RESUMEN

An underestimated worldwide health concern, Monkeypox (Mpox) is becoming a bigger menace to the world's population. After smallpox was eradicated in 1970, Mpox was found in a rural region of Africa and quickly spread to other African countries. The etiological agent of the Mpox infection, the Mpox virus, is constantly evolving, and its capability for cross-species transmission led to a global outbreak in 2022 which led to several deaths throughout the world. This review aims to showcase the progressive treatment methods and emerging innovations in the diagnostic and prevention strategies for controlling Mpox. The clinical trial data for antiviral drugs were systematically collected and analyzed using statistical tests to determine the most effective antiviral treatment. Emerging viral protein inhibitors that are under investigation for Mpox treatment were also scrutinized in this review. Additionally, modern diagnostic methods, such as the Streamlined CRISPR On Pod Evaluation platform (SCOPE) and graphene quantum rods were reviewed, and the efficacy of mRNA vaccines with traditional smallpox vaccines used for Mpox were compared. The statistical analysis revealed that tecovirimat (TCV) is the most effective antiviral drug among the other evaluated drugs, showing superior efficacy in clinical trials. Similarly, mRNA vaccines offer greater effectiveness compared to conventional smallpox vaccines. Furthermore, emerging nanomedicine and herbal drug candidates were highlighted as potential future treatments for Mpox. The findings underscore the effectiveness of TCV in treating Mpox and highlight significant advancements in preventive treatments. The review also points to innovative approaches in vaccine technology and potential future therapies, including nanomedicine and herbal remedies, which may enhance Mpox management.

RESUMEN

The resurgence of monkeypox (Mpox), an orthopoxvirus infection closely related to smallpox, presents a significant global health challenge. This study presents a comprehensive overview of Mpox, focusing on its clinical manifestations, diagnostic strategies, and testing methodologies. A thorough review of the literature and available data on Mpox, emphasizing diagnostic assays, clinical indicators, and laboratory testing, constitutes the core of this analysis. The study involves insights from Mpox patients and healthcare professionals engaged in its diagnosis and management. Contextualizing the research within the global spread of Mpox addresses the complexities associated with the diagnosis of the disease. The findings illuminate diverse Mpox diagnostic techniques, encompassing viral culture, immunological methods, serology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), electron microscopy, and advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the GeneXpert system. qPCR is highlighted as the benchmark for MPXV detection and quantification. These diagnostic advancements have significantly enhanced the precision and efficiency of Mpox diagnosis, facilitating prompt identification and treatment of infected individuals. The study underscores the critical importance of accurate and timely diagnosis, proper handling and transportation of clinical specimens, and the imperative for point-of-care (POC) testing to control the global spread of Mpox.

RESUMEN

Analyzing a drug based on its overlapping spectra requires the use of sophisticated equipment and more hazardous solvents, which is detrimental to ecological sustainability. There is a critical need to create a simple, unique, and cost-effective approach for detecting a mixture of compounds in a safer environment. The aim was to develop an eco-friendly, stability-indicating assay method to determine Chlorthalidone (CLD) and Cilnidipine (CIL) in bulk and tablet dosage form using four different Ultra-Violet (UV) spectrophotometric methods. The ratio difference method showed absorbance peaks at 256.01 nm, 220.87 nm, first ratio difference spectra at 267.21 nm, 288.03 nm, and second ratio difference spectra at 309.2 nm, 280.03 nm. The area under curve techniques showed an absorbance range of around 224-232 nm for CIL and 218-227 nm for CLD. Further, the spectral changes have been assessed at various conditions like acid, base, oxidation, and UV radiation, and it has been found that CLD tends to lose its spectral property by more than 45%. The method developed for two drugs has obeyed Beers law with the selected concentration range of 7-13 µg/mL for CLD and 8.75-16.25 µg/mL for CIL. The developed method was finally evaluated using four tools, and the results showed green pictographically representation in the GAPI and score near to 100 for AES and closer to 1 for AGREE indicated that the method was found to be most eco-friendly. The findings were easy to replicate, adoptive with major regulatory requirements, environmentally friendly, fast, and inexpensive to perform. This approach does not require any specific expensive equipment, and it might be inexpensive to use in the future to assess laboratory and commercial mixtures.

Asunto(s)

Clortalidona , Dihidropiridinas , Propano/análogos & derivados , Solventes , Espectrofotometría/métodos , Comprimidos

RESUMEN

Analytical research with adverse environmental impact has caused a severe rise in concern about the ecological consequences of its strategies, most notably the use and emission of harmful solvents/reagents into the atmosphere. Nowadays, industries are searching for the best reproducible methods. Voriconazole is a second-generation azole derivative used effectively in the treatment of Candida and Aspergillus species infections and oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS patients. Recently it has become the drug of choice in treating mucormycosis in several countries, which raises the need for production in large quantities. The present review deals with various recent important analytical techniques used to estimate voriconazole and its combination in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids. The methods show their own unique way of analyzing voriconazole in different matrices with excellent linearity, detection, and quantification limits. Additionally, this article deals with methods and solvents analyzed for their impact on the environment. This is followed by estimating the degree of greenness of the methods using various available assessment tools like analytical eco-scale, national environmental method index, green analytical procedure index, and AGREE metrics to confirm the environmental impact. The scores obtained with the evaluation tools depict the quantum of greenness for the reported methods and provide an ideal approach adopted for VOR estimation. Very few methods are eco-friendly, which shows that there is a need for the budding analyst to develop methods based on green analytical principles to protect the environment.

RESUMEN

Isosorbide dinitrate (ISD) and hydralazine hydrochloride (HDZ) are critical drugs for the treatment of heart failure. Currently, no available analytical method for the determination of ISD and HDZ exists as per the literature that combines UPLC and Green Analytical Quality by Design, which is critical for designing a method that is sustainable for long-term use. This study proposes an eco-friendly determination of isosorbide dinitrate (ISD) and hydralazine hydrochloride (HDZ) using a Green Analytical Quality by Design-based UPLC Method. The developed technique is capable of separating ISD and HDZ, as well as their degradation products, using a Phenomenex C18 (50 × 2.1 mm, 2 µm) column containing ethanol and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (60 : 40% v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min-1. This technique was validated and established a linearity range of 10-60 µg mL-1 and 18.75-112.5 µg mL-1, with R 2 of 0.9998 and 0.9992 for ISD and HDZ, respectively along with accuracy, reproducibility, and selectivity. The new approach was further evaluated using five different assessment techniques such as National Environmental Methods Index, Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index, Analytical Method Greenness Score, and Analytical GREEnness Metrics, and was determined to be environmentally benign. Based on these results, we have concluded that the developed UPLC technique with the combined approach of Green Analytical Quality by Design for determining stability might benefit in the creation of novel pharmaceutical products such as isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine.