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PURPOSE: Adequate, robust vascular responses to passive and active movement represent two distinct components linked to normal, healthy cardiovascular function. Currently, limited research exists determining if these vascular responses are altered in premenopausal females (PMF) when compared across sex or menstrual cycle phase. METHODS: Vascular responses to passive leg movement (PLM) and handgrip (HG) exercise were assessed in PMF ( n = 21) and age-matched men ( n = 21). A subset of PMF subjects ( n = 11) completed both assessments during the early and late follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Microvascular function was assessed during PLM via changes in leg blood flow, and during HG exercise, via steady-state arm vascular conductance. Macrovascular (brachial artery [BA]) function was assessed during HG exercise via BA dilation responses as well as BA shear rate-dilation slopes. RESULTS: Leg microvascular function, determined by PLM, was not different between sexes or across menstrual cycle phase. However, arm microvascular function, demonstrated by arm vascular conductance, was lower in PMF compared with men at rest and during HG exercise. Macrovascular function was not different between sexes or across menstrual cycle phase. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified similar vascular function across sex and menstrual cycle phase seen in microvasculature of the leg and macrovascular (BA) of the arm. Although arm microvascular function was unaltered by menstrual cycle phase in PMF, it was revealed to be significantly lower when compared with age-matched men highlighting a sex difference in vascular/blood flow regulation during small muscle mass exercise.

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PURPOSE: Young non-Hispanic black (BL) males have displayed lower blood flow (BF) and vascular conductance (VC), but intact functional sympatholysis, during upper limb exercise when compared to non-Hispanic white (WH) males. This study sought to explore if similar differences were also present in the lower limbs. METHODS: Thirteen young BL males and thirteen WH males completed one visit comprised of rhythmic lower limb (plantar flexion) exercise as well as upper limb (handgrip) exercise for a limb-specific comparison. Limb BF, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and VC were evaluated at three submaximal workloads (8, 16, and 24 kg). To determine potential limb differences in functional sympatholysis, the impact of sympathetic nervous system activation (via cold-pressor test (CPT)) was evaluated at rest and during steady state exercise (30 % of maximal voluntary contraction) on a subsequent visit. RESULTS: MAP responses to lower and upper limb exercise were elevated in young BL males (vs WH males), resulting in significantly lower VC responses in the upper limb, but not the lower limb. Further, BL males, when compared to WH males, revealed no differences in functional sympatholysis, evident by similar responses in both the exercising leg and arm VC during CPT. CONCLUSION: The findings of the current study indicate that although elevated MAP responses were observed during both lower and upper limb exercise in young BL males, vascular conductance was only hindered in the upper limbs. This may potentially highlight enhanced compensatory mechanisms in the lower limb (vs upper limb) to maintain perfusion in young BL males.

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This study sought to determine if high sodium (HS) intake in salt resistant (SR) individuals attenuates upper limb arterial dilation in response to reactive (occlusion) and active (exercise) hyperemia, two stimuli with varying vasodilatory mechanisms, and the role of oxidative stress in this response. Ten young, SR participants (9 males, 1 female) consumed a 7-day HS (6,900 mg/day) and a 7-day recommended sodium intake (RI: 2,300 mg/day) diet in a randomized order. On the last day of each diet, brachial artery (BA) function was evaluated via reactive (RH-FMD: 5 min of cuff occlusion) and active [handgrip (HG) exercise] hyperemia after consumption of both placebo (PL) and antioxidants (AO). The HS diet significantly elevated sodium excretion (P < 0.05), but mean arterial blood pressure was unchanged. During the PL condition, the HS diet significantly reduced RH-FMD when compared with RI diet (P = 0.01), but this reduction was significantly restored (P = 0.01) when supplemented with AO (HS + PL: 5.9 ± 3.4; HS + AO: 8.2 ± 2.7; RI + PL: 8.9 ± 4.7; RI + AO: 7.0 ± 2.1%). BA shear-to-dilation slopes, evaluated across all HG exercise workloads, were not significantly different across sodium intervention or AO supplementation. In SR individuals, HS intake impaired BA function when assessed via RH-FMD, but was restored with acute AO consumption suggesting oxidative stress as a contributor to this dysfunction. However, exercise-induced BA dilation was unaltered, potentially implicating an inability of HS intake to influence the mechanisms responsible for effectively maintaining skeletal muscle perfusion during exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study examined if high sodium (HS) intake in salt resistant (SR) individuals attenuates brachial artery (BA) flow-mediated dilation in response to reactive (occlusion) and active (exercise) hyperemia. In SR individuals, HS intake impaired reactive hyperemia-induced BA dilation, but not exercise-induced BA dilation. This finding suggests that although brachial artery nitric oxide bioavailability may be reduced following HS intake, the redundant mechanisms associated with adequate upper limb blood flow regulation during exercise are maintained.

