RESUMEN
Metformin, the primary therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), showed limitations such as varying absorption, rapid system clearance, required large amount, resistance, longstanding side effects. Use of Nano formulations for pharmaceuticals is emerging as a viable technique to reduce negative consequences of drug, while simultaneously attaining precise release and targeted distribution. This study developed a Polyethylene Glycol conjugated Graphene Oxide Quantum dots (GOQD-PEG) nanocomposite for the sustained release of metformin. Herein, we evaluated the effectiveness of metformin-loaded nanoconjugate in in vitro insulin resistance model. Results demonstrated drug loaded nanoconjugate successfully restored glucose uptake and reversed insulin resistance in in vitro conditions at reduced dosage compared to free metformin.
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Preparaciones de Acción Retardada , Grafito , Resistencia a la Insulina , Metformina , Nanoconjugados , Polietilenglicoles , Puntos Cuánticos , Grafito/química , Puntos Cuánticos/química , Metformina/administración & dosificación , Metformina/farmacología , Metformina/farmacocinética , Metformina/química , Polietilenglicoles/química , Nanoconjugados/química , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada/química , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada/farmacocinética , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Hipoglucemiantes/química , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Glucosa/metabolismo , Glucosa/químicaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC), which accounts for 2%-3% of all adult malignant neoplasms with a male-to-female predominance of 1.9 to 1 with typical presentation between 55 and 75 years. The phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B/Akt (PI3KPKB/Akt) pathway is a main pathway in control of cell growth. mTOR pathway plays a key role in the pathogenesis of RCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Its a prospective observational study. Tissue samples were collected and processed and DNA isolation and sequencing was done to see for any association and expression. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS: Polymorphism analysis of the sequence of three genes MTOR, AKT1, and PIK3CA done and found an intronic variant of the MTOR gene (rs3737611) and AKT1 gene (rs2498797) to be significantly associated with clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma tumor samples. DISCUSSION: This study will help to understand the pathogenesis better and the information can be used to develop new drugs and personalized treatment strategies that are tailored to an individual's genetic makeup. The study identify individuals who are at heightened risk for developing renal cancer and could benefit from targeted screening or preventative measures. Some sample size and definite geographical sample pool remains the main limitation of the study which may not be externally validate the study results.
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Carcinoma de Células Renales , Neoplasias Renales , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR , Humanos , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/genética , Masculino , Carcinoma de Células Renales/genética , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Anciano , India/epidemiología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/genética , Variación GenéticaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: One of the most fatal urological malignancies is clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), yet little is known about its pathophysiology or prognosis. This study is aimed at obtaining some novel biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic meaning and may find out potential therapeutic targets for ccRCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using three publically accessible ccRCC gene expression profiles acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, differentially expressed genes (DEG) were discovered and function enrichment analyses were carried out. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were conducted by using the DAVID tool and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and visualized by Cytoscape. Then we identified 10 hub genes using the cytohubba plugin of Cytoscape based on degree score. The mRNA and protein expression of hub genes was analyzed by GEPIA and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database. Then, prognosis analysis of hub genes was conducted using GEPIA 3.0 which consists of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RESULTS: We discovered 293 DEG which is highly enriched in several biological processes connected to immune-regulation and pathways linked to tumors, including HIF-1, PI3K-AKT, and metabolic pathways. In particular, C1QA, C1QB, FCER1G, and TYROBP were related to advanced clinical stage, high pathological grade, and poor survival in patients with ccRCC. CONCLUSIONS: Further molecular biological studies are required to confirm the role of the putative biomarkers in human ccRCC. Our work highlighted the hub genes and pathways involved in the progression of ccRCC.
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Carcinoma de Células Renales , Biología Computacional , Neoplasias Renales , Carcinoma de Células Renales/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Pronóstico , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
Bifenthrin (BF), a synthetic pyrethroid is used worldwide for both agricultural and non-agricultural purposes due to its high insecticidal activity and low toxicity in mammals. However, its improper usage implies a possible risk to aquatic life. The study was aimed to correlate the association of BF toxicity with mitochondrial DNA copy number variation in edible fish Punitus sophore. The 96-h LC50 of BF in P. sophore was 3.4 µg/L, fish was treated with sub-lethal doses ((â and â of LC50;0.34 µg/L, 0.68 µg/L) of BF for 15 days. The activity and expression level of cytochrome c oxidase (Mt-COI) were measured to assess mitochondrial dysfunction caused by BF. Results showed BF reduced the level of Mt-COI mRNA in treated groups, hindered complex IV activity and increased ROS generation leading to oxidative damage. mtDNAcn was decreased in the muscle, brain and liver after BF treatment. Furthermore, BF induced neurotoxicity in brain and muscle cells through the inhibition of AchE activity. The treated groups showed elevated level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and an imbalance of antioxidant enzymes activity. Molecular docking and simulation analysis also predicted that BF binds to the active sites of the enzyme and restricts the fluctuation of its residues. Hence, outcome of the study suggests reduction of mtDNAcn could be a potential biomarker to assess Bifenthrin induced toxicity in aquatic ecosystem.
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Cyprinidae , Piretrinas , Animales , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/genética , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Ecosistema , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Piretrinas/toxicidad , Piretrinas/química , Estrés Oxidativo , Antioxidantes , Mitocondrias , MamíferosRESUMEN
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is one of the frequently disrupted signaling pathways in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that plays a significant role in tumor formation, disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Therefore, novel natural molecules targeting the critical proteins of this pathway will provide the best alternative to existing drugs, which are toxic and develops resistance. Recent studies have recognized the anti-cancer therapeutic potential of mycocompounds. The current study is focused on screening various mycocompounds from Astraeus hygrometricus against key cancer signaling proteins phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B, PKB (AKT1) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). We also studied in-silico cancer cells cytotoxicity and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) profiles to elucidate the molecular mechanism against RCC and also to uncover the pharmacokinetic profile of these compounds. Astrakurkurone and Ergosta-4,6, 8-(14) 22-tetraene-3-one were the two most efficacious compounds with highest interaction scores and bonding. These compounds were both active against RCC4 and VMRC-RCZ cell lines of RCC. The ADME profiles of both were satisfactory based on druglikeness and bioavailability score criteria. Thus, this proposed study identified astrakurkurone and ergosta-4,6, 8-(14) 22-tetraene-3-one as potential anticancer drug candidates, and provides comparative structural insight into their binding to the 3 protein kinases.