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Purpose: Preoperative localization plays an important role in secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) surgery. The advantages of neck ultrasound (US) include high availability and low cost. However, the reported sensitivity of US is 54%-76%, and the reason for missed parathyroid glands (PGs) on US has been rarely addressed. Methods: Fifty-four patients who were diagnosed with renal SHPT from September 2020 to March 2022 were included in this retrospective study. Preoperative localization included surgeon-oriented US and technetium 99m-sestamibi single-photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT. Results: A total of 212 PGs were pathologically confirmed, resulting in a success rate of 96.2% (52 of 54). Using echo, 193 PGs (91.0%) were accurately localized, while 19 glands (9.0%) were not identified, including those in ectopic positions (n = 12, at thymus or intrathyroid or others), of small size (<1 cm, n = 6), or overlapping with an ipsilateral PG (n = 1). US accurately detected 4 PGs in 36 (66.7%) patients, while SPECT/CT localized 4 glands in 19 patients (35.2%). Although the number of US-detectable PGs was not associated with success rate, it showed a significant negative correlation with surgical time (rs = -0.459, P = 0.002). Conclusion: US detected 4 glands in 66% of SHPT patients with a sensitivity of 90% for localization. Ectopic position and small size were the most common reasons for the failure to detect PG on US. Complete preoperative echo localization might shorten operating time.

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BACKGROUND: Progress has been observed in the pathophysiology of calcium homeostasis, localization studies, and intraoperative adjuncts in parathyroid surgery. The aim of this study is to gain a comprehensive perspective on the research landscape of parathyroid surgery over time. METHODS: A search of the Web of Science Core Collection was conducted to identify publications on parathyroid surgery from 1985 to 2024. Keywords were manually curated, and their frequencies were calculated based on the publication year. RESULTS: Publications on secondary hyperparathyroidism have decreased in recent years, but those on calcimimetics, tertiary hyperparathyroidism, and parathyroid cancer have increased. Publications related to sestamibi scans have decreased, while research on four-dimensional computed tomography and positron emission tomography has increased. Research on fluorescence and ablation treatment has recently been on the rise. The citation count per publication was positively correlated with the number of contributing institutions. CONCLUSION: We provide an overview of contemporary research themes and emerging topics related to parathyroid surgery. The endocrine surgery community could benefit from more inter-institutional partnerships to foster scientific progress.

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Halophenols are toxic and persistent pollutants in water environments which poses harm to various organisms. Due to their high stability and long residence time, ultraviolet radiation, heavy metals and oxidizing agents have been largely adopted on treating these compounds. However, these treatment methods could pose toxicity or hazardous risks to the marine environment and plant operators. In this study, a water-soluble porphyrin photocatalyst was synthesized and introduced for halophenol treatment using UV-free LED white light. The porphyrin catalyst is a macrocyclic ring consisting of pyrroles linked with methine bridges, the highly conjugated ring provided the superior functionality of visible light absorption. Surprisingly, over 99 % degradation of halophenols and over 90 % dehalogenation have been achieved without metal chelation, even higher than those of transition metal porphyrins with inclusion of Fe3+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+. Ring-opening reactions were confirmed with the formation of carboxylic acids; dicarboxylic acids like acrylic acid, and malonic acid; while fumaric acid was the main product. Total organic carbon results indicated no CO2 produced during the reaction. Triplet absorbance and scavenger studies also indicated that singlet oxygen and conduction band electrons are the main radical species for halophenol degradation. The 100-fold singlet emission quenching over triplet absorption quenching indicated that the excited electrons tend to be transferred via singlet state. This concept brings along new approaches detoxifying halophenol-related wastewater without UV, metals and other additives, which is more environmentally-friendly and sheds light to the conversion of toxic materials into useful chemical precursors.

