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Introduction: Nocardia farcinica is an opportunistic bacterium that causes bovine mastitis and pulmonary, cutaneous, and central nervous system infections in humans. Bovine abortion caused by N. farcinica has been sporadically reported. The purpose of this study was to analyze the pathological findings of bovine abortions caused by N. farcinica in the Republic of Korea and determine the antimicrobial resistance and genotypical characteristics of N. farcinica isolates. Case presentation: Three cases of bovine abortions were submitted to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency for differential diagnosis. Grossly, one fetus showed severe lung consolidation following palpation of the entire lobes. Histologically, necrotizing granulomatous interstitial pneumonia was observed in all fetuses; a fetus with a gross lesion demonstrated necrotizing lymphadenitis in the mesenteric lymph nodes and necrotizing dermatitis in the ear. N. farcinica isolates were isolated from the abomasal contents and lungs of all fetuses. Finally, two cases were diagnosed as abortions due to N. farcinica, and one was diagnosed as an N. farcinica abortion coinfected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. According to the multilocus sequence analysis, all isolates were identified as N. farcinica and were determined to be genetically related to isolates from humans. Two N. farcinica isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, which is recommended as the first treatment for human nocardial infections. Conclusion: This is the first pathological report of bovine abortion caused by N. farcinica in the Republic of Korea. Further studies are needed to phenotypically and genotypically characterize N. farcinica isolates with various sources and continuously monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns.

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Superhydrophobic surfaces applying on concrete can greatly improve the durability of concrete by preventing the damage from water. However, traditional design of superhydrophobic concrete surfaces by external coating encounters to problems of flaking and poor surface robustness, while that by adding hydrophobic agents or particles faces the challenges of strength damage of concrete. Drawing inspiration from the carbonation phenomenon of concrete, here a new design of in situ growing superhydrophobic structures on concrete is proposed: The concrete sample is impregnated into Mg2+-containing silane-water system with continuous CO2 injection. The contact angle of the concrete surface achieves 171.9° without obvious strength decrease after 120 min, which are mainly attributed to the formation of CaxMg1-xCO3 crystals with micro-nano-structures and the reduction of carbonates surface energy by silane. This superhydrophobic concrete structure can be divided into a superhydrophobic-hydrophobic-hydrophilic three layers structure, providing the stable water-proof protection under mechanical fatigue, capillary water absorption, UV aging, sulfate attack, and impurity water impact tests due to the in situ growing robust superhydrophobic structures. Furthermore, it captures 29.80 g m-2 CO2 during the reaction process, providing new insights for the design and preparation of eco-friendly superhydrophobic concrete.

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The poor alkali resistance of nano-glassy fiber (NGF) hinders its application in aggressive alkaline environments like cement and alkaline wastewater. This study introduced a potential strategy to enhance the alkali resistance of NGF based on the distinct atomic-scale interactions between CO2 molecules and NGF ions at high temperatures. The short-range structure in the NGF-CO2 system was elucidated through the pair distribution functions and coordination numbers of ion-oxygen pairs and second-nearest-neighbor ion-ion pairs. High-mobility Na ions were observed to exhibit a strong interaction with CO2, penetrating through the melt skeleton and accumulating at the interface. The enrichment of Na ions as network modifiers enhanced the alkali resistance of NGF, with the maximum thickness of the enrichment layer reaching ∼5 Šat 1173 K. These findings present a straightforward production approach for alkali-resistant NGF, not requiring additional costly materials or processes.

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Super sulfate cement (SSC) emerges as a sustainable alternative to ordinary Portland cement, boasting minimal carbon emissions and exceptional performance. As the quest for eco-friendly alternatives intensifies, there's a growing focus on exploring alkaline and sulfate activators conducive to SSC's environmental goals. This study delves into the viability of utilizing MgO as an alkaline activator in producing MgO-based supersulfated cement, while also investigating the impact of various industrial by-product gypsums on its performance. Findings reveal that employing MgO as an alkaline activator yields favorable hydration properties and mechanical strength in SSC. The optimized formulation comprises 15 % industrial by-product gypsum, 83 % granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and 2 % MgO. Incorporating building gypsum and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum demonstrates superior unconfined compressive strength (UCS) growth compared to citric gypsum and phosphogypsum. Notably, gel-pores below 20 nm dominate the matrix, with variations in their distribution linked to the gypsum type used. The pH level and crystal structure of the industrial by-product gypsum emerge as pivotal factors dictating the hydration process. The interaction energy between hydrated building gypsum crystal planes and water molecules proves lower, contributing to the root cause of its high sulfate activating capability. Compared to traditional SSC, MgO-based supersulfated cement requires less alkaline activator content and accommodates more industrial by-product gypsums, thus reducing costs, CO2 emissions, and promoting the efficient utilization of these solid wastes.

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This study introduces a novel heteroleptic indium complex, which incorporates an amidinate ligand, serving as a high-temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD) precursor. The most stable structure was determined using density functional theory and synthesized, demonstrating thermal stability up to 375 °C. We fabricated indium oxide thin-film transistors (In2O3TFTs) prepared with DBADMI precursor using ALD in wide range of window processing temperature of 200 °C, 300 °C, and 350 °C with an ozone (O3) as the source. The growth per cycle of ALD ranged from 0.06 to 0.1 nm cycle-1at different deposition temperatures. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were employed to analyze the crystalline structure as it relates to the deposition temperature. At a relatively low deposition temperature of 200 °C, an amorphous morphology was observed, while at 300 °C and 350 °C, crystalline structures were evident. Additionally, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis was conducted to identify the In-O and OH-related products in the film. The OH-related product was found to be as low as 1% with an increase the deposition temperature. Furthermore, we evaluated In2O3TFTs and observed an increase in field-effect mobility, with minimal change in the threshold voltage (Vth), at 200 °C, 300 °C, and 350 °C. Consequently, the DBADMI precursor, given its stability at highdeposition temperatures, is ideal for producing high-quality films and stable crystalline phases, with wide processing temperature range makeing it suitable for various applications.

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Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (IFA) designated as hazardous waste poses risks to environment and human health. This study introduces a novel approach for the stabilization and solidification (S/S) of IFA: a combined approach involving alkali treatment and immobilization in low-carbon supersulfated cement (SSC). The impact of varying temperatures of alkali solution on the chemical and mineralogical compositions, as well as the pozzolanic reactivity of IFA, and the removal efficiency of heavy metals and metallic aluminum (Al) were examined. The physical characteristics, hydration kinetics and effectiveness of SSC in immobilizing IFA were also analyzed. Results showed that alkali treatment at 25 °C effectively eliminated heavy metals like manganese (Mn), barium (Ba), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) to safe levels and totally removed the metallic Al, while enhancing the pozzolanic reactivity of IFA. By incorporating the alkali-treated IFA and filtrate, the density, compressive strength and hydration reaction of SSC were improved, resulting in higher hydration degree, finer pore structure, and denser microstructure compared to untreated IFA. The rich presence of calcium-aluminosilicate-hydrate (C-(A)-S-H) and ettringite (AFt) in SSC facilitated the efficient stabilization and solidification of heavy metals, leading to a significant decrease in their leaching potential. The use of SSC for treating Ca(OH)2- and 25°C-treated IFA could achieve high strength and high-efficient immobilization.

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C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) has been reported to be expressed in the bovine endometrium during pregnancy. However, the details of its functions involved in the implantation mechanism are still not clear. The purpose of this study is to analyze the functional properties of CCL2 in the bovine endometrium and embryos. The expression of CCR2 was not different between the luteal phase and implantation phase of their endometrial tissues, but was significantly high in IFNa treated bovine endometrial stromal (BES) cells in vitro. The expressions of PGES1, PGES2, AKR1C4, and AKR1C4 were high at the implantation stage compared with the luteal stage. On the other hand, PGES2 and AKR1B1 in BEE and PGES3 and AKR1A1 in BES were significantly increased by CCL2 treatment, respectively. The expressions of PCNA and IFNt were found significantly high in the bovine trophoblastic cells (BT) treated with CCL2 compared to the control. CCL2 significantly increased the attachment rate of BT vesicles to BEE in in vitro co-culture system. The expression of OPN and ICAM-1 increased in BEE, and ICAM-1 increased in BT by CCL2 treatment, respectively. The present results indicate that CCL2 has the potential to regulate the synthesis of PGs in the endometrium and the embryo growth. In addition, CCL2 has the possibility to regulate the process of bovine embryo attachment to the endometrium by modulation of binding molecules expression.

