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BACKGROUND: Interest in the evolution of climatic niches, particularly in understanding the potential adaptive responses of species under climate change, has increased both theoretically and within macroecological studies. These studies have provided valuable insights into how climatic traits of species influence their niche evolution. In this study, we aim to investigate whether niche conservatism plays a role in the species diversification of Nymphaea, a group of aquatic plants with a cosmopolitan distribution that is facing severe habitat loss. We will use climatic models and phylogenetic data for 23 species to reconstruct Nymphaea's niche evolution, measure niche overlap, and assess disparity through time while testing for evolutionary models. RESULTS: There was a lot of overlap in niches both within and between groups, especially for species that can be found in many places. The breadth and peaks of the niche profile varied depending on the bioclimatic variables, which suggested that the species evolved differently to cope with changes in climate. The analysis also showed that evolutionary changes happened across the phylogeny, with weak to moderate signals. The morphological disparity index (MDI) values indicated that there were disparities within subclades over time but not between or among them. Niche reconstruction and evolution analysis revealed both convergent and divergent evolution among various variables. For example, N. immutabilis, N. atrans, N. violancea, and N. nouchali evolved towards intermediate temperatures for bio2 and bio3 (isothermity) while moving towards extreme temperatures for bio8 and bio9 (wettest and driest average quarterly temperatures). CONCLUSION: Our study will improve our understanding of how changes in climatic niches are potentially driving the evolution of Nymphaea. It has significant scientific implications for the limits, assemblages, evolution, and diversification of species. This information is crucial for the ongoing efforts of conservation and management, particularly considering the inevitable effects of climate change.
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Evolución Biológica , Clima , Ecosistema , Filogenia , América del Sur , Australia , África , Cambio ClimáticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of monkeypox have been ongoing in non-endemic countries since May 2022. A thorough assessment of its global zoonotic niche and potential transmission risk is lacking. METHODS: We established an integrated database on global monkeypox virus (MPXV) occurrence during 1958 - 2022. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to examine the evolution of MPXV and effective reproductive number (Rt) was estimated over time to examine the dynamic of MPXV transmissibility. The potential ecological drivers of zoonotic transmission and inter-regional transmission risks of MPXV were examined. RESULTS: As of 24 July 2022, a total of 49 432 human patients with MPXV infections have been reported in 78 countries. Based on 525 whole genome sequences, two main clades of MPXV were formed, of which Congo Basin clade has a higher transmissibility than West African clade before the 2022-monkeypox, estimated by the overall Rt (0.81 vs. 0.56), and the latter significantly increased in the recent decade. Rt of 2022-monkeypox varied from 1.14 to 4.24 among the 15 continuously epidemic countries outside Africa, with the top three as Peru (4.24, 95% CI: 2.89-6.71), Brazil (3.45, 95% CI: 1.62-7.00) and the United States (2.44, 95% CI: 1.62-3.60). The zoonotic niche of MPXV was associated with the distributions of Graphiurus lorraineus and Graphiurus crassicaudatus, the richness of Rodentia, and four ecoclimatic indicators. Besides endemic areas in Africa, more areas of South America, the Caribbean States, and Southeast and South Asia are ecologically suitable for the occurrence of MPXV once the virus has invaded. Most of Western Europe has a high-imported risk of monkeypox from Western Africa, whereas France and the United Kingdom have a potential imported risk of Congo Basin clade MPXV from Central Africa. Eleven of the top 15 countries with a high risk of MPXV importation from the main countries of 2022-monkeypox outbreaks are located at Europe with the highest risk in Italy, Ireland and Poland. CONCLUSIONS: The suitable ecological niche for MPXV is not limited to Africa, and the transmissibility of MPXV was significantly increased during the 2022-monkeypox outbreaks. The imported risk is higher in Europe, both from endemic areas and currently epidemic countries. Future surveillance and targeted intervention programs are needed in its high-risk areas informed by updated prediction.
