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Background: Knowledge about the pathogenesis of depression and treatments for this disease are lacking. Epigenetics-related circRNAs are likely involved in the mechanism of depression and have great potential as treatment targets, but their mechanism of action is still unclear. Methods: Circular RNA UBE2K (circ-UBE2K) was screened from peripheral blood of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and brain of depression model mice through high-throughput sequencing. Microinjection of circ-UBE2K overexpression lentivirus and adeno-associated virus for interfering with microglial circ-UBE2K into the mouse hippocampus was used to observe the role of circ-UBE2K in MDD. Sucrose preference, forced swim, tail suspension and open filed tests were performed to evaluate the depressive-like behaviors of mice. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting analysis of the effects of circ-UBE2K on microglial activation and immune inflammation. Pull-down-mass spectrometry assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) test and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to identify downstream targets of circ-UBE2K/ HNRNPU (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U) axis. Results: In this study, through high-throughput sequencing and large-scale screening, we found that circ-UBE2K levels were significantly elevated both in the peripheral blood of patients with MDD and in the brains of depression model mice. Functionally, circ-UBE2K-overexpressing mice exhibited worsened depression-like symptoms, elevated brain inflammatory factor levels, and abnormal microglial activation. Knocking down circ-UBE2K mitigated these changes. Mechanistically, we found that circ-UBE2K binds to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (HNRNPU) to form a complex that upregulates the expression of the parental gene ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 K (UBE2K), leading to abnormal microglial activation and neuroinflammation and promoting the occurrence and development of depression. Conclusions: The findings of the present study revealed that the expression of circUBE2K, which combines with HNRNPU to form the circUBE2K/HNRNPU complex, is increased in microglia after external stress, thus regulating the expression of the parental gene UBE2K and mediating the abnormal activation of microglia to induce neuroinflammation, promoting the development of MDD. These results indicate that circ-UBE2K plays a newly discovered role in the pathogenesis of depression.
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Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Microglía , ARN Circular , Enzimas Ubiquitina-Conjugadoras , Animales , ARN Circular/genética , ARN Circular/metabolismo , Microglía/metabolismo , Humanos , Ratones , Masculino , Enzimas Ubiquitina-Conjugadoras/genética , Enzimas Ubiquitina-Conjugadoras/metabolismo , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/genética , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/metabolismo , Femenino , Depresión/genética , Depresión/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Adulto , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In recent years, simultaneous or sequential occurrence of MOG antibody disease and anti-NMDAR encephalitis in the same patient has been reported with increasing frequency. Scholars refer to the overlapping occurrence of these two disorders as MOG antibody disease and anti-NMDAR encephalitis overlap syndrome (MNOS). Cortical T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) -hyperintense lesions in anti-MOG-associated encephalitis with seizures (FLAMES) is a rare clinical phenotype of MOGAD in which cortical FLAIR high-signal lesions are unilateral, with little spread to the cortex and meninges bilaterally. Although cases of FLAMES have been consistently reported. However, to our knowledge, such cases of FLAMES combined with NMDARE are rare. CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we describe a case of FLAMES combined with anti-NMDARE. The patient was a young male, 29 years old, admitted to our hospital with isolated seizures, whose MRI showed unilateral thalamic and bilateral frontal and parietal leptomeningeal involvement. Since we were unaware of the possibility of bilateral meningo-cortical MOGAD manifestations, the case was initially diagnosed as viral encephalitis and was given antiviral therapy. The diagnosis was not clarified until anti-NMDAR-IgG and MOG-IgG positivity was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum. The patient was then treated with high-dose corticosteroids and his symptoms responded well to the steroids. Therefore, this case expands the clinical spectrum of MNOS overlap syndrome. In addition, we describe the clinical features of MNOS by summarizing the existing literature and exploring the possible mechanisms of its immune response. CONCLUSIONS: Our case serves as a reminder to clinicians that when patients present with atypical clinical manifestations such as seizures, consideration should be given to MNOS and conduct testing for various relevant autoantibodies (including MOG abs) and viruses in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid, as it is easy to misdiagnose the disease as other CNS diseases, such as viral meningoencephalitis. This syndrome exhibits a high responsiveness to steroids, highlighting the critical importance of recognizing the clinical and neuroimaging features of this overlap syndrome for prompt diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, it enriches the disease spectrum of MNOS.
