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In the first trimester of pregnancy two simple chorionic villus sampling method, carried out under ultrasound guidance, with transabdominal or transcervical aspiration, was evaluated in 257 cases at risk for chromosomic diseases. The high efficacy of the transabdominal aspiration was demonstrated by obtain villus tissue for karyotyping in all but one case. In only one sample the abnormalities detected were not confirmed (one case of false positive).

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The authors examine the various biometrics parameters evidentiable at the 13th week of pregnancy, which is so important age for the limits imposed by the law 194, that regulates the legal abortion. These findings are studied as for their evidentiability and their diagnostic predictivity aiming to single out the most reliable. As for the results obtained examining the singular parameters, the authors conclude that the goal of the echographist is to search for the fetal CRL and BPD: they are characterised of an optimum predictivity and a good evidentiability, besides they provide direct data about the embryo dimensions. If these measurements are not evidentiable the operator can base his diagnosis on the other parameters that do not refer directly to the embryo. At last the authors sustain that who carried out the ultrasound examination should not "force" the diagnosis trying to establish the gestational age with excessive exactness; on the contrary he must limit himself to provide the evidentiable biometric values, indicating the minimum and the maximum age that is compatible with them. It is up to the physician who performs the termination of pregnancy to draw the correlations about the gestational age.

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The women who using intrauterine devices (IUD) for contraception are more and more, and the accidents and complications for this are topical. Frequently these situations aren't easily resolved, and the ultrasonography usually brings a true complete information. The Authors have marked a fashionable review on the use of ultrasonography in the control of IUD, specifying an important utilization of this technique.

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The authors have compared the biometric measurement of the first trimester of gestation (CRL, gestation sac volume, GS vol./CRL ratio) with the respective weights at birth, in order to determine possible correlations. The result have showed no newborns SGA with biometric measurement greater than the 90 degrees percentile in the first trimester of pregnancy, and also no newborns LGA with biometric measurements smaller than the 10 degrees percentile. The authors nevertheless conclude for an insufficient prediction of the parameters considered, cause the high percentage of false positives and false negatives.

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The Authors have carried out this survey aiming at having at their disposal biometric indexes to be used in the dynamic and functional study of the female genitalia, since the purely anatomic data cannot be correlated white absolute certainty to the ultrasound data. The survey has been carried out on 42 women of an age between early childhood and late menopause. The patients in their fertile age were examined every other day, from the 10th day of the menstrual cycle; women in menopause or in their pre-puberal age were examined only once, to a total of 158 scans. In each woman the linear and volumetric measurement of the uterus, ovary, ovarian follicle and of the tube has been studied. The results were in conformity with those already reported in the literature.

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Thanks to the continuous progress of the ultrasound scanning in obstetrics it is now possible to see the gestation sac already the 5th week of the pregnancy. Aiming to simplify the methods, of the past, the authors suggest the utilisation of a very simple but at the same time extremely accurate methodology to measure the volume of the gestational sac. The comparison between the data which have been obtained with this study and those reported in the literature showed a substantial uniformity, though the results came from different procedure. At the end of the study, the uses of this parameter as well as its application in the solution of that particular problem in the ultrasound diagnosis which is the "blighted ovum" are explained.

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The Authors report their experience about ultrasound diagnosis of congenital anomalies, related to 15 cases from approximately 4000 gravides. They emphasize the impossibility to carry out total antenatal population screening by sonar and the usefulness to carefully select the gravidas at high risk for harboring a fetus with a birth defect. They also suggest that, in looking for physical defects, it is best to make ultrasound examination at 17a-18a weeks' gestation; at this moment, the ultrasound evaluation is particularly favorable for diagnosis and treatment.

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The Authors consider the importance of Thermal Therapy in a large part of gynaecological diseases. They emphasize of its utility mostly in the chronic flogosis of the female genitalia. However other indications emerged from this research, such as female sterility, pelvic vascular disease, climaterie syndrome and post-operatory affects.

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The Authors review the diagnosis reliabilities of ultrasonic determinations (B.P.D. and A.P.A.D.) used for P.I.F.G. detection. The one that appears to be the most reliable is A.P.A.O. that allows a diagnosis of 80% of cases, even if B.P.D. is normal.

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Considering the PIFG ultrasonic diagnosis limitations bu the only Biparietal Diameter (BPD) estimation, the autors test the possibilities of a new technique: the serial measurement of Antero-Posterior Diameter of Abdomen (APAD) and especially the head/abdomen diameters ratio. The preliminary data are enough confortable allowing us to improve considerably the success in PIFG diagnosis (44,44% to 80%).

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The use of BPD percentile trends allows us to improve the diagnosis of PIFG in comparison with the average +/- 2SD (from 44,44% to 65,71%). SGA distribution study related to 10th percentile and delivery period confirms the existence of two different SGA groups. They have different characteristics related to the moment of the beginning of the pathological manifestations.

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After a short description of the most important echographic pictures for diagnosis of spontaneous abortion in the first trimester, the clinical development in 89 patients with threatened abortion symptoms, is examined. The interruption of pregnancy has been predicted in 97,05% of the cases resulted in abortion and normal prosecution of pregnancy in 98,18% with regular outcome. These results are very reassuring and no doubt more reliable than pregnancy-test, which for its prompt applicability, may be compared with echographic examination.

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The normal range of serum cystine-amino-peptidase (C.A.P.) in 54 cases of uncomplicated pregnancies was established. 21 patients whose pregnancies were though to be "at risk" were serially monitored by sonar biparietal cephalometry and serum cystine-amino-peptidase determination. The results show that exists a correlation between C.A.P. and biparietal cephalometry values. Furthermore the "predictive power" towards neonatal conditions (by birth weight and Apgar score determination) was of 77,55% for the biparietal cephalometry and 76,10% for C.A.P.

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