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OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the long-term efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for intrathoracic goiter (ITG) over a follow-up period exceeding six months. METHODS: From 2017 to 2022, 22 patients (6 males, 16 females) with 24 ITGs treated with RFA at a single medical center were evaluated. All patients underwent ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before RFA. Follow-up CT/MRI was performed six months after the initial RFA and then every 6-12 months. The primary outcomes measured were the degree of extension, goiter volume, volume reduction rate (VRR), tracheal deviation, and tracheal lumen. Additionally, we assessed the outcomes of single-session RFA (n = 16) vs. multiple sessions (n = 8) on goiters and explored the correlation between ITG volume measurements obtained using ultrasonography and CT/MRI. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 12 months (interquartile range: 6-36.8 months). At the last follow-up, the nodule volume measured by CT/MRI had significantly decreased (76.2 vs. 24.6 mL; p < 0.05), with a VRR of 64.6%. Patients who underwent multiple RFA sessions showed a significantly higher VRR than the single-session patients (63.8 vs. 80.1%, p < 0.05). The intraclass correlation between goiter volumes measured using US and CT/MRI was moderate. CONCLUSION: This study affirms the long-term efficacy and safety of RFA for ITG, providing an alternative treatment for nonsurgical candidates. Multiple RFA sessions may be beneficial for achieving better volume reduction. Sole reliance on ultrasonography is inadequate; therefore, integrating CT/MRI is essential for accurate pre-RFA and follow-up assessments.

Intrathoracic goiters significantly impact both cosmetic appearance and induce numerous compressive symptoms.Radiofrequency ablation brought notable volume reduction and persistent, effective alleviation of compressive symptoms.Radiofrequency ablation presents a promising therapeutic modality with long-term benefits for patients with intrathoracic goiter.

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This study develops a composite bone graft of CaO-MgO-SiO2 glass-ceramic and CaSO4 [abbreviated as (CMS)3-x(CS)x] via the sponge replication technique with weight fractions of x = 0, 1, 1.5, 2, and 3. The (CMS)1.5(CS)1.5 composite displays a superior degradability and, a suitable compressive strength of ∼3 MPa, and excellent cell proliferation and differentiation. The in vivo rat femur test in the hybrid-pore (CMS)1.5(CS)1.5 composite granules achieves a higher rate of bone formation, which is ∼2.7 times better than that of the commercial HAP/ß-TCP at 12 weeks. Improved expressions of osteocyte and mature osteocyte marker genes, namely (Spp1, Dmp1, and Fgf23), were observed in the (CMS)1.5(CS)1.5 group, indicating a faster differentiation into mature bone tissue. The ions release of (CMS)1.5(CS)1.5 through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway promotes osteogenic differentiation. The high bone generation rate can be attributed to faster active ions release and modified surface topography. This work highlights an excellent bone graft candidate for clinical applications in orthopedic surgery.

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PURPOSE: The treatment of recurrent thyroid cancer with critical organ invasion is challenging. The combination of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) has been proposed as an effective option. This study evaluates outcomes for inoperable residual/recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer (rDTC) patients treated with RFA followed by EBRT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with rDTC treated with RFA followed by EBRT were retrospectively studied. RFA was performed using a free-hand, 'moving-shot' technique under US or CT guidance. For lesions invading critical structures intolerant to 'en bloc' high-temperature RFA, limited-field EBRT using 6- or 10-MV photons was used for adjuvant treatment at a dose of 66 Gy in 33 daily fractions. Toxicities and outcomes were reviewed. RESULTS: Between April 2020 and January 2022, 11 patients with 14 rDTC lesions underwent RFA followed by EBRT. Five patients had metastatic lesions at rDTC diagnosis. With a median follow-up period of 33.7 months, all patients maintained locoregional control, while achieving a 2-year survival rate of 90.9%. This combined treatment achieved a volume reduction ratio of 92.1% ± 5.1%. The mean nadir thyroglobulin level in patients without initial distant metastases after treatment was 1.40 ± 0.81 ng/ml. Regarding treatment-related complications, one patient (9%) experienced temporary hoarseness after RFA, grade 2 radiation dermatitis occurred in 3 patients (27.2%), and grade 2 dysphagia was noted in 4 patients (36.4%). No grade 3 or greater toxicities occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Salvage RFA followed by EBRT is feasible, effective and safe for patients with rDTC.

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The advancement of laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology has streamlined the fabrications of flexible graphene devices. However, the ultrafast kinetics triggered by laser irradiation generates intrinsic amorphous characteristics, leading to high resistivity and compromised performance in electronic devices. Healing graphene defects in specific patterns is technologically challenging by conventional methods. Herein, we report the rapid rectification of LIG's topological defects by flash Joule heating in milliseconds (referred to as F-LIG), whilst preserving its overall structure and porosity. The F-LIG exhibits a decreased ID/IG ratio from 0.84 - 0.33 and increased crystalline domain from Raman analysis, coupled with a 5-fold surge in conductivity. Pair distribution function and atomic-resolution imaging delineate a broader-range order of F-LIG with a shorter C-C bond of 1.425 Å. The improved crystallinity and conductivity of F-LIG with excellent flexibility enables its utilization in high-performance soft electronics and low-voltage disinfections. Notably, our F-LIG/polydimethylsiloxane strain sensor exhibits a gauge factor of 129.3 within 10% strain, which outperforms pristine LIG by 800%, showcasing significant potential for human-machine interfaces.

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BACKGROUND: Various postoperative staging systems were developed to assess the outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer from initial risk after surgery to dynamic changing prognosis during follow-up. The objective of our retrospective cohort study was to identify risk factors contributing to macroscopic positive surgical margin (R2 resection) and parameters in discriminating the treatment responses and prognosis among R2 patients. METHODS: In total, 242 differentiated thyroid cancer patients with extrathyroidal extension who underwent a thyroidectomy at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between January 2013 and July 2018, were included. The patients were grouped according to the presence or absence of gross residual disease (R2). The R2 patients were further classified into two categories according to their treatment response into excellent and nonexcellent groups. The parameters and treatment outcomes were compared between these groups. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 45.3 months. Two hundred seven (85.5%) patients had either surgery-free or microscopic margins (R0/R1), while 35 (14.5%) had R2 resection. In the R2 group (n = 35), 15 (42.9%) patients achieved an excellent response, while 20 (57.1%) achieved a nonexcellent response. Statistically significant differences were observed in the extent of neck dissection, TSH-Tg level, post-RAI Tg level, nodal status, and recurrence between the two groups. The Kaplan-Meier curves for 5-year local and distant recurrence-free survival of R0/R1 versus R2 patients were 90.0% versus 66.3%, and 98.4% versus 90.7%, respectively ( p < 0.001). Among the R2 patients, the excellent responders had a higher local recurrence-free survival than nonexcellent responders (93.3% vs. 45.1%, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: There are significant disparities in recurrence-free survival among R2 patients with different treatment responses. The nodal status of papillary thyroid cancer and thyroglobulin level after thyroidectomy and RAI were factors contributing to difference in their treatment responses.

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BACKGROUND: Total parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism has low morbidity and mortality rates and requires a special workup in the preoperative period. METHODS: Neck echography and technetium-99m-sestamibi scintigraphy were performed preoperatively. Cardiac echography, a thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scan, and cardiac catheterization were performed if necessary. During surgery, we removed all the parathyroid glands and the upper thymus and autotransplanted 100 mg of the smallest gland into the subcutaneous tissue of the forearm. RESULTS: The success rate in three months after total parathyroidectomy was 91.7% without mortality. In the elderly (age ≤65 years, n = 35), bone pain, skin itching, general weakness, and insomnia improved three months after surgery, and grip strength increased significantly. One year after parathyroidectomy, the serum levels of Ca, P, alkaline phosphatase, and intact parathyroid hormone were all within the normal ranges. Except for the bone mineral density (BMD) of the radial distal one-third, the BMD of the lumbar spine (L2 to L4), femoral neck, femoral global, and radial global increased significantly. Furthermore, the bone density T-scores of the lumbar spine (L2 to L4), femoral neck, femoral global, radial distal one-third, and radial global improved significantly. CONCLUSIONS: After a meticulous preoperative workup, parathyroidectomy plus autotransplantation can be performed safely for the treatment of symptomatic secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly to improve their quality of life and decrease their incidence of bone fractures.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for thyroid nodules with cytological atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS, Bethesda III). Materials and methods: A total of 28 adults presenting with 30 initial Bethesda III nodules underwent thyroid RFA at a single medical center. Thyroid nodules with Bethesda IV or V according to the second aspiration were excluded. All RFA procedures were performed using the free-hand, 'moving-shot' technique under local anesthesia. Clinical features and demographics, RFA details, nodule volume reduction rate (VRR), and complications were analyzed. Results: The mean age of patients was 47.6 years, 82.1% of whom were females. Mean nodule volumes at pre-RFA, and at 6 months and 12 months post-RFA were 7.92, 2.42, and 1.25 mL, respectively, with a VRR of 77.9% at 6 months, and 87.4% at 12 months. Post-RFA complications were noted in two patients, one with transient vocal cord palsy and another with isthmus minor rupture. Conclusion: RFA may be another safe alternative except for active surveillance or surgical excision for AUS/FLUS nodules with low-suspicion Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System features for patients who are unsuitable or strongly refuse surgery. Long-term results remain uncertain, thus further follow-up study is necessary.