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Encefalitis Antirreceptor N-Metil-D-Aspartato , Humanos , Encefalitis Antirreceptor N-Metil-D-Aspartato/diagnóstico , Encefalitis Antirreceptor N-Metil-D-Aspartato/tratamiento farmacológico , Encefalitis Antirreceptor N-Metil-D-Aspartato/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Adulto , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito/inmunología , Convulsiones/tratamiento farmacológico , Autoanticuerpos/sangre , Autoanticuerpos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Imagen por Resonancia MagnéticaRESUMEN
Alzheimer's disease is a pervasive neurodegenerative disease that is estimated to represent approximately 70% of dementia cases worldwide, and the molecular complexity that has been highlighted remains poorly understood. The accumulation of extracellular amyloid-ß (Aß), intracellular neurofibrillary tangles formed by tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuroinflammation are the major pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Over the years, there has been no apparent breakthrough in drug discovery based on the Aß and tau hypotheses. Neuroinflammation has gradually become a hot spot in AD treatment research. As the primary cells of innate immunity in the central nervous system, microglia play a key role in neuroinflammation. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes are vital molecules in neuroinflammation. In the pathological context of AD, the complex interplay between TLR4 and the NLRP3 inflammasomes in microglia influences AD pathology via neuroinflammation. In this review, the effect of the activation and inhibition of TLR4 and NLRP3 in microglia on AD pathology, as well as the cross-talk between TLR4 and the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the influence of essential molecules in the relevant signaling pathway on AD pathology, were expounded. In addition, the feasibility of these factors in representing a potential treatment option for AD has been clarified.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas , Humanos , Inflamasomas/metabolismo , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Microglía/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/patología , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Alzheimer's disease, among the most common neurodegenerative disorders, is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. At present, the Alzheimer's disease main risk remains genetic risks, but major environmental factors are increasingly shown to impact Alzheimer's disease development and progression. Microglia, the most important brain immune cells, play a central role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and are considered environmental and lifestyle "sensors." Factors like environmental pollution and modern lifestyles (e.g., chronic stress, poor dietary habits, sleep, and circadian rhythm disorders) can cause neuroinflammatory responses that lead to cognitive impairment via microglial functioning and phenotypic regulation. However, the specific mechanisms underlying interactions among these factors and microglia in Alzheimer's disease are unclear. Herein, we: discuss the biological effects of air pollution, chronic stress, gut microbiota, sleep patterns, physical exercise, cigarette smoking, and caffeine consumption on microglia; consider how unhealthy lifestyle factors influence individual susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease; and present the neuroprotective effects of a healthy lifestyle. Toward intervening and controlling these environmental risk factors at an early Alzheimer's disease stage, understanding the role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease development, and targeting strategies to target microglia, could be essential to future Alzheimer's disease treatments.
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BACKGROUND: Recent numerous epidemiology and clinical association studies reported that ApoE polymorphism might be associated with the risk and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and yielded inconsistent results. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection relies on its spike protein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on host cell membranes. METHODS: A meta-analysis was conducted to clarify the association between ApoE polymorphism and the risk and severity of COVID-19. Multiple protein interaction assays were utilized to investigate the potential molecular link between ApoE and the SARS-CoV-2 primary receptor ACE2, ApoE and spike protein. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining methods were used to access the regulatory effect of different ApoE isoform on ACE2 protein expression. RESULTS: ApoE gene polymorphism (ε4 carrier genotypes VS non-ε4 carrier genotypes) is associated with the increased risk (P = 0.0003, OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.18-1.76) and progression (P < 0.00001, OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.50-2.28) of COVID-19. ApoE interacts with both ACE2 and the spike protein but did not show isoform-dependent binding effects. ApoE4 significantly downregulates ACE2 protein expression in vitro and in vivo and subsequently decreases the conversion of Ang II to Ang 1-7. CONCLUSIONS: ApoE4 increases SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in a manner that may not depend on differential interactions with the spike protein or ACE2. Instead, ApoE4 downregulates ACE2 protein expression and subsequently the dysregulation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may provide explanation by which ApoE4 exacerbates COVID-19 disease.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/fisiología , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2/genética , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2/farmacología , SARS-CoV-2 , Apolipoproteína E4/genética , Apolipoproteína E4/metabolismo , Apolipoproteína E4/farmacología , Regulación hacia Abajo/genética , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/genética , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/genética , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/metabolismoRESUMEN
