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Honeybees play a crucial role as agricultural pollinators and are frequently exposed to various pollutants, including pesticides. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin (LCY) and spinetoram (SPI) in honey bee larvae reared in vitro through single (acute) and repeated (chronic) exposure. The acute LD50 values for LCY and SPI were 0.058 (0.051-0.066) and 0.026 (0.01-0.045) µg a.i./larva, respectively. In chronic exposure, the LD50 values of LCY and SPI were 0.040 (0.033-0.046) and 0.017 (0.014-0.019) µg a.i./larva, respectively. The chronic no-observed-effect dose of LCY and SPI was 0.0125 µg a.i./larva. Adult deformation rates exceeded 30% in all LCY treatment groups, showing statistically significant differences compared to the solvent control group (SCG). Similarly, SPI-treated bees exhibited significantly more deformities than SCG. Furthermore, we examined the activities of several enzymes, namely, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in larvae, pupae, and newly emerged bees after chronic exposure at the larval stage (honey bee larval chronic LD50, LD50/10 (1/10th of LD50), and LD50/20 (1/20th of LD50)). LCY and SPI induced significant changes in detoxification (GST), antioxidative (SOD and CAT), and signaling enzymes (AChE) during the developmental stages (larvae, pupae, and adults) of honey bees at sublethal and residue levels. Our results indicate that LCY and SPI may affect the development of honey bees and alter the activity of enzymes associated with oxidative stress, detoxification, and neurotransmission. These results highlight the potential risks that LCY and SPI may pose to the health and normal development of honey bees.

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Electrophysiology, exploring vital electrical phenomena in living organisms, anticipates broader integration into daily life through wearable devices and epidermal electrodes. However, addressing the challenges of the electrode durability and motion artifacts is essential to enable continuous and long-term biopotential signal monitoring, presenting a hurdle for its seamless implementation in daily life. To address these challenges, an ultrathin polymeric conductive adhesive, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate)/polyvinyl alcohol/d-sorbitol (PPd) electrode with enhanced adhesion, stretchability, and skin conformability, is presented. The skin conformability and stability of electrodes is designed by theoretical criteria obtained by mechanical analysis. Thus, impedance stability is obtained over 1-week of daily life, and the PPd electrode addresses the challenges related to durability during prolonged usage. Proving stability in electromyography (EMG) signals during high-intensity exercise, the wireless PPd measurement system exhibits high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) signals even in situations involving significant and repetitive skin deformation. Throughout continuous 1 week-long electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring in daily life, the system consistently preserves signal quality, underscoring the heightened durability and applicability of the PPd measurement system.

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Etridiazole (EDZ) is a thiadiazole-containing fungicide commonly used to control Pythium and Phytophthora spp. Although previous studies have shown that EDZ is teratogenic, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying its toxicity remain unknown. In this study, a zebrafish (Danio rerio; ZF) model was used to explore the molecular pathways associated with EDZ toxicity. The whole transcriptome of ZF embryos exposed to 96 h of EDZ was analyzed, along with developmental abnormalities. EDZ-induced malformations were primarily related to the eyes, heart, and growth of the ZF. Compared to untreated ZF, etridiazole-treated ZF had 2882 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), consisting of 1651 downregulated genes and 1231 upregulated genes. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were involved in biological processes, such as sensory perception, visual perception, sensory organ development, and visual system development, and showed transmembrane transporter and peptidase regulator activities. Metabolism, phototransduction, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, MAPK signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, and vascular smooth muscle contraction were among the most enriched KEGG pathways. The qPCR analyses of the eight random genes were in good agreement with the transcriptome data. These results suggest several putative mechanisms underlying EDZ-induced developmental deformities in ZF.

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Thiram, a dithiocarbamate fungicide, is used for the treatment of various fungal infections affecting crops and ornamentals. However, thiram-associated toxicity has been reported in animals, including fish, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Herein, we employed zebrafish (ZF) to gain further insights into thiram toxicity-associated molecular mechanisms. We studied developmental abnormalities and performed whole-transcriptome analysis of ZF embryos exposed to thiram for 96 h. Embryos exposed to 4.0 µg/L thiram exhibited several phenotypic abnormalities, including bradycardia, spinal curvature, hatching arrest, and growth retardation. Whole-transcriptome analysis revealed 1754 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 512 upregulated and 1242 downregulated DEGs. The majority of biological processes affected by thiram were metabolic. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis yielded terms related to reproduction, such as steroid biosynthesis and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction validation results were in line with sequencing data for ten DEGs. The study results improve our current understanding of the effects of thiram exposure in ZF.

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The association between physical activity and telomere length (TL) has been continuously reported. However, the interplay of physical activity and TL among women with breast cancer has not been elucidated. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the evidence for the association of physical activity with TL in women with breast cancer. Systematic searches were conducted to identify quantified studies using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Clinical Trials.gov. Five studies were included in this systematic review. Three of the five studies reported that physical activity has a significant relationship in delaying TL shortening, but others observed no association between physical activity and TL in breast cancer survivors. Although the heterogeneous studies acted as limitations in drawing clear conclusions, physical activity strategies show encouraging impacts in delaying TL shortening. To understand the effects of physical activity on TL shortening in breast cancer survivors, further studies are needed considering the tissue site, treatments for breast cancer, DNA extraction methods, and tools for measuring physical activity.