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Seizures commonly occur in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Anticonvulsants are commonly used for preventing seizures in patients with ICH. Thus, patients with ICH at high risk of seizures must be identified. The study aims to elucidate whether double the score of cortex involvement in ICH patients can increase accuracy of CAVE score for predicting late seizures. METHOD: This retrospective analysis of the medical records of surviving patients admitted between June 1, 2013, and December 31, 2019. Validated the CAVE score and modified it (CAVE2). The main outcome of patients with ICH was seizures. The first seizures occurring within 7 days after a stroke were defined as early seizures. Seizures occurring after 1 week of stroke onset, including patients who had experienced early seizures or patients who had not, were defined as late seizures. CAVE and CAVE2 scores were validated using the cohort. The accuracy and discrimination of those two scores were accessed by the area under the operating characteristic curve. Akaike information criterion, integrated discrimination improvement, and continuous net reclassification improvement were used to assess the performance of the CAVE and CAVE2 scores. RESULTS: In the cohort showed that late seizures occurred in 12.7% (52/408) of patients with ICH. Male sex, age > 65 years, cortex involvement, and early seizures were associated with the occurrence of late seizures, with odds ratios of 2.09, 2.04, 4.12, and 3.78, respectively. The risk rate of late seizures was 6.66% (17/255), 14.8% (17/115), and 47.4% (18/38) for CAVE scores ≤ 1, 2, and ≥ 3, and 4.6% (12/258), 18.3% (13/71), and 54.4 (20/37) for CAVE2 scores ≤ 1, 2, and ≥ 3 respectively. The C-statistics for the CAVE and CAVE2 scores were 0.73 and 0.74 respectively. CONCLUSION: The CAVE score can identify patients with ICH and high risk for late seizures. The CAVE can be modified by changing the score of cortex involvement to 2 points to improve accuracy in predicting late seizures in patients with ICH.

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Objective: This study aimed to investigate potentially favorable factors influencing the therapeutic success of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of huge benign thyroid nodules (BTNs) (volume >100 ml) and to evaluate the feasibility of RFA as an alternative treatment modality for patients unable or unwilling to undergo surgery. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated a total of 868 patients, of which 22 patients had huge BTNs who underwent ultrasound-guided moving shot RFA treatment between May 2017 and January 2022. The huge BTNs were categorized into two groups according to a post-RFA treatment volume reduction ratio (VRR) of >80% and <80% at 6 months. Factors influencing these huge BTNs were reviewed, analyzed, and correlated with treatment effectiveness between the two groups. Results: The factors influencing an effective VRR included huge BTNs located on the left side (OR 7.875, p = 0.03), predominant solid/spongiform nodules (OR 7.875, p = 0.03), and higher initial ablation rate (IAR) (p = 0.028). Multivariable logistic regression revealed predominant solid/spongiform nodule and the higher IAR were associated with the advanced VRR. Conclusion: RFA was effective at decreasing the volume of huge BTNs with an acceptable complication rate. The BTN characteristics correlated with a better VRR at the 6-month short-term follow-up were predominant solid/spongiform BTNs and those with the first time ablation treatment initial ablation rate. Nevertheless, regarding the higher regrowth rate of these groups of patients who may need to be treated more times, RFA can only be a feasible alternative treatment modality for patients unable or unwilling to undergo operation.