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Mpox , Humanos , Mpox/epidemiología , Filogenia , Brotes de Enfermedades , Estudios Retrospectivos , BrasilRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Posthepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) is a serious complication after hepatectomy, and its effective methods for preoperative prediction are lacking. Here, we aim to identify predictive factors and build a nomogram to evaluate patients' risk of developing PHLF. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of a training cohort, including 199 patients who underwent hepatectomy at the Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, was conducted. Independent risk variables for PHLF were identified using multivariate analysis of perioperative variables, and a nomogram was used to build a predictive model. To test the predictive power, a prospective study in which a validation cohort of 71 patients was evaluated using the nomogram. The prognostic value of this nomogram was evaluated by the C-index. RESULTS: Independent risk variables for PHLF were identified from perioperative variables. In multivariate analysis of the training cohort, tumor number, Pringle maneuver, blood loss, preoperative platelet count, postoperative ascites and use of anticoagulant medications were determined to be key risk factors for the development of PHLF, and they were selected for inclusion in our nomogram. The nomogram showed a 0.911 C-index for the training cohort. In the validation cohort, the nomogram also showed good prognostic value for predicting PHLF. The validation cohort was used with similarly successful results to evaluate risk in two previously published study models with calculated C-indexes of 0.718 and 0.711. CONCLUSION: Our study establishes for the first time a novel nomogram that can be used to identify patients at risk of developing PHLF.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Fallo Hepático , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Hepatectomía/efectos adversos , Nomogramas , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Estudios Prospectivos , Anticoagulantes/efectos adversos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , China/epidemiología , Fallo Hepático/diagnóstico , Fallo Hepático/etiología , Fallo Hepático/prevención & control , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of ferulic acid (FA) on spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced motor dysfunction and to explore the possible pharmacological mechanisms. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were used in our study. SCI was achieved by clipping the spinal cord T9 of the rat by a vascular clip for 2 minutes. The motor function of the rat was evaluated by Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scoring method (BBB) and inclined plane test. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, NISSL staining, and transmission electron microscopic examination were used to evaluate alterations at the histological level. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blots, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were employed in biochemical analysis. RESULTS: The BBB score and inclined plane test score significantly decreased after SCI surgery, whereas chronic FA treatment (dose of 90 mg/kg, i.g.) for 28 days improved SCI-induced motor dysfunction. HE staining showed that SCI surgery induced internal spinal cord edema, but the structural changes of the spinal cord could be reversed by FA treatment. NISSL staining and transmission electron microscopic examination confirmed the improvement of the effect of FA on the injury site. In the biochemical analysis, it could be found that FA inhibitedSCI-induced mRNA and protein overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α), as well as iNOS and COX-2 via the modulation of NF-κB level in the spinal cord of SCI rat. Moreover, the SCI-induced decrease of Bcl-2/Bax ratio was also reversed by FA treatment. However, the effect of FA on the expression of Beclin-1 was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: FA showed a therapeutic effect on SCI, which may be associated with the regulation of neuroinflammation and apoptosis.
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Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal , Animales , Apoptosis , Ácidos Cumáricos , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Ratas Wistar , Recuperación de la Función , Médula Espinal , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the effect of ferulic acid (FA) on spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced motor dysfunction and to explore the possible pharmacological mechanisms. Methods Adult male Wistar rats were used in our study. SCI was achieved by clipping the spinal cord T9 of the rat by a vascular clip for 2 minutes. The motor function of the rat was evaluated by Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scoring method (BBB) and inclined plane test. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, NISSL staining, and transmission electron microscopic examination were used to evaluate alterations at the histological level. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blots, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were employed in biochemical analysis. Results The BBB score and inclined plane test score significantly decreased after SCI surgery, whereas chronic FA treatment (dose of 90 mg/kg, i.g.) for 28 days improved SCI-induced motor dysfunction. HE staining showed that SCI surgery induced internal spinal cord edema, but the structural changes of the spinal cord could be reversed by FA treatment. NISSL staining and transmission electron microscopic examination confirmed the improvement of the effect of FA on the injury site. In the biochemical analysis, it could be found that FA inhibitedSCI-induced mRNA and protein overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), as well as iNOS and COX-2 via the modulation of NF-κB level in the spinal cord of SCI rat. Moreover, the SCI-induced decrease of Bcl-2/Bax ratio was also reversed by FA treatment. However, the effect of FA on the expression of Beclin-1 was not statistically significant. Conclusions FA showed a therapeutic effect on SCI, which may be associated with the regulation of neuroinflammation and apoptosis.