GRK5 is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase family and is closely associated with heart and nervous system disease. It has been reported that GRK5 is closely related to cerebral nerve function and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the biological function of GRK5 in the brain and the influence of GRK5 deficiency on cognitive dysfunction associated with neurodegenerative diseases are unknown. Here, we reported that mice with reduced GRK5 in the hippocampus exhibit cognitive impairment and some Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related molecular pathologies, such as significant neuronal damage and loss, enhanced tau protein phosphorylation, and increased levels of Aß peptides in the hippocampus. Mechanistically, we observed that GRK5 is located in microglia and plays an essential role in maintaining the morphology and function of microglia. GRK5 deficiency elicits microglial morphology changes and proinflammatory-associated gene increases. In addition, transcriptional analysis of hippocampal tissues revealed striking changes in neuroactive ligandâreceptor interactions and TNF signaling in GRK5-deficient mice. In conclusion, our results further confirm the vital role of GRK5 in maintaining normal cognitive function in mice. This finding suggests a possible mechanism by which GRK5 maintains microglial homeostasis, and its loss may induce microglial function deficits and cause some AD-related molecular pathogenesis.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Disfunción Cognitiva , Ratones , Animales , Microglía/metabolismo , Ratones Noqueados , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Disfunción Cognitiva/metabolismo , Ratones Transgénicos , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are highly expressed in the central nervous system and have been reported to be associated with neuropsychiatric diseases, but their potential role in major depressive disorder (MDD) remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that there was a disorder of circRNAs in the blood of MDD patients. It has been preliminarily proved that hsa_circ_0002473, hsa_circ_0079651, hsa_circ_0137187, hsa_circ_0006010, and hsa_circ_0113010 were highly expressed in MDD patients and can be used as diagnostic markers for MDD. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that hsa_circ_0079651, hsa_circ_0137187, hsa_circ_0006010, and hsa_circ_0113010 may affect the neuroplasticity of MDD through the ceRNA mechanism.
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The tetrapeptide repeat domain 3 (TTC3) gene falls within Down's syndrome (DS) critical region. Cognitive impairment is a common phenotype of DS and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and overexpression of TTC3 can accelerate cognitive decline, but the specific mechanism is unknown. The TTC3-mediated protein quality control (PQC) mechanism, similar to the PQC system, is divided into three parts: it acts as a cochaperone to assist proteins in folding correctly; it acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3s) involved in protein degradation processes through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS); and it may also eventually cause autophagy by affecting mitochondrial function. Thus, this article reviews the research progress on the structure, function, and metabolism of TTC3, including the recent research progress on TTC3 in DS and AD; the role of TTC3 in cognitive impairment through PQC in combination with the abovementioned attributes of TTC3; and the potential targets of TTC3 in the treatment of such diseases.
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Disfunción Cognitiva , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/genética , Disfunción Cognitiva/genética , Síndrome de Down/genética , Humanos , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and currently has no effective treatment. Mainstream research on the mechanisms and therapeutic targets of AD is focused on the two most important hallmarks, Aß and Tau, but the results from clinical studies are not encouraging. Abnormal microglial polarization is a clear typical pathological feature in the progression of AD. Microglia can be neuroprotective by degrading and removing Aß and Tau. However, under AD conditions, microglia transform into a pro-inflammatory phenotype that decreases the phagocytic activity of microglia, damages neurons and promotes the pathology of AD. We previously reported that a miR-146a polymorphism is associated with sporadic AD risk, and the nasal administration of miR-146a mimics reduced cognitive impairment and the main pathological features of AD. However, it is not clear by what mechanism miR-146a resists the pathological process of AD. In this study, we discovered that microglia-specific miR-146a overexpression reduced cognitive deficits in learning and memory, attenuated neuroinflammation, reduced Aß levels, ameliorated plaque-associated neuritic pathology, and prevented neuronal loss in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. In addition, we found that miR-146a switched the microglial phenotype, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced phagocytic function to protect neurons in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, transcriptional analysis confirmed that miR-146a opposed the pathological process of AD mainly through neuroinflammation-related pathways. In summary, our results provide sufficient evidence for the mechanism by which miR-146a opposes AD and strengthen the conclusion that miR-146a is a promising target for AD and other microglia-related diseases.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer/genética , Cognición/fisiología , Disfunción Cognitiva/genética , MicroARNs/genética , Microglía/patología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/genética , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/genética , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Disfunción Cognitiva/parasitología , Citocinas/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Aprendizaje/fisiología , Masculino , Memoria/fisiología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Neuronas/patología , Fenotipo , Placa Amiloide/genética , Placa Amiloide/patologíaRESUMEN