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We aimed to develop an accurate and efficient skin cancer classification system using deep-learning technology with a relatively small dataset of clinical images. We proposed a novel skin cancer classification method, SkinFLNet, which utilizes model fusion and lifelong learning technologies. The SkinFLNet's deep convolutional neural networks were trained using a dataset of 1215 clinical images of skin tumors diagnosed at Taichung and Taipei Veterans General Hospital between 2015 and 2020. The dataset comprised five categories: benign nevus, seborrheic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. The SkinFLNet's performance was evaluated using 463 clinical images between January and December 2021. SkinFLNet achieved an overall classification accuracy of 85%, precision of 85%, recall of 82%, F-score of 82%, sensitivity of 82%, and specificity of 93%, outperforming other deep convolutional neural network models. We also compared SkinFLNet's performance with that of three board-certified dermatologists, and the average overall performance of SkinFLNet was comparable to, or even better than, the dermatologists. Our study presents an efficient skin cancer classification system utilizing model fusion and lifelong learning technologies that can be trained on a relatively small dataset. This system can potentially improve skin cancer screening accuracy in clinical practice.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for thyroid nodules with cytological atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS, Bethesda III). Materials and methods: A total of 28 adults presenting with 30 initial Bethesda III nodules underwent thyroid RFA at a single medical center. Thyroid nodules with Bethesda IV or V according to the second aspiration were excluded. All RFA procedures were performed using the free-hand, 'moving-shot' technique under local anesthesia. Clinical features and demographics, RFA details, nodule volume reduction rate (VRR), and complications were analyzed. Results: The mean age of patients was 47.6 years, 82.1% of whom were females. Mean nodule volumes at pre-RFA, and at 6 months and 12 months post-RFA were 7.92, 2.42, and 1.25 mL, respectively, with a VRR of 77.9% at 6 months, and 87.4% at 12 months. Post-RFA complications were noted in two patients, one with transient vocal cord palsy and another with isthmus minor rupture. Conclusion: RFA may be another safe alternative except for active surveillance or surgical excision for AUS/FLUS nodules with low-suspicion Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System features for patients who are unsuitable or strongly refuse surgery. Long-term results remain uncertain, thus further follow-up study is necessary.

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BACKGROUND: Compared with Caucasians, East Asians have a lower incident of back pain, lower prevalence and severity of osteoporotic vertebral fracture and lumbar spine degeneration. AIM: This study compares radiographic spine degeneration features of older Chinese women (as an example of East Asians) and older Italian women (as an example of Caucasians) with a focus on the thoracic spine. METHODS: From two population-based epidemiological studies conducted in Hong Kong, China and Rome, Italy, 297 pairs (mean age: 73.6 years) age-matched older community women's lateral spine radiographs were sampled. Existence (or absence) of seven degeneration features were assessed including: (1) hyper-kyphosis, (2) disc space narrowing (T3/T4 ~ T11/T12), (3) osteoarthritic (OA) wedging (T4 ~ T12), (4) generalised osteophyte formation (T4 ~ T12); (5) acquired short vertebrae (T4 ~ T12), (6) Schmorl node (T4 - L5), (7) disc calcification (T4-L5). RESULTS: Italian women were more likely to have hyper-kyphosis (53.4% vs 25.6%), disc space narrowing (34.4% vs. 17.2%), OA wedging (6.4% vs. 0.67%), Schmorl node (19.5% vs. 4.4%, all P < 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in osteophyte formation (7.7% vs. 9.4%, P > 0.1) and acquired short vertebrae (8.0% vs. 10.4%, P > 0.1). Disc calcification was uncommon among both Chinese and Italians. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: For the first time, this study documented a lower prevalence of a number of thoracic spine degeneration features among Chinese. This study further affirms the concept of a generally healthier spine in older Chinese relative to older Caucasians. The observed differences may reflect a foundational background influence of genetic predisposition that represents an important line of future research.

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Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a progressive stage of prostate cancer that often spreads to the bone. Radium-223, a bone-targeting radiopharmaceutical, has been shown to improve the overall survival in mCRPC in patients without visceral metastasis. However, the impact of prior systemic therapy on the treatment outcome of mCRPC patients receiving radium-223 remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the optimal choice of systemic therapy before radium-223 in mCRPC patients. The study included 41 mCRPC patients who received radium-223 therapy, with 22 receiving prior enzalutamide and 19 receiving prior abiraterone. The results showed that the median overall survival was significantly longer in the enzalutamide group than in the abiraterone group (25.1 months vs. 14.8 months, p = 0.049). Moreover, the number of patients requiring blood transfusion was higher in the abiraterone group than in the enzalutamide group (9.1% vs. 26.3%, p = 0.16). The study also found that the number of doses of Radium-223 received was significantly associated with overall survival (≥5 vs. <5, HR 0.028, 95%CI 0.003-0.231, p = 0.001). Our study provides insights into the optimal treatment choice for mCRPC prior to radium-223, indicating that enzalutamide prior to radium-223 administration may have better outcomes compared to abiraterone in mCRPC patients without visceral metastasis.

