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Diffraction sets a natural limit for the spatial resolution of acoustic wave fields, hindering the generation and recording of object details and manipulation of sound at subwavelength scales. We propose to overcome this physical limit by utilizing nonlinear acoustics. Our findings indicate that, contrary to the commonly utilized cumulative nonlinear effect, it is in fact the local nonlinear effect that is crucial in achieving subdiffraction control of acoustic waves. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate a deep subwavelength spatial resolution up to λ/38 in the far field at a distance 4.4 times the Rayleigh distance. This Letter represents a new avenue towards deep subdiffraction control of sound, and may have far-reaching impacts on various applications such as acoustic holograms, imaging, communication, and sound zone control.
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Self-imaging phenomena for nonperiodic waves along a parabolic trajectory encompass both the Talbot effect and the accelerating Airy beams. Beyond the ability to guide waves along a bent trajectory, the self-imaging component offers invaluable advantages to lensless imaging comprising periodic repetition of planar field distributions. In order to circumvent thermoviscous and diffraction effects, we structure subwavelength resonators in an acoustically impenetrable surface supporting spoof surface acoustic waves (SSAWs) to provide highly confined Airy-Talbot effect, extending Talbot distances along the propagation path and compressing subwavelength lobes in the perpendicular direction. From a linear array of loudspeakers, we judiciously control the amplitude and phase of the SSAWs above the structured surface and quantitatively evaluate the self-healing performance of the Airy-Talbot effect by demonstrating how the distinctive scattering patterns remain largely unaffected against superwavelength obstacles. Furthermore, we introduce a new mechanism utilizing subwavelength Airy beam as a coding/decoding degree of freedom for acoustic communication with high information density comprising robust transport of encoded signals.
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Synthetic magnetism has been recently realized using spatiotemporal modulation patterns, producing non-reciprocal steering of charge-neutral particles such as photons and phonons. Here, we design and experimentally demonstrate a non-reciprocal acoustic system composed of three compact cavities interlinked with both dynamic and static couplings, in which phase-correlated modulations induce a synthetic magnetic flux that breaks time-reversal symmetry. Within the rotating wave approximation, the transport properties of the system are controlled to efficiently realize large non-reciprocal acoustic transport. By optimizing the coupling strengths and modulation phases, we achieve frequency-preserved unidirectional transport with 45-dB isolation ratio and 0.85 forward transmission. Our results open to the realization of acoustic non-reciprocal technologies with high efficiency and large isolation, and offer a route towards Floquet topological insulators for sound.
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Efficiently receiving underwater sound remotely from air is a long-standing challenge in acoustics hindered by the large impedance mismatch at the water-air interface. Here, a phase-engineered water-air impedance matching metasurface is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for remote and efficient water-to-air eavesdropping. The judiciously designed metasurface with near-unity transmission efficiency, long monitoring distance, and high mechanical stiffness is capable of making the water-air interface acoustically transparent and, at the same time, freewheelingly patterning the transmitted wavefront. This enables efficient control over the effective spatial location of a distant airborne sensor such that it can measure underwater signals with large signal-to-noise ratios as if placed close to the physical underwater source. Such airborne eavesdropping of underwater sound is experimentally demonstrated with a measured sensitivity enhancement of nearly 104 at 8 kHz, far from achievable with the current state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, the opportunities of using the proposed metasurface for cross-media orbital-angular-momentum-multiplexed communication and underwater acoustic window are also demonstrated. This metasurface opens new avenues for communication and sensing in inhomogeneities with totally reflective interfaces, which may be translated to nano-optics and radio frequencies.
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Despite the significance for wave physics and potential applications, high-efficiency frequency conversion of low-frequency waves cannot be achieved with conventional nonlinearity-based mechanisms with poor mode purity, conversion efficiency, and real-time reconfigurability of the generated harmonic waves in both optics and acoustics. Rotational Doppler effect provides an intuitive paradigm to shifting the frequency in a linear system which, however, needs a spiral-phase change upon the wave propagation. Here a rotating passive linear vortex metasurface is numerically and experimentally presented with close-to-unity mode purity (>93%) and high conversion efficiency (>65%) in audible sound frequency as low as 3000 Hz. The topological charge of the transmitted sound is almost immune from the rotational speed and transmissivity, demonstrating the mechanical robustness and stability in adjusting the high-performance frequency conversion in situ. These features enable the researchers to cascade multiple vortex metasurfaces to further enlarge and diversify the extent of sound frequency conversion, which are experimentally verified. This strategy takes a step further toward the freewheeling sound manipulation at acoustic frequency domain, and may have far-researching impacts in various acoustic communications, signal processing, and contactless detection.