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Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/tratamiento farmacológico , Médula Espinal , Ratas Wistar , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Apoptosis , Ácidos Cumáricos , Recuperación de la FunciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potentially ideal for type 2 diabetes treatment, owing to their multidirectional differentiation ability and immunomodulatory properties. Here we investigated whether the stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) in combination with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) could treat type 2 diabetic rats, and explored the underlying mechanism. METHODS: SD rats were used to generate a type 2 diabetes model, which received stem cell therapy, HBO therapy, or both together. Before and after treatment, body weight, blood glucose, and serum insulin, blood lipid, pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6), and urinary proteins were measured and compared. After 6 weeks, rats were sacrificed and their organs were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunofluorescence staining for insulin and glucagon; apoptosis and proliferation were analyzed in islet cells. Structural changes in islets were observed under an electron microscope. Expression levels of Pdx1, Ngn3, and Pax4 mRNAs in the pancreas were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: In comparison with diabetic mice, those treated with the combination or SHE therapy showed decreased blood glucose, insulin resistance, serum lipids, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased body weight and serum insulin. The morphology and structure of pancreatic islets improved, as evident from an increase in insulin-positive cells and a decrease in glucagon-positive cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining of islet cells revealed the decreased apoptosis index, while Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining showed increased proliferation index. Pancreatic expression of Pdx1, Ngn3, and Pax4 was upregulated. CONCLUSION: SHED combined with HBO therapy was effective for treating type 2 diabetic rats. The underlying mechanism may involve SHED-mediated increase in the proliferation and trans-differentiation of islet ß-cells and decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis of islets.
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Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/terapia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Oxigenoterapia Hiperbárica/métodos , Células Secretoras de Insulina , Trasplante de Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Animales , China , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/inducido químicamente , Humanos , Insulina , Masculino , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Ratones , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Células Madre , Diente PrimarioRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potentially ideal for type 2 diabetes treatment, owing to their multidirectional differentiation ability and immunomodulatory properties. Here we investigated whether the stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) in combination with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) could treat type 2 diabetic rats, and explored the underlying mechanism. METHODS: SD rats were used to generate a type 2 diabetes model, which received stem cell therapy, HBO therapy, or both together. Before and after treatment, body weight, blood glucose, and serum insulin, blood lipid, pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6), and urinary proteins were measured and compared. After 6 weeks, rats were sacrificed and their organs were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunofluorescence staining for insulin and glucagon; apoptosis and proliferation were analyzed in islet cells. Structural changes in islets were observed under an electron microscope. Expression levels of Pdx1, Ngn3, and Pax4 mRNAs in the pancreas were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: In comparison with diabetic mice, those treated with the combination or SHE therapy showed decreased blood glucose, insulin resistance, serum lipids, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased body weight and serum insulin. The morphology and structure of pancreatic islets improved, as evident from an increase in insulin-positive cells and a decrease in glucagon-positive cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining of islet cells revealed the decreased apoptosis index, while Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining showed increased proliferation index. Pancreatic expression of Pdx1, Ngn3, and Pax4 was upregulated. CONCLUSION: SHED combined with HBO therapy was effective for treating type 2 diabetic rats. The underlying mechanism may involve SHED-mediated increase in the proliferation and trans-differentiation of islet β-cells and decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis of islets.
