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Production technology of iodinized spirulina biomass at vertical panel airlifted photobioreactor has been developed. The influence of different concentrations of iodine ions at certain combinations with cobalt ions on iodine-accumulative properties of spirulina has been studied. It has been shown that it is possible to obtain spirulina biomass containing certain amount of organically bound iodine by varying cobalt and iodine ions combinations and by staged addition of ions to incubation medium. This technique of staged addition of iodine and cobalt salt allowed to adopt spirulina to their high amount in the incubation medium, to increase spirulina productivity during growth, and to produce biomass with large iodine content.

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It has been established that under intake of small doses of 137Cs by rat for 9 months the radioactivity of whole rat body was increased in irregular manner. Under this condition the level of fat-soluble vitamins A and E is decreased and the decrease is well correlated with a level of radionuclide accumulation by rat's body. The possible causes of decrease of the vitamins A and E level under intake of small doses of radionuclide are discussed.

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Vitamin E, A and carotene levels in blood serum of human that were affected by the definite irradiation doses accepting the admixtures of vitamin E and carotene preparations were estimated. The consuming of vitamin E increases vitamin E and A content in blood serum. While obtaining carotene significant increase of vitamin E and carotene content is observed, but it does not influence to vitamin A content. Simultaneous application of both preparations leads to vitamin E level growth being similar to persons, receiving only vitamin E; in this case the vitamin A and carotene content is increasing more actively and produces as early as in the month the carotene accumulation in blood serum. Along side with this the vitamin A content increases only in 3 month, and vitamin E practically does not change. Among estimated persons 45 years older revealed content of vitamin E increase in 3 month of both application of preparation. Application of vitamin E and carotene preparations have expressive positive change of fat-soluble vitamin status in blood serum.

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The retinol interaction with intact cellular nuclei, nuclear envelope and chromatin was investigated. We have shown that the Cellular Retinol-Binding Protein (CRBP) plays a very important role in such interaction. Retinol can specifically interacts with nuclei, nuclear envelope and chromatin only when it presents as a complex with CRBP. The obtained data allowed us to suggest that the process of retinol delivery to hypothetical nuclear receptors include of at least the following stages: 1) specific binding with nuclear envelope; 2) penetration into nuclei; 3) specific binding with chromatin receptors. CRBP is a necessary component at all this stages. Also we show that CRBP has not a species or tissue specificity.

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The investigation dealt with testing vitamins A,E,B1 and B2 levels in the blood of children residing in different regions of Ukraine. The existence of polyhypovitaminosis, especially in children suffering from gastrointestinal tract disease was displayed. 28% of the children may be attributed to a risk group. Some measures directed to polyhypovitaminosis elimination in children, residing in Ukraine, are proposed.

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Interaction of the 3H retinol-cellular retinol-binding protein complex with nuclei is shown. The uptake process is specific and saturable. Free retinol does not penetrate to a nucleus. An assumption is advanced that cellular retinol-binding protein with molecular weight 14 kDa has no specific tissues and is involved in the transport of retinol to the nucleus and to the Golgi apparatus of the glandular stomach mucosa cells.

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Cellular retinol-binding protein from bovine liver has been purified to homogeneity. The protein binds retinol with high affinity; the apparent dissociation constant was determined by fluorometric titration to be 2.18 x 10(-3) M. Retinol bound to the protein has an absorption spectrum (lambda max = 350 nm) and considerably differs from the spectrum of retinol absorption in ethanol (lambda max = 325 nm). The protein is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of approximately 14 kDa based on information obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis.

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Retinol and tocopherol content, the intensity of spontaneous chemiluminescence as well as concentration of malonic dialdehyde in the blood of practically healthy persons of different age groups and in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer have been studied. Results are presented. The lower content of tocopherol was revealed in the young persons as compared with other age groups, while the level of vitamin A was not established to depend on age. The content of tocopherol is established to decrease in the blood serum under peptic ulcer. Under these conditions low level of retinol correlates with considerable growth of spontaneous chemiluminescence. Reserve interrelation of tocopherol content in the blood with the level of spontaneous chemiluminescence as well as the absence of true dependence on the concentration of malonic dialdehyde at peptic ulcer are proved. Mechanisms of participation of vitamins E and A in the inhibition of free-radical reactions are discussed, role of their deficiency in pathogenesis fo peptic ulcer is substantiated.

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The cellular retinol-binding proteins with the molecular weight of 14 and 53.5 kDa have been isolated from the intermediate zone mucosa cells of the glandular stomach in chickens. No substantial differences in the amino acid composition of the investigated proteins have been found. The possible functional role of the isolated cellular retinol-binding proteins is discussed.

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Glycolipoconjugates of mucin from the intermediate zone of the hen glandular stomach is shown to include at least 5 glycolipoprotein threads with equal molecular weight of about 10 kD but with different lipid content and amino acid composition. Retinol is bound only to 2-3 glycolipoproteins which contain the highest quantity of covalently bound lipids. The retinol-binding with mucin glycolipoprotein threads, probably, occurs like the lipid-lipid interaction; neutral carbohydrates do not participate in this process.

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Fluorimetric method was used to measure preoperative blood plasma-vitamin A level in 100 gastric cancer patients and 64 healthy controls. The data obtained were analyzed versus site, stage and anatomic growth pattern of tumor. Vitamin A level was found to significantly decrease in 66% of gastric cancer patients, these changes being the most apparent in stage III tumor involvement of two segments of the stomach and endophytic type of growth. It is recommended that measures to correct blood plasma-vitamin A deficiency be taken in stomach cancer patients throughout treatment period.

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A Golgi-rich fraction has been isolated from the chicken glandular stomach mucosa cells and characterized. Interaction of the [3H]retinol--cellular retinol-binding protein complex with Golgi-rich fraction is shown. The uptake process is specific and saturable. Free retinol does not penetrate to a Golgi-rich fraction. An assumption is advanced that retinol-binding protein is involved in the transport of retinol to various cell particles, in particular, to the Golgi apparatus.

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A retinol-binding protein and prealbumin both in the homogeneous state are isolated from human blood serum. Immunization of rabbits is used to obtain antibodies against the retinol-binding protein; the highly specific method is developed for quantitative determination of the content of retinol-binding protein in human blood. The method may be widely applied in the biochemical and clinical practice.

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A protein which specifically binds [3H]retinol in vitro and has a sedimentation coefficient of 2S was isolated from the soluble fraction of chicken glandular stomach intermediate zone mucosa cells and purified to homogeneity. The purification procedure included gel filtration through Sephadex G-75 and G-50 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The properties of the protein were compared to those of the retinol-binding protein from rat liver.

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Vitamin A lack in the diet of chicken produces a significant increase in the glandular stomach as well as formation of erosions and ulcers on the surface of the mucous membrane of the intermediate zone. Replacement of retinyl acetate in the diet by retinoic acid or methyl retionate gives no rise to changes in the morphological integrity of the glandular stomach of the chickens. Moreover, these compounds produce a reverse development of vitamin A-induced changes. It is thus concluded that when the diet lacks vitamin A, both retinoic acid and methyl retionate are capable of maintaining the structural integrity of the stomach.

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The lipid composition of secretion and the vitamin A content in it were studied. Secretion of normal chickens is shown to contain 96 +/- 3.1 mg of lipids, 82.5 +/- 3.4 of substances extracted by the solvent hexane-diethyl ester, 30 +/- 2.1 of unsaponifiable lipids and 2.43 +/- 0.285 micrograms of vitamin A per 1 g of dry residue. With A-avitaminosis the secretion amount is twice as large with vitamin A absent; the lipid content is almost twice as low, the total weight of substances extracted by the solvent hexane-diethyl ester is four times as low and that of the lipid unsaponifiable fraction--2.5 times as low. Quantitative and qualitative changes in lipid zones were detected by means of thin-layer chromatography and UV-spectroscopy, and structural changes in the secretion--by electron microscopy. Vitamin A is suggested to participate in formation of macromolecular lipid systems of the secretion.

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In the intermediate area of the chicken stomach with A-avitaminosis the amount of the secretion increases and its chemical composition changes sharply: the content of water, lipids, hexolamines and suphates lowers. By means of 14-C-acetate, 35S-methionine and 35S-sulphate it is established that renewal of the secretion is inhibited. The electron-microscopic examinations showed that the secret is homogenous in normalcy but with A-avitaminosis it acquires a honeycomb structure, its physicochemical properties being changed: it becomes rigid, cuticle-like. As a result there appear deep cracks reaching mucosa, which lead to formation of erosions and ulcers. An assumption is advanced that the initial disturbances of the secretion might be not related to protein component (as the ratio of amino acids in it's almost unchanged) and depend on the carbohydrate and lipid components. The hypothesis of de Luc et al. as to the transport and intermediatory function of vitamin A in biosynthesis of glycosamineglycanes, glycolipids and glycolipoproteins is questioned. Vitamin A may take part in these processes but not as an intermediator of metabolic systems but as the level of biological structures (for instance, the Golgi apparatus and others) which organize these systems and coordinate their function.

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