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Speeding up the transmission of information carried by waves is of fundamental interest for wave physics, with pivotal significance for underwater communications. To overcome the current limitations in information transfer capacity, here we propose and experimentally validate a mechanism using multipath sound twisting to realize real-time high-capacity communication free of signal-processing or sensor-scanning. The undesired channel crosstalk, conventionally reduced via time-consuming postprocessing, is virtually suppressed by using a metamaterial layer as purely-passive demultiplexer with high spatial selectivity. Furthermore, the compactness of system ensures high information density crucial for acoustics-based applications. A distinct example of complicated image transmission is experimentally demonstrated, showing as many independent channels as the path number multiplied by vortex mode number and an extremely-low bit error rate nearly 1/10 of the forward error correction limit. Our strategy opens an avenue to metamaterial-based high-capacity communication paradigm compatible with the conventional multiplexing mechanisms, with far-reaching impact on acoustics and other domains.
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Weyl points-topological monopoles of quantized Berry flux-are predicted to spread to Weyl exceptional rings in the presence of non-Hermiticity. Here, we use a one-dimensional Aubry-Andre-Harper model to construct a Weyl semimetal in a three-dimensional parameter space comprising one reciprocal dimension and two synthetic dimensions. The inclusion of non-Hermiticity in the form of gain and loss produces a synthetic Weyl exceptional ring (SWER). The topology of the SWER is characterized by both its topological charge and non-Hermitian winding numbers. We experimentally observe the SWER and synthetic Fermi arc in a one-dimensional phononic crystal with the non-Hermiticity introduced by active acoustic components. Our findings pave the way for studying the high-dimensional non-Hermitian topological physics in acoustics.
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An ultrasonic motor built with a contactless meta engine block (MEB) is designed and experimentally demonstrated for twisting the linear momentum of sound emanating from a Helmholtz resonator-based metasurface into orbital angular momentum (OAM). The MEB is capable of hosting highly efficient excitations of eigenmodes carrying desired OAM whose Bessel acoustic intensity patterns are enhanced by over ten times compared to the incident wave. Thanks to this efficiency, bidirectional ultrasonic OAM is capable of driving loads at speeds up to 1000 rpm at 4 W and remarkable sound radiation torque levels. Moreover, the possibility of using arbitrarily shaped MEBs is also demonstrated by engineering its physical boundary condition based on an analytically derived criterion to guarantee the high twisting efficiency of man-made OAM. The results show how noninvasive driving of an ultrasonic motor can be made possible through appropriately designed momentum twisting, which opens the door to a new class of integrated mechanical devices solely powered by sound.
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Due to the potential engineering needs, the passive tunable metasurfaces with a high performance equivalent to the active phased array is worthy of research. Here, a passive ultrathin metasurface unit composed of a piezoelectric composite structure (PCS) connected to an external capacitor, which can modulate the phase of the transmitted acoustic waves at a deep subwavelength scale only by controlling the external capacitor but without changing the structure, is proposed. Then, a tunable acoustic metasurface composed of 20 identical PCSs is introduced to realize three acoustic functions, beam steering, beam focusing, and tweezer-like beam generating, just by changing the external capacitors. The phase-control abilities of the PCS unit and three functions of the designed metasurface are proved both numerically and experimentally. This study provides the possibility to design ultrathin tunable acoustic metasurfaces with the ability of precise control and passive materials.
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In linear, lossless, time-invariant, and nonbiased acoustic systems, mode transitions are time reversible, consistent with Lorentz reciprocity and implying a strict symmetry in space-time for sound manipulation. Here, we overcome this fundamental limitation by implementing spatiotemporally modulated acoustic metamaterials that support nonreciprocal sound steering. Our mechanism relies on the coupling between an ultrathin membrane and external biasing electromagnetic fields, realizing programmable dynamic control of the acoustic impedance over a motionless and noiseless platform. The fast and flexible impedance modulation of our metamaterial imparts an effective unidirectional momentum in space-time to realize nonreciprocal transitions in k-ω space between different diffraction modes. On the basis of these principles, we demonstrate efficient nonreciprocal sound steering, showcasing unidirectional evanescent wave conversion and nonreciprocal upconversion focusing. More generally, our metamaterial platform offers opportunities for generation of nonreciprocal Bloch waves and extension to other domains, such as non-Hermitian topological and parity-time symmetric acoustics.