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Introduction: Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora, and Giardia duodenalis are gastrointestinal protozoa parasites that cause diarrhea in various animals. However, information regarding the detection and phylogenetic characterization of gastrointestinal protozoa parasites in cats is limited throughout South Korea. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the detection and identify subspecies of gastrointestinal protozoa parasites in cats from South Korea. Methods: A total of 290 fecal samples were collected from stray, companion, and shelter cats in six provinces. Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora, and G. duodenalis were identified by PCR. All positive samples were subtyped by PCR and sequencing of gp60, ITS-1, tpi, bg, and gdh. Results: The overall detection of gastrointestinal protozoan parasitic infection was 17.93%. G. duodenalis was the most prevalent, with 7.93%, followed by Cystoisospora spp. (7.24%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (4.48%). In addition, C. felis (n=10), C. parvum (n=2), C. ryanae (n=1), Cystoisospora felis (n=14), Cystoisospora suis (n=5), Cystoisospora ohioensis (n=1), Cystoisospora spp. were identified in subspecies analysis of positive samples. C. felis showed a significant association with diarrhea (7.81%) and living condition (6.04%), and Cystoisospora felis in diarreha (9.38%) according to detection. Through phylogenetic analysis of the tpi, bg, and gdh genes from 23 G. duodenalispositive samples, it was confirmed that the samples of present study belonged to assemblage A, B, C, and D. Discussion: South Korean cats have a high rate of gastrointestinal protozoan parasites infection with cat-specific Cryptosporidium and Cystoisospora, which are associated with living conditions and diarrhea symptoms. Moreover, zoonotic and other animal-specific subtype of protozoan parasites have been detected in cat feces.

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Carbon sequestration in concrete has attracted increasing research attention. CO2 may be permanently stored in the cement paste of concrete by chemical reaction with the hydration products of cement, but this method leads to a significant reduction of the pH value of the concrete pore solution and may thus put the steel reinforcement at risk of corrosion. This paper proposes a new method for carbon sequestration in concrete using the space in porous coarse aggregates; the method involves presoaking the porous aggregates in an alkaline slurry and then using them for CO2 sequestration. The potential of utilising the space in the porous aggregates and the cations in the alkaline slurry is first discussed. An experimental study aiming to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method is then presented. The results show that CO2 can be successfully sequestrated and fixed as CaCO3 in the open pores of coarse coral aggregate presoaked in a Ca(OH)2 slurry. The amount of CO2 sequestration by concrete produced using the presoaked coral aggregate was around 20 kg/m3. Importantly, the proposed CO2 sequestration method did not affect the strength development of the concrete or the pH value of the concrete pore solution.

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This study aimed to investigate the pathogenicity of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) isolated from dog and cat lung samples in South Korea. A total of 101 E. coli isolates were analyzed for virulence factors, phylogroups, and O-serogroups, and their correlation with bacterial pneumonia-induced mortality was elucidated. P fimbriae structural subunit (papA), hemolysin D (hlyD), and cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (cnf1) were highly prevalent in both species, indicating correlation with bacterial pneumonia. Phylogroups B1 and B2 were the most prevalent phylogroups (36.6% and 32.7%, respectively) and associated with high bacterial pneumonia-induced mortality rates. Isolates from both species belonging to phylogroup B2 showed high frequency of papA, hlyD, and cnf1. O-serogrouping revealed 21 and 15 serogroups in dogs and cats, respectively. In dogs, O88 was the most prevalent serogroup (n = 8), and the frequency of virulence factors was high for O4 and O6. In cats, O4 was the most prevalent serogroup (n = 6), and the frequency of virulence factors was high for O4 and O6. O4 and O6 serogroups were mainly grouped under phylogroup B2 and associated with high bacterial pneumonia-induced mortality. This study characterized the pathogenicity of ExPEC and described the probability of ExPEC pneumonia-induced mortality.