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Humanos , Animales , Masculino , Ratones , Ratas , Trasplante de Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/terapia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Células Secretoras de Insulina , Oxigenoterapia Hiperbárica/métodos , Células Madre , Diente Primario , China , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/inducido químicamente , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , InsulinaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between obesity and mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in China. METHODS: In total, 909 patients with CAP were recruited for this study from January 2010 to June 2015. All patients were selected and divided into 4 groups according to their body mass index (BMI) values. All patients' clinical information was recorded. The associations among mortality; BMI; the 30-day, 6-month and 1-year survival rates for different BMI classes; the etiology of pneumonia in each BMI group; and the risk factors for 1-year mortality in CAP patients were analyzed. RESULT: With the exception of the level of C-reactive protein (CRP), no other clinical indexes showed significant differences among the different BMI groups. No significant differences were observed among all groups in terms of the 30-d and 6-month mortality rates (p>0.05). There was a significantly lower risk of 1-year mortality in the obese group than in the nonobese group, (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that there were seven independent risk factors for 1-year mortality in CAP patients, namely, age, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, obesity, APACHE II score, level of CRP and CAP severity. CONCLUSION: Compared with nonobese patients with CAP, obese CAP patients may have a lower mortality rate, especially with regard to 1-year mortality, and CRP may be associated with the lower mortality rate in obese individuals than in nonobese individuals.
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Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Obesidad/mortalidad , Neumonía/mortalidad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Índice de Masa Corporal , China/epidemiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/mortalidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between obesity and mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in China. METHODS: In total, 909 patients with CAP were recruited for this study from January 2010 to June 2015. All patients were selected and divided into 4 groups according to their body mass index (BMI) values. All patients' clinical information was recorded. The associations among mortality; BMI; the 30-day, 6-month and 1-year survival rates for different BMI classes; the etiology of pneumonia in each BMI group; and the risk factors for 1-year mortality in CAP patients were analyzed. RESULT: With the exception of the level of C-reactive protein (CRP), no other clinical indexes showed significant differences among the different BMI groups. No significant differences were observed among all groups in terms of the 30-d and 6-month mortality rates (p>0.05). There was a significantly lower risk of 1-year mortality in the obese group than in the nonobese group, (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that there were seven independent risk factors for 1-year mortality in CAP patients, namely, age, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, obesity, APACHE II score, level of CRP and CAP severity. CONCLUSION: Compared with nonobese patients with CAP, obese CAP patients may have a lower mortality rate, especially with regard to 1-year mortality, and CRP may be associated with the lower mortality rate in obese individuals than in nonobese individuals.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Neumonía/mortalidad , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Obesidad/mortalidad , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Índice de Masa Corporal , China/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/mortalidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy with topical aminolevulinic acid (ALA-PDT) has been suggested to be effective in treatment of acne vulgaris. However, adverse events occur during and after treatment. OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of optical intra-tissue fiber irradiation (OFI) ALA-PDT versus traditional ALA-PDT in treatment of acne vulgaris in rabbit models. METHODS: Twenty-five rabbits of clean grade were used. Twenty rabbits were randomly selected to establish acne model and the other five were used as control. Rabbits in model group (40 ears) were further divided into four groups (10 ears/group): I, OFI-ALA-PDT with the head of optical fiber inserted into the target lesion (intra-tissue); II, traditional ALA-PDT group; III, OFI group; IV, blank control group without any treatment. Uncomfortable symptoms, adverse events, and effectiveness rates were recorded on post-treatment day 14, 30, and 45. RESULTS: On post-treatment day 14, the effectiveness rate in OFI-ALA-PDT group was obviously higher than that of the other three groups (P<0.05). However, no improved effects were observed in OFI-ALA-PDT group on day 30 and 45. During the period of treatment, the frequencies of uncomfortable symptoms in ALA-PDT group were obviously higher than those in the other three groups (P<0.05). The adverse event rate in OFI-ALA-PDT group was obviously lower than that of the ALA-PDT group (P<0.05). STUDY LIMITATIONS: The unblindness of the study and temporary animal models of acne induced may hamper the assessment and monitoring of the results, and future studies are still needed to clarify it further. CONCLUSION: The OFI-ALA-PDT group (intra-tissue irradiation) showed no improved efficacy on treating rabbit ear acne but had higher safety and better tolerability.