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Analyzing scattered wave to recognize object is of fundamental significance in wave physics. Recently-emerged deep learning technique achieved great success in interpreting wave field such as in ultrasound non-destructive testing and disease diagnosis, but conventionally need time-consuming computer postprocessing or bulky-sized diffractive elements. Here we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a purely-passive and small-footprint meta-neural-network for real-time recognizing complicated objects by analyzing acoustic scattering. We prove meta-neural-network mimics a standard neural network despite its compactness, thanks to unique capability of its metamaterial unit-cells (dubbed meta-neurons) to produce deep-subwavelength phase shift as training parameters. The resulting device exhibits the "intelligence" to perform desired tasks with potential to overcome the current limitations, showcased by two distinctive examples of handwritten digit recognition and discerning misaligned orbital-angular-momentum vortices. Our mechanism opens the route to new metamaterial-based deep-learning paradigms and enable conceptual devices automatically analyzing signals, with far-reaching implications for acoustics and related fields.
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Broadband acoustic absorbers with thin thickness are highly desired in practical situations such as architectural acoustics, yet it is still challenging to achieve high absorption by using structure with limited thickness. Here we report the theoretical optimal design, numerical simulation and experimental demonstration of a planar acoustic absorber capable of producing broadband sound absorption with deep-subwavelength thickness. The mechanism is that, we use a hybrid design of individual unit cell comprising multiple resonators with a coiled configuration for expanding the working bandwidth and downscaling the resulting device, and, on the other hand, the geometries of the constituent resonance elements are optimally designed by using genetic algorithm. Based on an analytical formula we derive for an efficient prediction of the absorption efficiency, the optimization process is accelerated and gives rise to an optimally maximized amount of absorbed energy with limited device thickness. As a result, the proposed absorber features planar profile, broad bandwidth, wide absorbing angle (the absorber works well when the incident angle of sound wave reaches 60°) and thin thickness (< 1/25 wavelength). In addition, the proposed scheme does not rely on extra sound-absorptive materials or the type of constituent solid material, which significantly simplifies the sample fabrication and improves the application potential of resulting device. The measured data agree well with the theoretical predictions, showing high sound absorption in the prescribed frequency range. We envision our design to further improve the performance of acoustic absorbers and find applications in practical situations in need of elimination of broadband acoustic waves within limited spaces.
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Two-dimensional (2D) acoustic vortex allows new physics and applications different from three-dimensional counterparts, yet existing mechanisms usually have to rely on active array composed of transducers which may result in complexity, high cost and, in particular, undesired spatial aliasing effect. We propose to generate 2D acoustic vortex inside an enclosed metasurface illuminated by axisymmetric wave carrying no orbital angular momentum. We derive the criterion on unit size for eliminating spatial aliasing effect which is challenging for conventional active approaches and design a membrane-based metasurface to implement our mechanism. The performance of our strategy is demonstrated via precise production of different orders of non-aliased vortices regardless of center-to-center alignment, with undistorted Bessel-like pattern extending to the whole inner region. We anticipate our design with simplicity, compactness, precision and flexibility to open up possibility to design novel vortex devices and find important applications in diverse scenarios such as on-chip particle manipulations.
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The use of acoustic metamaterials with novel phenomena to design acoustic waveguides with special properties has obvious potential application value. Here, we propose a virtual soft boundary (VSB) model with high reflectivity and half cycle phase loss, which consists of an acoustic propagation layer and an acoustic metamaterial layer with tube arrays. Then the waveguide designed by the VSB is presented, and the numerical and experimental results show that it can separate acoustic waves at different frequencies without affecting the continuity and the flow of the medium in the space. The VSB waveguide can enrich the functions of acoustic waveguides and provide more application prospects.