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Recycling air pollution-controlled residues (APCR) generated from sewage sludge incinerators can be used for waste management, but the leaching of potentially toxic heavy metals from APCR poses environmental and human health issues. The present paper describes a procedure using APCR to produce alkali-activated materials and thereby realize their disposal. The effect of APCR on the compressive strength and drying shrinkage of the alkali-activated slag/glass powder was investigated. The pore structure characteristics were analyzed for clarifying its relationship with drying shrinkage. The results indicated that the drying shrinkage of the alkali-activated material was related to the mesopore volume. The drying shrinkage was slightly increased after the incorporation of the 10 % APCR, which was likely attributed to the high volume of mesopores compared to the 20 % APCR that lowered the drying shrinkage and compressive strength. This decrease in drying shrinkage was due to the recrystallization of sodium sulfate in the pore solution that can act as expansive agents and aggregates. The growth stress of the crystalline sodium sulfate within the matrix can offset the tension stress caused by the water loss. In addition, leaching studies using the SW-846 Method 1311 showed that recycling APCR into the alkali-activated system did not present a toxicity leaching risk or release unacceptable concentrations of heavy metals. The incorporation of waste APCR and waste glass can make AAMs a very promising and safe environmental technology.

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Swelling caused by gas generated from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) when it is mixed with alkali limits its uses. Besides, the leaching of anion salts and heavy metals contained in MSWIFA poses a high risk to environment. This study presents the feasibility of a one-step alkaline washing, one-step thermal quenching and two-step combination of alkaline washing and thermal quenching pretreatment methods in altering the key properties of MSWIFA for promoting its reusability. It was found that apart from H2(gas), NH3(gas) was also generated during the alkaline washing of the MSWIFA. Besides, pretreatments led to the reduction in particle size, the increase in pore volume and specific surface area of the MSWIFA, as well as the removal of chloride and sulfate anions. All the pretreatment methods were effective in reducing leaching of heavy metals to below levels of nonhazardous waste except Cd and Pb with alkaline washing. Furthermore, both the chemical Frattini test and the mechanical activity index test showed improvement in pozzolanic activities of the MSWIFA after the pretreatments. Overall, the combined pretreatment method was most effective in eliminating gas emission, and reducing leaching of metal ions and anions from the ash, while enhancing the pozzolanic activity of the ash.

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Vertical channel thin film transistors (VTFTs) have been expected to be exploited as one of the promising three-dimensional devices demanding a higher integration density owing to their structural advantages such as small device footprints. However, the VTFTs have suffered from the back-channel effects induced by the pattering process of vertical sidewalls, which critically deteriorate the device reliability. Therefore, to reduce the detrimental back-channel effects has been one of the most urgent issues for enhancing the device performance of VTFTs. Here we show a novel strategy to introduce an In-Ga-Zn-O (IGZO) bilayer channel configuration, which was prepared by atomic-layer deposition (ALD), in terms of structural and electrical passivation against the back-channel effects. Two-dimensional electron gas was effectively employed for improving the operational reliability of the VTFTs by inducing strong confinement of conduction electrons at heterojunction interfaces. The IGZO bilayer channel structure was composed of 3 nm-thick In-rich prompt (In/Ga = 4.1) and 12 nm-thick prime (In/Ga = 0.7) layers. The VTFTs using bilayer IGZO channel showed high on/off ratio (4.8 × 109), low SS value (180 mV dec-1), and high current drivability (13.6µAµm-1). Interestingly, the strategic employment of bilayer channel configurations has secured excellent device operational stability representing the immunity against the bias-dependent hysteretic drain current and the threshold voltage instability of the fabricated VTFTs. Moreover, the threshold voltage shifts of the VTFTs could be suppressed from +5.3 to +2.6 V under a gate bias stress of +3 MV cm-1for 104s at 60 °C, when the single layer channel was replaced with the bilayer channel. As a result, ALD IGZO bilayer configuration could be suggested as a useful strategy to improve the device characteristics and operational reliability of VTFTs.