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Background: Skeletal muscle mass (SM) and physical activity (PA) are major modifiable factors that can moderate and prevent the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the joint association between SM and PA guidelines in MetS remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to examine the relationship between SM and PA with MetS among Korean adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 18,090 adults from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2011. We used the value of appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by body mass index as SM. We decided on the PA guidelines using the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines. After adjusting for confounding factors, we performed logistic regression analysis to calculate the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of MetS associated with SM and PA guidelines. Results: Participants from the highest SM quartile showed a decreased MetS risk of 58%-75%. Those who met both aerobic and resistance exercise guidelines were more likely to have lower MetS risk than those who neither. In addition, even with the same PA guideline status, participants with the highest muscle mass decreased MetS risk by 29%-81% compared with participants with the lowest muscle mass. Conclusions: Our results showed that increased SM and meeting PA guidelines are significantly associated with a decreased risk of MetS. To prevent MetS, customized strategies are needed for improving muscle mass and PA according to age and gender.

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Despite having revolutionized the management of multiple types of gynecologic cancers laparoscopy and robotic surgery have had limited utility in ovarian cancer until recently. The development in medical technology allows surgeons to perform minimally invasive surgery (MIS) not only in early ovarian cancer, but also in advanced ovarian cancer. Thus far, most prospective studies showed feasible results of MIS in ovarian cancer. Even with many proven advantages of the MIS, there is no concrete evidence of the disparity in survival rate between laparoscopic, robotic surgery and laparotomy surgery. We reviewed the results of MIS in ovarian cancer thus far and suggest how the gynecologists can apply MIS in ovarian cancer in the future. Until the further prospective studies show solid evidence of safety in the MIS in ovarian cancer, comprehensive discussion about the benefits and risk with the patient and the level of surgical skill of the gynecologist should be considered in determining the type of surgery.

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OBJECTIVE: This study will provide to better understand the needs for physiotherapy services during the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games (POG) from two polyclinics. It is necessary to understand the needs and what physiotherapists do during the Olympic Winter games for first time. DESIGN: An observational study. SETTING: 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games. PARTICIPANTS: Athletes who visited the physiotherapy department of polyclinics. RESULTS: During 25 the days of the POG, a total of 125 athletes (n = 125, 83 males, 42 females) visited the two polyclinics. Of all visits, 69.6% were from the mountain polyclinic and 30.4% from the city. There were three reasons for visit, most of the reason for visit was injury and injury with recovery or injury prevention. Overall, the injury rate (per 1000 athletes) was 42.8 across 13 sports visited the physiotherapy department during the POG. Total numbers of treatments sessions were 823 provided and electrophysical modalities (36.2%) was the most utilized service in POG. And also there were significant differences in the physiotherapy services provided at the two polyclinics. CONCLUSION: As each polyclinic differed in location, they addressed different populations of athletes; hence, the study provides insights into the injury trends and different physiotherapy treatments.

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Agmatine-containing bioreducible polymer, poly(cystaminebis(acrylamide)-agmatine) (poly(CBA-AG)) was synthesized for gene delivery systems. It could form 200-300 nm sized and positively charged polyplexes with pDNA, which could release pDNA in reducing the environment due to the internal disulfide bonds cleavage. Poly(CBA-AG) also showed a spontaneous degradation behavior in aqueous condition in contrast to the backbone polymer, poly(cystaminebis(acrylamide)-diaminobutane) (poly(CBA-DAB)) lacking guanidine moieties, probably due to the self-catalyzed hydrolysis of internal amide bonds by guanidine moieties. The cytotoxicity of poly(CBA-AG) was cell-dependent but minimal. Poly(CBA-AG) exhibited highly enhanced transfection efficiency in comparison with poly(CBA-DAB) and even higher transfection efficiency than PEI25k. However, cellular uptake efficiency of the polyplexes did not show positive correlation with the transfection efficiency. Confocal microscopy observation revealed that pDNA delivered by poly(CBA-AG) was strongly accumulated in cell nuclei. These results suggested that high transfection efficiency of poly(CBA-AG) may be derived from the efficient pDNA localization in cell nuclei by guanidine moieties and that the polyplexes dissociation via self-catalyzed hydrolysis as well as disulfide bonds cleavage in cytosol also may facilitate the transfection process. Finally, poly(CBA-AG)/pJDK-apoptin polyplex showed a high anticancer activity induced by apoptosis, demonstrating a potential of poly(CBA-AG) as a gene carrier for cancer gene therapy.

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Crosslinked bioreducible polypropylenimine-cystaminebisacrylamides (PPI-CBAs) were synthesized for gene delivery systems. They formed nano-sized polyplexes with high stability even in reducing condition probably due to the re-crosslinking. PPI-CBAs displayed high transfection efficiency comparable to PEI25k in serum condition. However, cytotoxicity increase, glutathione (GSH) decrease, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase were observed in cells with the elevation of PPI-CBAs concentration and crosslinking degree. These results suggest that the cytotoxicity of bioreducible polymers may be closely related with their structures and that reduction of GSH by degradation of re-crosslinked bioreducible polymers and the following increase of ROS may induce cytotoxicity by oxidative stress.

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