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Acné Vulgar/terapia , Ácido Aminolevulínico/administración & dosificación , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/administración & dosificación , Ácido Aminolevulínico/efectos adversos , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Fotoquimioterapia/efectos adversos , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/efectos adversos , Conejos , Distribución Aleatoria , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Abstract Background: Photodynamic therapy with topical aminolevulinic acid (ALA-PDT) has been suggested to be effective in treatment of acne vulgaris. However, adverse events occur during and after treatment. Objectives: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of optical intra-tissue fiber irradiation (OFI) ALA-PDT versus traditional ALA-PDT in treatment of acne vulgaris in rabbit models. Methods: Twenty-five rabbits of clean grade were used. Twenty rabbits were randomly selected to establish acne model and the other five were used as control. Rabbits in model group (40 ears) were further divided into four groups (10 ears/group): I, OFI-ALA-PDT with the head of optical fiber inserted into the target lesion (intra-tissue); II, traditional ALA-PDT group; III, OFI group; IV, blank control group without any treatment. Uncomfortable symptoms, adverse events, and effectiveness rates were recorded on post-treatment day 14, 30, and 45. Results: On post-treatment day 14, the effectiveness rate in OFI-ALA-PDT group was obviously higher than that of the other three groups (P<0.05). However, no improved effects were observed in OFI-ALA-PDT group on day 30 and 45. During the period of treatment, the frequencies of uncomfortable symptoms in ALA-PDT group were obviously higher than those in the other three groups (P<0.05). The adverse event rate in OFI-ALA-PDT group was obviously lower than that of the ALA-PDT group (P<0.05) Study limitations: The unblindness of the study and temporary animal models of acne induced may hamper the assessment and monitoring of the results, and future studies are still needed to clarify it further. Conclusion: The OFI-ALA-PDT group (intra-tissue irradiation) showed no improved efficacy on treating rabbit ear acne but had higher safety and better tolerability.
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Animales , Conejos , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/administración & dosificación , Acné Vulgar/terapia , Ácido Aminolevulínico/administración & dosificación , Fotoquimioterapia/efectos adversos , Distribución Aleatoria , Resultado del Tratamiento , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/efectos adversos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ácido Aminolevulínico/efectos adversosRESUMEN
As a gas signaling molecule, endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a crucial role in the plant stress response. However, the role of H2S in the response to organic pollutants specifically has not been studied. Here, the effects of H2S addition on soybean (Glycine max) seedlings tolerance of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) were investigated. Under 1,4-DCB stress, the growth of soybean seedlings roots and stems was inhibited, while L-/D-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD/DCD) activity was induced and endogenous H2S increased. When applied jointly with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a H2S donor, root growth inhibition was effectively alleviated. Pre-treatment of seedlings with 0.4mmol L-1 NaHS reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactived oxygen species (ROS) content, mitigating root cell toxicity significantly. Further experiments confirmed that NaHS enhanced soybean seedlings peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities. In contrast, these effects were reversed by hypotaurine (HT), a H2S scavenger. Therefore, H2S alleviated 1,4-DCB toxicity in soybean seedlings by regulating antioxidant enzyme activity to reduce cell oxidative damage.(AU)
Tal como uma molécula de sinal de gás, sulfureto de hidrogenio endógena (H2S) desempenha um papel crucial na resposta ao stress das plantas. Mas não foi relatado o papel de H2S em plantas poluentes orgânicos stress. Este estudo sobre a variação de H2S envolvido em plântulas de soja tolerância 1,4-Diclorobenzeno foi investigada. Os resultados mostraram sob o 1,4-diclorobenzeno stress, que o crescimento da soja (Glycine max) de raiz de mudas e caule foram inibidas, L- / D-cisteína desulfhydrase (LCD / DCD) atividades enzimáticas foram empossados, em seguida, H2S endógeno aumentado. Quando aplicado com hidrossulfureto de sódio (NaSH), um doador de H2S, raiz de plântulas de soja, a inibição do crescimento pode ser melhorada. Tratamentos prévios com 0,4mmol L-1 NaHS, malondialdeído (MDA) e espécies de oxigênio reactivas conteúdo (ROS) foi reduzida, em seguida, a toxicidade celular da raiz foi reduzida significativamente. Outros experimentos confirmaram que NaSH melhorou a peroxidase de plântulas de soja (POD), superóxido dismutase (SOD) atividades enzimáticas. Em contraste, estes efeitos foram revertidos por hypotaurine (HT), um eliminador de H2S. Então H2S pode aliviar toxicidade 1,4-diclorobenzeno em plântulas de soja por meio da regulamentação das atividades de enzimas antioxidantes para manter a integridade da estrutura celular.(AU)