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The topological states in quantum Hall insulators and quantum spin Hall insulators that emerge helical are considered nondissipative. However, in crystalline systems without spin-orbit couplings, the existing higher-order topological states are considered not helical, and the energy suffers from dissipation during propagation. In this work, by introducing the intrinsic pseudospin degree of freedom, we theoretically and experimentally present the existence of the helical higher-order topological states in the C_{6}-symmetric topological crystalline insulators based on the acoustic samples. Crucially, rather than considering the global interaction of the large bulk, we further intuitively reveal the impacts of the geometries of the crystal on the generation mechanisms and natural behaviors of these states based on the simple equivalent models. These results provide a versatile way for guiding the design of the desired topological materials.
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Invisibility or unhearability cloaks have been made possible by using metamaterials enabling light or sound to flow around obstacle without the trace of reflections or shadows. Metamaterials are known for being flexible building units that can mimic a host of unusual and extreme material responses, which are essential when engineering artificial material properties to realize a coordinate transforming cloak. Bending and stretching the coordinate grid in space require stringent material parameters; therefore, small inaccuracies and inevitable material losses become sources for unwanted scattering that are decremental to the desired effect. These obstacles further limit the possibility of achieving a robust concealment of sizeable objects from either radar or sonar detection. By using an elaborate arrangement of gain and lossy acoustic media respecting parity-time symmetry, we built a one-way unhearability cloak able to hide objects seven times larger than the acoustic wavelength. Generally speaking, our approach has no limits in terms of working frequency, shape, or size, specifically though we demonstrate how, in principle, an object of the size of a human can be hidden from audible sound.
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Despite the growing attentions dedicated to the harvesting of acoustic energy that is a clean and renewable yet usually wasted energy source, the long wavelength of airborne sound still poses fundamental limits on the miniaturization of harvester devices and hinders practical applications. Here we present an ultrathin and planar acoustic energy harvester with rigidity. We propose a distinctive metasurface-based mechanism that reduces the effective wavelength to produce extraordinarily strong local energy within deep-subwavelength dimension and enable high-efficiently harvesting energy of incident airborne sound with considerably long wavelength. Our design idea is implemented by a foldy-structured metasurface capable of confining low-frequency energy within narrow channel at resonance, with a piezoelectric plate judiciously placed to converse acoustic to electric energy. The resulting device is downscaled to as thin as λ/63 while keeping flat shape and mechanical rigidity. We analytically derive the effective acoustical parameter of the unit cell, and verify the theoretical predictions via numerical simulations which shows the generation of the maximum output power at the prescribed working frequency. Our design with compactness and rigidity makes an important step towards the miniaturization and integration of acoustic energy harvesters and may have far-reaching implication in diverse applications ranging from microelectronic device design to wireless and self-powered active sensing.
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We report the experimental realization of an acoustic Chern insulator (ACI), by using an angular-momentum-biased resonator array with the broken Lorentz reciprocity. High Q-factor resonance of the constituent rotors is leveraged to reduce the required rotation speed. ACI is a new topological acoustic system analogous to the electronic quantum Hall insulator, based on an effective magnetic field. Experimental results show that the ACI featured with a stable and uniform metafluid flow bias supports one-way nonreciprocal transport of sound at its edges, which is topologically immune to various types of defects. Our work opens up opportunities for exploring unique observable topological phases and developing topological-insulator-based nonreciprocal devices in acoustics.
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The past decade witnesses considerable efforts to design acoustic illusion cloak that produces the desired scattered field for a specific object illuminated by an external field. Yet the possibility of generating acoustic illusion directly for a sound source still remains unexplored despite the great fundamental and practical significance, and previous transformation acoustics-based designs need to have bulky sizes in terms of working wavelength. Here we propose to produce arbitrary illusion for an airborne sound source with no need to resort to coordinate transformation method. Based on an inherently different mechanism that uses acoustic metasurface to provide azimuthally-dependent local phase delay to the radiated wavefront, we shrink the thickness of the single layer enclosing the source to subwavelength scale without modulating the shape of layer. The performance of our scheme is demonstrated via distinct phenomena of virtually shifting the source location and introducing angular momentum. Numerical results verify our theoretical predictions, showing the extraordinary capability of the presented device to freely manipulate the radiation pattern of a simplest point source, making it acoustically appearing like another arbitrarily complicated source. Our findings open new avenues to the design and application of acoustic illusion devices and may have deep implications in many diverse fields such as architectural acoustics and biomedical engineering.