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This study aimed to find an effective, inexpensive, and safe washing treatment for municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) in order to reduce its potential harmful effects in disposal and recycling. The washing solutions, namely tap water (TW), saturated lime water (SLW), and wastewater from concrete batching plant (WW) were used to wash MSWIBA at different liquid-solid (L/S) ratios and for different durations. Leaching behavior of some heavy metals, chloride, and sulfate from MSWIBA was tested and evaluated. From the TCLP leaching test, when the L/S ratio was above 5, WW was the most effective solution in reducing As, Cd, Se, and Sb emissions from MSWIBA. The calcium and iron ions present in the WW were essential for controlling the leaching of As, Cd, and Sb from MSWIBA due to the formation of stable crystalline pharmacosiderite, cadmium hydroxide sulfate, and hydromeite during the washing process. Using WW showed the best effect in removing sulfate from MSWIBA. At a L/S ratio of 10, about 83% of the sulfate could be removed from MSWIBA after 20 min of washing. The L/S ratio was most influential in removing chloride from MSWIBA. The three washing treatments chosen were effective in reducing the chloride level in MSWIBA to below the level of hazardous waste. Nevertheless, there were still substantial amounts of chloride remaining in the treated MSWIBA. Under the Dutch Building Materials Decree, the treated MSWIBA may be used as a building material in parts which allow isolation, control, and monitoring (ICM).

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Objective:To investigate the difference of lymphocyte subsets between elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis and non-elderly patients and its clinical significance.Methods:A total of 124 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from January, 2017 to December, 2019 were enrolled.The patients were divided into elderly group(≥60 years old, 34 cases)and non-elderly group(<60 years old, 90 cases). Rheumatoid arthritis activity(DAS-28)scoring was performed for each patient.Peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)were extracted by Ficoll density centrifugation.Lymphocytes were labeled and detected by 18-color flowcytometry with more than 30 fluorescent antibodies.Results:DAS-28 scoring showed that the disease activity score of the elderly group(4.56±1.89)was higher than that of the non-elderly group(3.37±1.49)( t=3.633, P<0.001). Flow cytometry showed that MAIL%T(mucus-associated lymphoid tissue T cell subset)( Z=-2.798, P=0.005), Tn%CD8 T cells(initial CD8 T cells)( Z=-2.179, P=0.029), VD2% T(Vδ2+ T, γδT cell subtype)( Z=-2.806, P=0.005), PD1-CD28-%Th( Z=-2.050, P=0.040)and IGM+ D-%B( Z=-2.376, P=0.017)were lower in the elderly group than in the non-elderly group.While, CD45+ CD27+ %CD8 T cells( Z=-3.069, P=0.002), abT%T cell(αβT cells)( Z=-2.103, P=0.035), CD27-CD28+ %T cells( Z=-2.341, P=0.019), ASC%PBMC( Z=-2.341, P=0.019)and ASC%CD19+ ( Z=-2.000, P=0.046)subgroup expression were higher in the elderly group than in the non-elderly group. Conclusions:The disease activity of elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis is significantly higher than that of younger patients.The expressions of abT%T and CD4% abT in effector T cells of elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis are higher than those of younger patients, while the expression of VD2% T is lower.The expression level of CD45RA+ CD27+ %CD8 T with cytotoxic effect is higher; However, the expression level of Tn%CD8 T in naive cells is lower.

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Stretchable electronics have become essential for custom-built electronics, self-assembling robotics, and wearable devices. Although many stretchable electronics contain integrated systems, they still limit bulky connection systems. We introduce a new dual-functioned self-attachable and stretchable interface (SASI), allowing a direct and instant interconnection between rigid and soft electronics. The SASI consists of a sticky and stretchable substrate and surface-embedded serpentine conductors with the single-sided polyimide fabricated using the embedded transfer process. The adhesion property of the SASI is controlled by the mixed elastomer ratio. The resulting sticky and conductive SASI can instantly adhere to a metal surface and create conductive paths. The SASI serpentine conductors exhibit high stretchability (∼290%) and provide self-attachable, re-attachable, and low-resistant electrical contacts (0.85 ohms in 0.25 mm2) between interfaces without pressure, heat, or extra solder. In addition, three-dimensional curved and modular electronics can be formed with the SASI by compiling functional blocks. SASI provides a novel strategy for assembling functional chips or modules for stretchable electronics, opening a path to onboard integrated electronics that are customizable by users for real-world stretchable electronics.