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CONTEXT: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common thyroid malignancy. Dysregulated expression of miR-146b and androgen receptor (AR) has been shown to play critical roles in tumorigenesis in PTC. However, the mechanistic and clinical association between AR and miR-146b is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to investigate miR-146b as the potential AR target miRNA and its involvement in advanced tumor characteristics of PTC. METHODS: Expression of AR and miR-146b were assessed in frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from PTC and adjacent normal thyroid specimens by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and their correlation was examined. Human thyroid cancer cell lines BCPAP and TPC-1 were used to evaluate the effect of AR on miR-146b signaling. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed to determine whether AR binds to the miR-146b promoter region. RESULTS: Pearson correlation analysis confirmed significant inverse correlation between miR-146b and AR expression. Overexpressing AR BCPAP and TPC-1 cells showed relatively lower miR-146b expression. ChIP assay revealed that AR might bind to the androgen receptor element located on the promoter region of miRNA-146b gene, and overexpression of AR suppresses miR-146b-mediated tumor aggressiveness. The low AR/high miR-146b PTC patient group was associated with advanced tumor characteristics, including higher tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and worse treatment response. CONCLUSION: To sum up, miR-146b is a molecular target of AR transcriptional repression; therefore, AR suppresses miR-146b expression to reduce PTC tumor aggressiveness.

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Membrane environments affect protein structures and functions through protein-membrane interactions in a wide range of important biological processes. To better study the effects from the lipid's hydrophilic and hydrophobic interaction with protein on different membrane regions, we developed the lipid-coated nanoporous silver sheets to provide tunable supported lipid monolayer/bilayer environments for in situ surface-enhanced Raman vibrational spectroscopy (SERS) characterizations. Under the controllable surface pressure, lipid monolayer/bilayer was coated along the microscopic curved surface of nanoporous silver sheets to serve as a cell membrane mimic as well as a barrier to avoid protein denaturation while empowering the high SERS enhancements from the underlying metallic bases allowing detection sensitivity at low physiological concentrations. Moreover, we fine-tuned the lipid packing density and controlled the orientation of the deposited lipid bilayers and monolayers to directly monitor the protein structures upon interactions with various membrane parts/positions. Our results indicate that lysozyme adopted the α-helical structure in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic interaction with lipid membrane. Interestingly, alpha-synuclein folded into the α-helical structure on the negatively charged lipid heads, whereas the hydrophobic lipid tails induced the ß-sheet structural conversion of alpha-synuclein originated from its unstructured monomers. These direct observations on protein hydrophilic and hydrophobic interaction with lipid membrane might provide profound insights into the formation of the ß-sheet-containing alpha-synuclein oligomers for further membrane disruptions and amyloid genesis associated with Parkinson's disease. Hence, with the controllability and tunability of lipid environments, our platform holds great promise for more general applications in investigating the influences from membranes and the correlative structures of proteins under both hydrophilic and hydrophobic effects.

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Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive management strategy that has been widely applied for benign and recurrent malignant thyroid lesions as an alternative to surgery in Taiwan. Members of academic societies for specialists in interventional radiology, endocrinology, and endocrine surgery collaborated to develop the first consensus regarding thyroid RFA in Taiwan. The modified Delphi method was used to reach a consensus. Based on a comprehensive review of recent and valuable literature and expert opinions, the recommendations included indications, pre-procedural evaluations, procedural techniques, post-procedural monitoring, efficacy, and safety, providing a comprehensive review of the application of RFA. The consensus effectively consolidates advice regarding thyroid RFA in clinical practice for local experts.

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Medical terminology can be challenging for healthcare students due to its unfamiliar and lengthy terms. Traditional methods such as flashcards and memorization can be ineffective and require significant effort. To address this, an online chatbot-based learning model called Termbot was designed to provide an engaging and convenient method for enhancing medical terminology learning. Termbot, accessible through the LINE platform, offers crossword puzzles that turn boring medical terms into a fun learning experience. An experimental study was conducted, which showed that students who trained with Termbot made significant progress in learning medical terms, demonstrating the potential of chatbots to improve learning outcomes. Termbot's gamified approach to learning can also be applied to other fields, making it a useful tool for students to learn medical terminology conveniently and enjoyably.

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