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OBJECTIVE: Chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) continues to be a devastating diagnosis. There is a national trend toward increased use of endovascular procedures with improved survival for the treatment of these patients. Our aim was to evaluate whether this trend has changed CMI patients' length of hospitalization and health care cost. METHODS: We identified all patients admitted for CMI from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2000 to 2014. Our primary end points included length of hospital stay (LOS) and cost of hospitalization (COH). Our secondary end points included mortality assessment of the CMI hospitalization. RESULTS: There were 15,475 patients admitted for CMI. The mean age of patients was 71 years, and 4022 (26.0%) were male. There were 10,920 (70.6%) patients treated endovascularly (ENDO) and 4555 (29.4%) patients treated in an open fashion (OPEN). Although a higher proportion of patients in the ENDO (43.3%) group vs OPEN (33.1%) had a Charlson Comorbidity Index score of ≥2 (P < .0001), they had a lower mortality rate (2.4% vs 8.7%; P < .0001), lower mean LOS (6.3 vs 14.0 days; P < .0001), and lower COH ($21,686 vs $42,974; P < .0001). After adjusting for clinical and hospital factors, OPEN continued to demonstrate higher mortality than ENDO (odds ratio, 7.2; 95% confidence interval, 4.9-10.6; P < .0001), longer LOS (mean, +9.7 days; P < .0001), and higher COH (mean, +$25,834; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of ENDO continues to rise nationally in the treatment of CMI patients. After adjusting for clinical and hospital factors, patients in the ENDO group tend to have lower in-hospital mortality of 2.4% and lower LOS by 10 days, and they incur a cost saving of >$25,000 compared with patients in the OPEN group. ENDO should be considered first line of therapy for patients with CMI.

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IMPORTANCE: Topical mupirocin therapy is used to treat symptomatic chronic sinusitis (CRS). However, the potential adverse impact of this therapy on the sinus microbiota has not been well quantified. OBJECTIVE: To determine changes in microbiologic culture results before and after topical mupirocin therapy in patients with CRS with medically and surgically refractory disease. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We performed a retrospective medical chart review for 22 consecutive adults evaluated and treated between January 1, 2012, and January 1, 2014, at an otolaryngology-rhinology clinic at a regional academic medical center. The patients were 14 men and 8 women, who had undergone functional endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS, and in whom sinus aspirate cultures were performed before and after topical mupirocin therapy for symptomatic disease. Analyses were performed in April 2014. EXPOSURES: Patients underwent treatment with saline sinus rinse, with the addition of mupirocin, for at least 1 week. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Bacterial isolates from sinus aspirate culture. RESULTS: The patients included 14 men and 8 women, 18 to 75 years old, who underwent a mean of 1.9 functional endoscopic sinus surgical procedures. The mean (range) duration of mupirocin therapy was 6 (2-12) weeks. Before mupirocin therapy, cultures from symptomatic patients (14 men and 8 women, ages 18-75 years) revealed common bacteria implicated in CRS, which are characteristically gram-positive. After mupirocin therapy, cultures from symptomatic patients shifted significantly: 19 were gram-positive vs 3 gram-negative before treatment; 9 were gram-positive vs 13 gram-negative after treatment (P = .004), with increased growth of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria and Corynebacterium. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These data present evidence supporting the distinct abrogation of culturable sinus bacteria after mupirocin rinses, identifying a shift toward increased pathogenic bacteria. Consideration of healthy host microbiome and immune dysfunction should guide future treatment considerations.