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Modification of biochar by low-cost iron sources has gained increasing attention to improve pollutants removal performance and reduce production costs compared to conventional chemical modifications. While such iron sources generally have complex compositions, their effects on properties of the iron-biochar composite are not well investigated. This study produced an iron-biochar (RBC) composite from co-pyrolysis of incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) and peanut shell, and examined the role of silica with widespread existence in ISSA and other low-cost iron sources on properties of the iron-biochar composite relevant to As(III)/As(V) removal. Silica was found to react with iron during the pyrolysis process at 850 °C and formed iron silicon at the expense of producing zero valent iron and Fe3O4 which resulted in a poorer removal efficacy for As(III) and As(V) compared to the iron-biochar (FBC) made from pure Fe2O3 and peanut shell. Moreover, a high leaching of reactive silica from RBC was observed which affected the formation of corrosion products of ZVI and competed with arsenic for active adsorption sites. Despite this, RBC still exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 17.44 and 57.56 mg/g towards As(III) and As(V) respectively at pH 3.0. Overall, this study provides an interesting insight into upcycling ISSA into useful media for sorptive removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions.

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Transistors with inorganic semiconductors have superior performance and reliability compared to organic transistors. However, they are unfavorable for building stretchable electronic products due to their brittle nature. Because of this drawback, they have mostly been placed on non-stretchable parts to avoid mechanical strain, burdening the deformable interconnects, which link these rigid parts, with the strain of the entire system. Integration density must therefore be sacrificed when stretchability is the first priority because the portion of stretchable wirings should be raised. In this study, we show high density integration of oxide thin film transistors having excellent performance and reliability by directly embedding the devices into stretchable serpentine strings to defeat such trade-off. The embedded transistors do not hide from deformation and endure strain up to 100% by themselves; thus, integration density can be enhanced without sacrificing the stretchability. We expect that our approach can create more compact stretchable electronics with high-end functionality than before.

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Roles of oxygen interstitial defects located in the In-Ga-Zn-O (IGZO) thin films prepared by atomic layer deposition were investigated with controlling the cationic compositions and gate-stack process conditions. It was found from the spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis that the excess oxygens increased with increasing the In contents within the IGZO channels. While the device using the IGZO channel with an In/Ga ratio of 0.2 did not show marked differences with the variations in the oxidant types during the gate-stack formation, the device characteristics were severely deteriorated with increasing the In/Ga ratio to 1.4, when the Al2O3 gate insulator (GI) was prepared with the H2O oxidants (H2O-Al2O3) due to a higher amount of excess oxygen in the channel. Additionally, during the deposition process of the Al-doped ZnO (AZO) gate electrode (GE) replacing from the indium-tin oxide (ITO) GE, the thermal annealing effect at 180 °C facilitated the passivation of oxygen vacancy and the strengthening of metal-oxygen bonding, which could stabilize the TFT operations. From these results, the gate-stack structure employing O3-processed Al2O3 GI (O3-Al2O3) and AZO GE (OA) was suggested to be most suitable for the device using IGZO channel with a higher In content. On the other hand, the device employing H2O-Al2O3 GI and AZO GE exhibited larger negative shifts of threshold voltage (VTH) under positive-bias-temperature stress (PBTS) condition than the device employing O3- Al2O3 GI and ITO GE due to larger hydrogen contents within the gate stacks. Anomalous negative shifts of VTH were accelerated with increasing the In contents of the IGZO channel. When the channel length of the fabricated device were scaled down to submicrometer regime, the OA gate stacks successfully alleviated the short-channel effects.

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The growing global demand for non-ferrous metals has led to serious environmental issues involving uncovered mine site slag dumps that threaten the surrounding soils, surface waters, groundwater, and the atmosphere. Remediation of these slags using substitute cement materials for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and precursors for alkali-activated materials (AAMs) can convert hazardous solid wastes into valuable construction materials, as well as to attain the desired solidification and stabilization (S/S) of heavy metal(loid)s (HM). This review discusses the current research on the effect of non-ferrous slags on the reaction mechanisms of the OPC and AAM. The S/S of HM from the non-ferrous slags in AAM and OPC is also reviewed. HM can be stabilized in these materials based on the complex salt effect and isomorphic effects. The major challenges faced in AAMs and OPC for HM stabilization include the long-term durability of the matrix (e.g., sulfate attack, stability of volume). The existing knowledge gaps and future trends for the sustainable application of non-ferrous slags are also discussed.

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