Radiation-induced brain injury (RBI) is a serious complication in patients who have received radiotherapy for head and neck tumors. Currently, there is a scarcity of information on early diagnostic and preventive methods of RBI. Accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs are involved in the regulation of radiation injury, but the molecular biological mechanism of miRNAs in RBI is largely unknown. Therefore, in our study, microRNA sequencing was used to discover differential miRNAs in the hippocampus of RBI-modeled mice, which suggested that miR-741-3p was most significantly upregulated. To clarify the underlying mechanism of miR-741-3p in RBI-modeled mice, an inhibitor of miR-741-3p (antagomiR-741) was delivered into the brain via the nasal passage before irradiation. The delivery of antagomiR-741 significantly reduced miR-741-3p levels in the hippocampus of RBI-modeled mice, and the cognitive dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis induced by radiation were also alleviated at 6 weeks postirradiation. Downregulation of miR-741-3p was found to improve the protrusion and branching status of microglia after irradiation and reduced the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes. Additionally, antagomiR-741 suppressed the radiation-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in the hippocampus and S100B in the serum. Furthermore, Ddr2, PKCα and St8sia1 were revealed as target genes of miR-741-3p and as potential regulatory targets for RBI. Overall, our study provides identification and functional evaluation of miRNA in RBI and lays the foundation for improving the prevention strategy for RBI based on the delivery of miRNA via the nose-brain pathway.
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Antagomirs/farmacología , Lesiones Encefálicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/radioterapia , MicroARNs/farmacología , Traumatismos por Radiación/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/patología , Encéfalo/efectos de la radiación , Lesiones Encefálicas/etiología , Lesiones Encefálicas/genética , Lesiones Encefálicas/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/complicaciones , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/patología , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/patología , Humanos , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/genética , Inflamación/patología , Ratones , MicroARNs/genética , Traumatismos por Radiación/genética , Traumatismos por Radiación/patología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is an NAD+ dependent deacetylase that is the most abundant sirtuin protein in the brain. Accumulating evidence revealed the role of SIRT2 in a wide range of biological processes and age-related diseases. However, the pivotal mechanism of SIRT2 played in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown. Here, we report that pharmacological inactivation of SIRT2 has a beneficial effect in AD. The deacetylase inhibitor of SIRT2 rescued the cognitive impairment in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 transgenic mouse (APP/PS1 mouse), and the BACE1 cleavage was weakened to reduce the ß-amyloid (Aß) production in the hippocampus. Moreover, we firstly identified that Reticulon 4B (RTN4B) played a crucial role between SIRT2/BACE1 regulation in AD. RTN4B, as a deacetylation substrate for SIRT2, the deacetylation by SIRT2 drived the ubiquitination and degradation of RTN4B and then the disturbed RTN4B interacted with and influenced the expression of BACE1. When we overexpressed RTN4B in neurons of the hippocampus in the AD mouse model, the abnormal Aß accumulation and cognitive impairment were ameliorated, consistent with the results of SIRT2 inhibition in vivo. Moreover, we showed that the regulatory effect of SIRT2 on BACE1 is dependent on RTN4B. When RTN4B was knocked down, the effects of SIRT2 inhibition on the BACE1 level, Aß pathology, and AD-liked behaviors were also blocked. Collectively, we provide evidence that SIRT2 may be a potential target for AD; the new found SIRT2/RTN4B/BACE1 pathological pathway is one of the critical mechanisms for the improvement of SIRT2 on AD.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Disfunción Cognitiva/metabolismo , Proteínas Nogo/metabolismo , Sirtuina 2/antagonistas & inhibidores , Acetilación , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Secretasas de la Proteína Precursora del Amiloide/metabolismo , Animales , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidasas/metabolismo , Disfunción Cognitiva/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Células HEK293 , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patología , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Ratones Transgénicos , Neuronas/metabolismo , Neuronas/patología , Isoformas de Proteínas , Sirtuina 2/metabolismo , UbiquitinaciónRESUMEN
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and cannot be cured. The etiology and pathogenesis of AD is still not fully understood, the genetics is considered to be one of the most important factors for AD onset, and the identified susceptible genes could provide clues to the AD mechanism and also be the potential targets. MicroRNA-146a-5p (miR-146a) is well known in the regulation of the inflammatory response, and the functional SNP of miR-146a was associated with AD risk. In this study, using a noninvasive nasal administration, we discovered that a miR-146a agomir (M146AG) rescued cognitive impairment in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse and alleviated the overall pathological process in the AD mouse model, including neuroinflammation, glia activation, Aß deposit, and tau phosphorylation in hippocampi. Furthermore, the transcriptional analysis revealed that besides the effect of neuroinflammation, M146AG may serve as a multi-potency target for intervention in AD. In addition, Srsf6 was identified as a target of miR-146a, which may play a role in AD progression. In conclusion, our study supports that the nasal-to-brain pathway is efficient and operable for the brain administration of microRNAs (miRNAs), and that miR-146a may be a new potential target for AD treatment.