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Glycine max/efectos de los fármacos , Glycine max/toxicidad , Sulfuros/administración & dosificación , Clorobencenos/administración & dosificación , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: As a gas signaling molecule, endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a crucial role in the plant stress response. However, the role of H2S in the response to organic pollutants specifically has not been studied. Here, the effects of H2S addition on soybean (Glycine max) seedlings tolerance of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) were investigated. Under 1,4-DCB stress, the growth of soybean seedlings roots and stems was inhibited, while L-/D-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD/DCD) activity was induced and endogenous H2S increased. When applied jointly with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a H2S donor, root growth inhibition was effectively alleviated. Pre-treatment of seedlings with 0.4mmol L-1 NaHS reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactived oxygen species (ROS) content, mitigating root cell toxicity significantly. Further experiments confirmed that NaHS enhanced soybean seedlings peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities. In contrast, these effects were reversed by hypotaurine (HT), a H2S scavenger. Therefore, H2S alleviated 1,4-DCB toxicity in soybean seedlings by regulating antioxidant enzyme activity to reduce cell oxidative damage.
RESUMO: Tal como uma molécula de sinal de gás, sulfureto de hidrogenio endógena (H2S) desempenha um papel crucial na resposta ao stress das plantas. Mas não foi relatado o papel de H2S em plantas poluentes orgânicos stress. Este estudo sobre a variação de H2S envolvido em plântulas de soja tolerância 1,4-Diclorobenzeno foi investigada. Os resultados mostraram sob o 1,4-diclorobenzeno stress, que o crescimento da soja (Glycine max) de raiz de mudas e caule foram inibidas, L- / D-cisteína desulfhydrase (LCD / DCD) atividades enzimáticas foram empossados, em seguida, H2S endógeno aumentado. Quando aplicado com hidrossulfureto de sódio (NaSH), um doador de H2S, raiz de plântulas de soja, a inibição do crescimento pode ser melhorada. Tratamentos prévios com 0,4mmol L-1 NaHS, malondialdeído (MDA) e espécies de oxigênio reactivas conteúdo (ROS) foi reduzida, em seguida, a toxicidade celular da raiz foi reduzida significativamente. Outros experimentos confirmaram que NaSH melhorou a peroxidase de plântulas de soja (POD), superóxido dismutase (SOD) atividades enzimáticas. Em contraste, estes efeitos foram revertidos por hypotaurine (HT), um eliminador de H2S. Então H2S pode aliviar toxicidade 1,4-diclorobenzeno em plântulas de soja por meio da regulamentação das atividades de enzimas antioxidantes para manter a integridade da estrutura celular.
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A new, validated method, developed for the simultaneous determination of 16 phenolics (chlorogenic acid, scopoletin, vitexin, rutin, afzelin, isoquercitrin, narirutin, kaempferitrin, quercitrin, quercetin, kaempferol, chrysosplenol D, vitexicarpin, 5-hydroxy-3,3',4',7-tetramethoxy flavonoids, 5-hydroxy-3,4',6,7-tetramethoxy flavonoids and kaempferol-3,7,4'-trimethyl ether) in Houttuynia cordata Thunb. was successfully applied to 35 batches of samples collected from different regions or at different times and their total antioxidant activities (TAAs) were investigated. The aim was to develop a quality control method to simultaneously determine the major active components in H. cordata. The HPLC-DAD method was performed using a reverse-phase C18 column with a gradient elution system (acetonitrile-methanol-water) and simultaneous detection at 345 nm. Linear behaviors of method for all the analytes were observed with linear regression relationship (r(2)>0.999) at the concentration ranges investigated. The recoveries of the 16 phenolics ranged from 98.93% to 101.26%. The samples analyzed were differentiated and classified based on the contents of the 16 characteristic compounds and the TAA using hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The results analyzed showed that similar chemical profiles and TAAs were divided into the same group. There was some evidence that active compounds, although they varied significantly, may possess uniform anti-oxidant activities and have potentially synergistic effects.
