RESUMEN
A theory is presented of beat-wave resonant down scattering of two-dimensional diocotron (or Kelvin) modes, in which modes down scatter to lower azimuthal mode number. The phenomenon is a fluid analogue to nonlinear Landau damping. The principal new result is a quantitative prediction of the scattering rate. The predicted rates and scalings are close to those observed in experiments with magnetized electron columns.
RESUMEN
Progenitor cells in the mammalian forebrain can undergo either symmetric or asymmetric cell divisions by varying their cleavage orientation. In asymmetric divisions, cells distribute apically and basally localized proteins differentially to their daughters. Here we explore the intrinsic polarity of neuroepithelial cells in the developing telencephalon. Actin microfilaments are concentrated apically, forming beltlike structures that encircle spots of gamma-tubulin immunoreactivity. Staining for N-cadherin, beta-catenin, and the tyrosine kinase substrates pp120 and paxillin is also enriched at the lumenal surface, presumably due to the localization of these proteins at adherens junctions. Phosphotyrosine immunoreactivity is concentrated apically in rings, suggesting that adherens junctions are enriched for signaling molecules. In mitotic cells it appears that adherens junction proteins and phosphotyrosine immunoreactivity may be inherited either symmetrically or asymmetrically, depending on the cell's cleavage orientation during mitosis. The differential inheritance of junctional proteins may determine whether a daughter cell can respond to extrinsic signals after mitosis.
Asunto(s)
Polaridad Celular , Uniones Intercelulares/ultraestructura , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/análisis , Telencéfalo/citología , Transactivadores , Citoesqueleto de Actina/ultraestructura , Actinas/análisis , Animales , Cadherinas/análisis , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/análisis , Ventrículos Cerebrales , Proteínas del Citoesqueleto/análisis , Células Epiteliales/química , Células Epiteliales/citología , Hurones/embriología , Proteínas Fetales/análisis , Quinasa 1 de Adhesión Focal , Proteína-Tirosina Quinasas de Adhesión Focal , Microtúbulos/ultraestructura , Mitosis , Paxillin , Fosfoproteínas/análisis , Fosforilación , Fosfotirosina/análisis , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/análisis , Ratas , Transducción de Señal , Telencéfalo/química , Telencéfalo/embriología , Tubulina (Proteína)/análisis , beta CateninaRESUMEN
Annexins are a family of calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins implicated in a number of biological processes including membrane fusion and ion channel formation. The crystal structure of the annexin XII hexamer, refined at 2.8 A resolution, forms a concave disk with 3-2 symmetry, about 100 A in diameter and 70 A thick with a central hydrophilic pore. Six intermolecular Ca2+ ions are involved in hexamer formation. An additional 18 Ca2+ ions are located on the perimeter of the disk, accessible only from the side of the hexameric disk. On the basis of the hexamer structure we propose here a new mode of protein-phospholipid bilayer interaction that is distinct from the hydrophobic insertion of typical membrane proteins. This speculative model postulates the Ca(2+)-dependent insertion of the hydrophilic annexin XII hexamer into phospholipid bilayers with local reorientation of the bilayer phospholipids.