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Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is an NAD+-dependent deacetylase that was under studied compared to other sirtuin family members. SIRT2 is the only sirtuin protein which is predominantly found in the cytoplasm but is also found in the mitochondria and in the nucleus. Recently, accumulating evidence has uncovered a growing number of substrates and additional detailed functions of SIRT2 in a wide range of biological processes, marking its crucial role. Here, we give a comprehensive profile of the crucial physiological functions of SIRT2 and its role in neurological diseases, cancers, and other diseases. This review summarizes the functions of SIRT2 in the nervous system, mitosis regulation, genome integrity, cell differentiation, cell homeostasis, aging, infection, inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy. SIRT2 inhibition rescues neurodegenerative disease symptoms and hence SIRT2 is a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disease. SIRT2 is undoubtedly dysfunctional in cancers and plays a dual-faced role in different types of cancers, and although its mechanism is unresolved, SIRT2 remains a promising therapeutic target for certain cancers. In future, the continued rapid growth in SIRT2 research will help clarify its role in human health and disease, and promote the progress of this target in clinical practice.
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Sirtuina 2/fisiología , Animales , Autofagia , Diferenciación Celular , Inestabilidad Genómica , Humanos , Inflamación , Mitosis , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Sirtuina 2/metabolismoRESUMEN
Increasing evidence has indicated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are related to the susceptibility of sepsis and might provide potential evidence for the mechanisms of sepsis. Our recent preliminary study showed that the ADAM10 genetic polymorphism was clinically associated with the development of sepsis, and little is known about the underlying mechanism. The aim of this study was to confirm the association between the ADAM10 promoter rs653765 GâA polymorphism and the progression of sepsis and to discover the underlying mechanism. Clinical data showed that the rs653765 GâA polymorphism was positively correlated with the development of sepsis, as evidenced by a multiple-center case-control association study with a large sample size, and showed that EGR1 and ADAM10 levels were associated well with the different subtypes of sepsis patients. In vitro results demonstrated that the rs653765 GâA variants could functionally modulate ADAM10 promoter activity by altering the binding of the EGR1 transcription factor (TF) to the ADAM10 promoter, affecting the transcription and translation of the ADAM10 gene. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) followed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay indicated the direct interaction. Functional studies further identified that the EGR1/ADAM10 pathway is important for the inflammatory response. EGR1 intervention in vivo decreased host proinflammatory cytokine secretion and rescued the survival and tissue injury of the mouse endotoxemia model.IMPORTANCE Sepsis is characterized as life-threatening organ dysfunction, with unacceptably high mortality. Evidence has indicated that functional SNPs within inflammatory genes are associated with susceptibility, progression, and prognosis of sepsis. These mechanisms on which these susceptible sites depended often suggest the key pathogenesis and potential targets in sepsis. In the present study, we confirmed that a functional variant acts as an important genetic factor that confers the progression of sepsis in a large sample size and in multiple centers and revealed that the variants modulate the EGR1/ADAM10 pathway and influence the severity of sepsis. We believe that we provide an important insight into this new pathway involving the regulation of inflammatory process of sepsis based on the clinical genetic evidence, which will enhance the understanding of nosogenesis of sepsis and provide the potential target for inflammation-related diseases.