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Houttuynia/química , Antioxidantes/análisis , Compuestos de Bifenilo/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Análisis por Conglomerados , Flavonoides/análisis , Indicadores y Reactivos , Fenoles/análisis , Picratos/química , Análisis de Componente Principal , Control de Calidad , Estándares de Referencia , Análisis de Regresión , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Soluciones , Solventes , Espectrofotometría Ultravioleta/métodosRESUMEN
Patrinia heterophylla Bunge, Caprifoliaceae, is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for cancer therapy. In our study, a panel of human cancer cells was treated with extract of Patrinia heterophylla Bunge. (PHEB), MTT study showed that PC-3 Human prostate adenocarcinoma was the most responsive (IC50 9.21±0.32 µg/mL) one to cell growth inhibition, the further study also demonstrated that PHEB could inhibit the proliferation of PC-3 based on a concentration-and time-dependent manner. The transplanted model of sarcoma 180 (S180) and hepatoma 22 (H22) was established in mice, the study demonstrated that i.p. administration of 20, 40, 60 mg/kg PHEB exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of transplantation tumor, with inhibition rate 23.9, 48.4 and 53.6 percent on S180 and 21.0, 46.3 and 57.2 percent on H22, respectively. To investigate the molecular mechanism of PHEB in PC-3, the morphological changes of apoptosis were observed by fluorescent microscopy, apoptosis rate was analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). Morphological characterizations such as apoptotic bodies and membrane blebs were shown by microscopy. The increase of an early apoptotic population was observed in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that PHEB has anti-tumor effects and its mechanism is attributed partially to apoptosis induced.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Visual disturbances after high-altitude exposure were first reported in 1969. Manifestations may include retinal hemorrhage, papilledema, and vitreous hemorrhage. METHODS: We observed a group of 6 experienced climbers who ascended Mt Aconcagua to an altitude of 6,962 m in February 2007. Visual acuity study, intraocular pressure study, visual field study, nerve fiber layer analysis, eye Doppler, laboratory studies, fundus photography, and intravenous fluorescein angiography were performed on the climbers before and after their exposures to high altitude. RESULTS: In all six study subjects, retinal vascular engorgement and tortuosity were present in varying degrees in both eyes. One of the climbers had both retinal hemorrhage and pulmonary edema. Of the two subjects who had visual field defects, one had severe nerve fiber layer defects of both eyes. Furthermore, laboratory studies of this climber showed a high level of antiphospholipid antibody. Significant reduction of the left ocular blood flow was also noted on this subject's eye Doppler examination after the Mt Aconcagua expedition. CONCLUSION: Various high-altitude retinopathies were observed in the experienced climbers of this study. As high-altitude pursuits become more popular, attention should be paid to the increasing prevalence of high-altitude retinopathy.
Asunto(s)
Mal de Altura/etiología , Altitud , Montañismo , Enfermedades de la Retina/etiología , Trastornos de la Visión/etiología , Campos Visuales , Adulto , Anticuerpos Antifosfolípidos/sangre , Argentina , Femenino , Angiografía con Fluoresceína , Humanos , Hipoxia/complicaciones , Presión Intraocular/fisiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Edema Pulmonar/etiología , Agudeza Visual/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Relying on surveillance of clinical cases limits the ability to understand the full impact and severity of an epidemic, especially when subclinical cases are more likely to be present in the early stages. Little is known of the infection and transmissibility of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza (pH1N1) virus outside of Mexico prior to clinical cases being reported, and of the knowledge pertaining to immunity and incidence of infection during April-June, which is essential for understanding the nature of viral transmissibility as well as for planning surveillance and intervention of future pandemics. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Starting in the fall of 2008, 306 persons from households with schoolchildren in central Taiwan were followed sequentially and serum samples were taken in three sampling periods for haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Age-specific incidence rates were calculated based on seroconversion of antibodies to the pH1N1 virus with an HI titre of 1:40 or more during two periods: April-June and September-October in 2009. The earliest time period with HI titer greater than 40, as well as a four-fold increase of the neutralization titer, was during April 26-May 3. The incidence rates during the pre-epidemic phase (April-June) and the first wave (July-October) of the pandemic were 14.1% and 29.7%, respectively. The transmissibility of the pH1N1 virus during the early phase of the epidemic, as measured by the effective reproductive number R(0), was 1.16 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98-1.34). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one in every ten persons was infected with the 2009 pH1N1 virus during the pre-epidemic phase in April-June. The lack of age-pattern in seropositivity is unexpected, perhaps highlighting the importance of children as asymptomatic transmitters of influenza in households. Although without virological confirmation, our data raise the question of whether there was substantial pH1N1 transmission in Taiwan before June, when clinical cases were first detected by the surveillance network.
Asunto(s)
Pruebas de Inhibición de Hemaglutinación , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A , Gripe Humana/transmisión , Pandemias , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Reacciones Cruzadas/inmunología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Gripe Humana/diagnóstico , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas Serológicas , Taiwán , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Approaches to the assembly of (eta5-C5Me5)WS3Cu3-based supramolecular compounds from two preformed incomplete cubane-like clusters [PPh4][(eta5-C5Me5)WS3(CuX)3] (X = CN, 1a; X = Br, 1b) have been investigated. Treatment of 1a with LiBr/1,4-pyrazine (1,4-pyz), pyridine (py), LiCl/py, or 4,4'-bipyridine (4,4'-bipy) and treatment of 1b with 4,4'-bipy gave rise to a new set of W/Cu/S cluster-based compounds, [Li[((eta5-C5Me5)WS3Cu3(mu3-Br))2(mu-CN)3].C6H6]infinity (2), [(eta5-C5Me5)WS3Cu3(mu-CN)2(py)]infinity (3), [[PPh4][(eta5-C5Me5)WS3Cu3(mu3-Cl)(mu-CN)(CN)].py]infinity (4), [PPh4]2[(eta5-C5Me5)WS3Cu3(CN)2]2(mu-CN)2.(4,4'-bipy) (5), and [[(eta5-C5Me5)WS3Cu3Br(mu-Br)(4,4'-bipy)].Et2O]infinity (6). The structures of 2-6 have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Compound 2 displays a 1D ladder-shaped chain structure built of square-like [[(eta5-C5Me5)WS3Cu3(mu3-Br)(mu-CN)]4](mu-CN)2(2-) anions via two pairs of Cu-mu-CN-Cu bridges. Compound 3 consists of a single 3D diamond-like network in which each (eta5-C5Me5)WS3Cu3 unit, serving as a tetrahedral node, interconnects with four other nearby units through Cu-mu-CN-Cu bridges. Compound 4 contains a 1D zigzag chain array made of cubane-like [(eta5-C5Me5)WS3Cu3(mu3-Cl)(mu-CN)(CN)]- anions linked by a couple of Cu-mu-CN-Cu bridges. Compound 5 contains a dimeric structure in which the two incomplete cubane-like [(eta5-C5Me5)WS3(CuCN)2(mu-CN)]- anions are strongly held together via a pair of Cu-mu-CN-Cu bridges. Compound 6 contains a 2D brick-wall layer structure in which dimers of [(eta5-C5Me5)WS3Cu3Br(4,4'-bipy)]2 are interconnected via four Cu-mu-Br-Cu bridges. The successful construction of (eta5-C5Me5)WS3Cu3-based supramolecular compounds 2-6 from the geometry-fixed clusters 1a and 1b may expand the scope of the rational design and construction of cluster-based supramolecular assemblies.