many studies have reported that FA has diverse therapeutic effects against metabolic diseases. However, the mechanism by which FA modulates adipogenesis via the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) implicated in suppression of adipocyte differentiation is not fully understood. We investigated whether HO-1 can be activated by FA and suppress adipogenic factors in 3T3-L1. Our results showed that FA suppresses triglyceride-synthesizing enzymes, fatty acid synthase (FASN) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). We observed that the expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) were suppressed by FA. In addition, HO-1 inhibitor stimulated lipid accumulation, while FA attenuated lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 treated with HO-1 inhibitor. We also observed that the expression of HO-1 had the same tendency as C/EBP homologous protein 10 (CHOP10) during the mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) of adipogenesis. We next employed siRNA against HO-1 to clarify whether HO-1 regulates CHOP10. The results indicated that CHOP10 is downstream of HO-1. Furthermore, FA-mediated HO-1/CHOP10 axis activation prevented the initiation of MCE. Therefore, we demonstrated that FA is a positive regulator of HO-1 in 3T3-L1, and may be an effective bioactive compound to reduce adipocyte tissue mass.
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Adipocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos Cumáricos/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Hemo-Oxigenasa 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Células 3T3-L1 , Adipocitos/citología , Adipocitos/metabolismo , Animales , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , RatonesRESUMEN
The incidence of obesity is rising at an alarming rate throughout the world and is becoming a major public health concern with incalculable social and economic costs. Gelidium elegans (GENS), also previously known as Gelidium amansii, has been shown to exhibit anti-obesity effects. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which GENS is able to do this remains unclear. In the present study, our results showed that GENS prevents high-fat diet (HFD)-induced weight gain through modulation of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-PR domain-containing16 (PRDM16)-uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) pathway in a mice model. We also found that GENS decreased hyperglycemia in mice that had been fed a HFD compared to corresponding controls. We also assessed the beneficial effect of the combined treatment with GENS and orlistat (a Food and Drug Administration-approved obesity drug) on obesity characteristics in HFD-fed mice. We found that in HFD-fed mice, the combination of GENS and orlistat is associated with more significant weight loss than orlistat treatment alone. Moreover, our results demonstrated a positive synergistic effect of GENS and orlistat on hyperglycemia and plasma triglyceride level in these animals. Thus, we suggest that a combination therapy of GENS and orlistat may positively influence obesity-related health outcomes in a diet-induced obese population.
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Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Fármacos Antiobesidad/farmacología , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Lactonas/farmacología , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Rhodophyta/química , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Proteína Desacopladora 1/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/genética , Adiposidad/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Glucemia/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Insulina/sangre , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Orlistat , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Transducción de Señal , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Proteína Desacopladora 1/genética , Aumento de PesoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ginsenoside Rg1 is a class of steroid glycoside and triterpene saponin in Panax ginseng. Many studies suggest that Rg1 suppresses adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1. However, the detail molecular mechanism of Rg1 on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 is still not fully understood. METHODS: 3T3-L1 preadipocyte was used to evaluate the effect of Rg1 on adipocyte development in the differentiation in a stage-dependent manner in vitro. Oil Red O staining and Nile red staining were conducted to measure intracellular lipid accumulation and superoxide production, respectively. We analyzed the protein expression using Western blot in vitro. The zebrafish model was used to investigate whether Rg1 suppresses the early stage of fat accumulation in vivo. RESULTS: Rg1 decreased lipid accumulation in early-stage differentiation of 3T3-L1 compared with intermediate and later stages of adipocyte differentiation. Rg1 dramatically increased CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein-10 (CHOP10) and subsequently reduced the C/EBPß transcriptional activity that prohibited the initiation of adipogenic marker expression as well as triglyceride synthase. Rg1 decreased the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and glycogen synthase kinase 3ß, which are also essential for stimulating the expression of CEBPß. Rg1 also reduced reactive oxygen species production because of the downregulated protein level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) oxidase 4 (NOX4). While Rg1 increased the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, it also dramatically decreased the accumulation of lipid and triglyceride in high fat diet-induced obese zebrafish. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that Rg1 suppresses early-stage differentiation via the activation of CHOP10 and attenuates fat accumulation in vivo. These results indicate that Rg1 might have the potential to reduce body fat accumulation in the early stage of obesity.
RESUMEN
The present study was performed to investigate the molecular mechanism of 6-gingerol on adipocyte-mediated systemic inflammation in vitro and in high-fat diet-induced obese zebra fish. 6-Gingerol decreased adipogenesis due to the suppression of adipocyte differentiation markers, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, CCAATT enhancer binding protein α, and adipocyte protein 2, and triglyceride synthesis enzymes, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, fatty acid synthase, lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, and acyl-coAâ:âdiacylglycerol acyltransferase 1, in 3T3-L1. A coculture insert system using 3T3-L1 with RAW 264.7 (coculture insert system using fully differentiated 3T3-L1 cells with RAW 264.7 macrophages) revealed that 6-gingerol increased anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. The expression of TNFα, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, interleukin-1ß, and interleukin-6 were decreased in the coculture insert system using fully differentiated 3T3-L1 cells with RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with 6-gingerol. Moreover, the coculture insert system using fully differentiated 3T3-L1 cells with RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with 6-gingerol inhibited the protein expression of TNFα and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in RAW 264.7. 6-Gingerol decreased c-JUN N-terminal kinase and I kappa B kinase beta and its downstream target AP-1 expression in the coculture insert system using fully differentiated 3T3-L1 cells with RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, 6-gingerol decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase stimulated by the coculture insert system using fully differentiated 3T3-L1 cells with RAW 264.7 macrophages in RAW 264.7 and attenuated nitric oxide production in diet-induced obese zebra fish. Our results suggest that 6-gingerol suppresses inflammation through the regulation of the c-JUN N-terminal kinase-I kappa B kinase beta and its downstream targets.