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Proteína ADAM10/genética , Secretasas de la Proteína Precursora del Amiloide/genética , Proteína 1 de la Respuesta de Crecimiento Precoz/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Sepsis/genética , Proteína ADAM10/metabolismo , Anciano , Secretasas de la Proteína Precursora del Amiloide/metabolismo , Animales , Estudios de Casos y Controles , China , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Proteína 1 de la Respuesta de Crecimiento Precoz/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación Puntual , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Unión Proteica , Sepsis/metabolismoRESUMEN
Accumulating evidence reveals that the sirtuin family is involved in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the association between the polymorphisms of the sirtuin gene and the risk of PD remains elusive. Here, we investigated the possible association of nine SIRT1 and SIRT2 SNPs with the risk of PD through a clinical case-control study from the Chinese Han population. Our results showed that rs12778366 in the promoter region of SIRT1 and rs2015 in the 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) of the SIRT2 were significantly associated with the risk of PD. Five SNPs related to SIRT1, rs3740051, rs7895833, rs7069102, rs2273773, and rs4746720 and two SNPs related to SIRT2, rs10410544, and rs45592833 did not show an association with PD risk in this study. Moreover, we found that mRNA level of SIRT2 was upregulated, and mRNA level of SIRT1 was downregulated in the peripheral blood of PD patients compared with healthy controls, and we also observed that SNPs rs12778366 and rs2015 influenced the SIRT1 and SIRT2 expression levels, respectively. Further functional assays suggest that rs2015 may affect the expression of SIRT2 by affecting the binding of miR-8061 to the 3'UTR of SIRT2, ultimately contributing to the risk of PD.
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Regiones no Traducidas 3' , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Enfermedad de Parkinson , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Sirtuina 2/genética , Regulación hacia Arriba , Anciano , Pueblo Asiatico/etnología , China/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedad de Parkinson/enzimología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/etnología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/genética , Factores de Riesgo , Sirtuina 1/genética , Sirtuina 2/biosíntesisRESUMEN
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) is a serine/threonine kinase whose dysfunction results in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer-like pathology, including tau hyperphosphorylation. However, the mechanisms whereby GRK5 influences tau phosphorylation remain incompletely understood. In the current study, we showed that GRK5 influenced the phosphorylation of tau via glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß). The activity of both tau and GSK3ß in the hippocampus was increased in aged GRK5-knockout mice, which is consistent with what occurs in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Furthermore, GRK5 regulated the activity of GSK3ß and phosphorylated tau in vitro. Regardless of changes of GRK5 protein levels, tau hyperphosphorylation remained reduced after GSK3ß activity was inhibited, suggesting that GRK5 may specifically influence tau hyperphosphorylation by modulating GSK3ß activity. Taken together, our findings suggest that GRK5 deficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease by influencing the hyperphosphorylation of tau through the activation of GSK3ß.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Quinasa 5 del Receptor Acoplado a Proteína-G/metabolismo , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/metabolismo , Fosforilación/fisiología , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/metabolismo , Animales , Disfunción Cognitiva/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Humanos , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/fisiología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Ratones Transgénicos , Transducción de Señal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Increasing evidence suggests the important role of sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the association between potential functional polymorphisms in the SIRT2 gene and PD still needs to be identified. Exploring the molecular mechanism underlying this potential association could also provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of this disorder. METHODS: Bioinformatics analysis and screening were first performed to find potential microRNAs (miRNAs) that could target the SIRT2 gene, and molecular biology experiments were carried out to further identify the regulation between miRNA and SIRT2 and characterize the pivotal role of miRNA in PD models. Moreover, a clinical case-control study was performed with 304 PD patients and 312 healthy controls from the Chinese Han population to identify the possible association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the miRNA binding sites of SIRT2 with the risk of PD. RESULTS: Here, we demonstrate that miR-486-3p binds to the 3' UTR of SIRT2 and influences the translation of SIRT2. MiR-486-3p mimics can decrease the level of SIRT2 and reduce a-synuclein (α-syn)-induced aggregation and toxicity, which may contribute to the progression of PD. Interestingly, we find that a SNP, rs2241703, may disrupt miR-486-3p binding sites in the 3' UTR of SIRT2, subsequently influencing the translation of SIRT2. Through the clinical case-control study, we further verify that rs2241703 is associated with PD risk in the Chinese Han population. CONCLUSION: The present study confirms that the rs2241703 polymorphism in the SIRT2 gene is associated with PD in the Chinese Han population, provides the potential mechanism of the susceptibility locus in determining PD risk and reveals a potential target of miRNA for the treatment and prevention of PD.