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OBJECTIVE: Although antiretroviral treatment (ART) has reduced the incidence of HIV-related opportunistic infections among children living with HIV, access to ART remains limited for children, especially in resource-limited settings. This paper reviews current knowledge on the contribution of opportunistic infections and common childhood illnesses to morbidity and mortality in children living with HIV, highlights interventions known to improve the health of children, and identifies research gaps for further exploration. DESIGN AND METHODS: Literature review of peer-reviewed articles and abstracts combined with expert opinion and operational experience. RESULTS: Morbidity and mortality due to opportunistic infections has decreased in both developed and resource-limited countries. However, the burden of HIV-related infections remains high, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where the majority of HIV-infected children live. Limitations in diagnostic capacity in resource-limited settings have resulted in a relative paucity of data on opportunistic infections in children. Additionally, the reliance on clinical diagnosis means that opportunistic infections are often confused with common childhood illnesseswhich also contribute to excess morbidity and mortality in these children. Although several preventive interventions have been shown to decrease opportunistic infection-related mortality, implementation of many of these interventions remains inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS: In order to reduce opportunistic infection-related mortality, early ART must be expanded, training for front-line clinicians must be improved, and additional research is needed to improve screening and diagnostic algorithms.

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Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) are biopolyesters reported to provide favorable microenvironments for cell culture and possess potential for tissue engineering applications. Both biopolymers have been investigated for applications in a variety of medical scenarios, including nerve and bone repair. This study investigated the influence these biomaterials exerted on cell cycle progression of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) commonly used in the engineering of nerve and bone tissues. Cell cycle regulation is important for cell survival; analysis revealed that the biomaterials induced significant cell cycle progression in both MSCs and OECs. Significantly higher percentages of cells were cycled at synthesis (S) phase of the cycle on PHBV films compared to PHB, with MSCs more susceptible than OECs. Furthermore, detection of early stages of apoptotic activation showed significant differences in the two cell populations exhibiting necrosis and apoptosis when cultivated on the biomaterials. OECs compromised on PHB (5.6%) and PHBV (2.5%) compared to MSCs with 12.6% on PHB and 17% on PHBV. Significant differences in crystallinity and surface rugosity were determined between films of the two biomaterials, 88% and 1.12 µm for PHB and 76% and 0.72 µm for PHBV. While changes in surface properties may have influenced cell adhesion, the work presented here suggests that application of these biomaterials in tissue engineering are specific to cell type and requires a detailed investigation at the cell-material interface.

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A case of a lady referred for repair of an atrial septal defect is described. She presented with an insidious onset of recurrent ascites and pleural effusion. Cardiac catheterization showed constrictive physiology. The patient subsequently underwent surgical closure of the atrial septal defect and pericardiectomy.

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Angiopeptin has been shown to reduce in-stent restenosis in various animal models. Meanwhile, BiodivYsio DD phosphorylcholine (PC)-coated stent provides a platform for local delivery of antiproliferative agents to the coronary artery. We studied the feasibility, safety, and impact on tissue growth of angiopeptin-eluting BiodivYsio DD PC-coated stents in human native de novo coronary lesions. We enrolled 14 patients (16 lesions) who underwent intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided angiopeptin-eluting stent implantation in native coronary arteries between 3.0 and 4.0 mm in diameter with lesion length

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We report an adolescent with a malignant form of Brugada syndrome who presented with 15 episodes of ventricular fibrillation (VF) over 10 days, shortly after implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Oral quinidine bisulphate at a dose of 1000 mg/day successfully suppressed the electrical storm and recurrence of VF over 18-month follow-up. It also normalized the ST-segment elevation in his right precordial leads, suppressed all ambient unifocal ventricular extrasystoles and induction of VF on programmed electrical stimulation. This case suggests that quinidine, by virtue of its blocking action on Ito, may be useful as adjunctive therapy in Brugada syndrome.

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