RESUMEN
Acting as a double-edged sword, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for maintaining brain homeostasis by restricting the entry of small molecules and most macromolecules from blood. However, it also largely limits the brain delivery of most drugs. Even if a drug can penetrate the BBB, its accumulation in the intracerebral pathological regions is relatively low. Thus, an optimal drug-delivery system (DDS) for the management of brain diseases needs to display BBB permeability, lesion-targeting capability, and acceptable safety. Biomimetic DDSs, developed by directly utilizing or mimicking the biological structures and processes, provide promising approaches for overcoming the barriers to brain drug delivery. The present review summarizes the biological properties and biomedical applications of the biomimetic DDSs including the cell membrane-based DDS, lipoprotein-based DDS, exosome-based DDS, virus-based DDS, protein template-based DDS and peptide template-based DDS for the management of brain diseases.
Asunto(s)
Biomimética/métodos , Encefalopatías/tratamiento farmacológico , Tecnología Farmacéutica/métodos , Barrera Hematoencefálica/química , Péptidos de Penetración Celular/química , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Humanos , Lipoproteínas/química , Liposomas/químicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease of the intestinal tract in which excessive activation of inflammatory response is correlated. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent, widely existing in fruits and vegetables. However, the role of C3G has rarely been investigated in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. METHODS: In an attempt to elucidate the possible mechanism of IBD and develop new efficient therapeutic methods for colitis, we evaluated the effects of C3G on DSS-induced colitis. DSS-induced colitic C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneal injected with 1ug C3G or phosphate buffer every 2 days, a total of 3 times; the changes in macrophages and regular T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Cytokines and chemokines were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The results showed that C3G treatment did not cause changes in body weight and colon length as much as those of DSS-treated mice only. Cytokine expression levels such as interleukin (IL)- 6, IL-1ß, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ (IFN γ) in colons and mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs) from C3G-treated mice were lower than those from colitic mice. Meanwhile, C3G injection inhibited the decrease in CCL22 levels and Tregs induction in colitic mice. Furthermore, the activation of macrophages by LPS and increase of CD169+ cells induced by type I IFN could be inhibited by C3G directly in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: The study is the first to demonstrate strong effects of C3G to alleviate DSS-induced colonic damage in mice. The effect of C3G on DSS-induced colitis clearly showed a decrease of CD169+ macrophages in both the colon and mLNs. An increase of CD169+ cells induced by type I IFN could be inhibited by C3G. All these data suggest that the role of C3G in colitic inflammation was mediated at least partially by CD169+ cells and the type I IFN pathway.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas/farmacología , Colitis/prevención & control , Sulfato de Dextran/toxicidad , Glucósidos/farmacología , Macrófagos Peritoneales/efectos de los fármacos , Lectina 1 Similar a Ig de Unión al Ácido Siálico/metabolismo , Linfocitos T Reguladores/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Quimiocina CCL22/genética , Quimiocina CCL22/metabolismo , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/inmunología , Colitis/patología , Femenino , Macrófagos Peritoneales/inmunología , Macrófagos Peritoneales/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Lectina 1 Similar a Ig de Unión al Ácido Siálico/genética , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The minipig can serve as a good pharmacological model for human subjects. However, the long-term pathogenesis of high-calorie diet-induced metabolic syndromes, including NASH, has not been well described in minipigs. We examined the development of metabolic syndromes in Bama minipigs that were fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) for 23 months, by using histology and serum biochemistry and by profiling the gene expression patterns in the livers of HFHSD pigs compared to controls. The pathology findings revealed microvesicular steatosis, iron overload, arachidonic acid synthesis, lipid peroxidation, reduced antioxidant capacity, increased cellular damage, and inflammation in the liver. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 164 genes were differentially expressed between the livers of the HFHSD and control groups. The pathogenesis of early-stage NASH was characterized by hyperinsulinemia and by de novo synthesis of fatty acids and nascent triglycerides, which were deposited as lipid droplets in hepatocytes. Hyperinsulinemia shifted the energy supply from glucose to ketone bodies, and the high ketone body concentration induced the overexpression of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). The iron overload, CYP2E1 and alcohol dehydrogenase 4 overexpression promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which resulted in arachidonic and linoleic acid peroxidation and, in turn, led to malondialdehyde production and a cellular response to ROS-mediated DNA damage.
Asunto(s)
Glucosa/metabolismo , Hiperinsulinismo/complicaciones , Hiperinsulinismo/metabolismo , Cuerpos Cetónicos/metabolismo , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/etiología , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Peso Corporal , Colesterol/sangre , Colesterol/metabolismo , Daño del ADN , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Fibrosis , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , Hepatocitos/patología , Hepatocitos/ultraestructura , Hiperplasia , Resistencia a la Insulina , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Islotes Pancreáticos/patología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Peroxidación de Lípido , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/patología , Estrés Oxidativo , Fenotipo , Porcinos , Transcriptoma , Triglicéridos/sangre , Triglicéridos/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The effect of a long-term high-fat, high-caloric diet on the dysfunction of pancreas has not been clarified. We investigated the pancreatic histopathology and ß-cell apoptosis in Bama minipigs after 23 months on a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHSD). METHODS: Bama minipigs were randomly assigned to control (n = 6) and HFHSD groups (n = 6) for 23 months, and biochemical parameters were measured. Pancreata were subjected to histological analysis, followed by assessment with transmission electron microscopy. Lipid peroxidation was determined by the malondialdehyde concentration and antioxidant enzyme activity. Β-cell apoptosis was measured by an immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: In the HFHSD group, the islets were enlarged, and the pancreatic tissue had observed significant fatty infiltration. Moreover, the feeding program damaged the normal pancreatic tissue structure. The level of lipid peroxidation was increased, and the activities of pancreatic antioxidant enzymes were significantly decreased. The expression levels of caspase-3, Bax, and insulin were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Bcl-2 were decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The long-term HFHSD promotes pancreatic steatosis and oxidative stress, which increases ß-cell apoptosis as indicated by the activation of caspase-3 through the mitochondrial pathway (Bcl-2/Bax).