RESUMEN
To advance the MXene field, it is crucial to optimize each step of the synthesis process and create a detailed, systematic guide for synthesizing high-quality MXene that can be consistently reproduced. In this study, a detailed guide is provided for an optimized synthesis of titanium carbide (Ti3 C2 Tx ) MXene using a mixture of hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids for the selective etching of the stoichimetric-Ti3 AlC2 MAX phase and delamination of the etched multilayered Ti3 C2 Tx MXene using lithium chloride at 65 °C for 1 h with argon bubbling. The effect of different synthesis variables is investigated, including the stoichiometry of the mixed powders to synthesize Ti3 AlC2 , pre-etch impurity removal conditions, selective etching, storage, and drying of MXene multilayer powder, and the subsequent delamination conditions. The synthesis yield and the MXene film electrical conductivity are used as the two parameters to evaluate the MXene quality. Also the MXenes are characterized with scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and ellipsometry. The Ti3 C2 Tx film made via the optimized method shows electrical conductivity as high as ≈21,000 S/cm with a synthesis yield of up to 38 %. A detailed protocol is also provided for the Ti3 C2 Tx MXene synthesis as the supporting information for this study.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma is a relatively uncommon entity detected in approximately 10% of gastric adenocarcinoma. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to estimate the frequency of EBV-associated gastric carcinoma and also to assess the nature of presentation, any significant difference between this subgroup and EBV-negative gastric adenocarcinomas with respect to age and sex predilection, lymph nodal status, site of presentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively analyzed 100 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent either a partial or total gastrectomy during the period from March 2010 to August 2011. The tumour and the corresponding normal gastric tissue from the same patient were analyzed for the presence of Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULT: EBV was detected in 6% cases of gastric adenocarcinoma. All the positive patients were males. The majority of cases involved the proximal stomach and there was variable lymph nodal involvement. CONCLUSION: Our study endorses that there is an association between EBV infection and gastric adenocarcinoma in the Indian population. There was no significant difference between this subgroup and EBV-negative gastric adenocarcinomas with respect to age and sex predilection, lymph nodal status and site of presentation. Short-term follow-up of this subgroup of patients seems to indicate a good overall prognosis after appropriate treatment. However, a larger study with long-term follow-up is needed to further establish the role of EBV in gastric adenocarcinoma in this study population.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma/virología , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/epidemiología , Antígenos Nucleares del Virus de Epstein-Barr/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 4/aislamiento & purificación , ARN Mensajero/análisis , ARN Viral/análisis , Neoplasias Gástricas/virología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/complicaciones , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/virología , Femenino , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Centros de Atención TerciariaRESUMEN
Papillary carcinoma arising in a thyroglossal cyst is rare. There is controversy regarding optimum management. We report a case managed by Sistrunk's procedure and external radiotherapy and review the literature on the subject.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Papilar/terapia , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/terapia , Quiste Tirogloso/terapia , Adulto , Carcinoma Papilar/diagnóstico , Cobalto/uso terapéutico , Terapia Combinada , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Quiste Tirogloso/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Primary carcinoid tumors of the biliary tract are extremely rare. We report a 36-year-old woman with recurrent acute cholangitis who was diagnosed to have a carcinoid in the common hepatic duct, with enlarged local nodes. She underwent local resection. I-131 metaiodobenzyl guanidine (MIBG) scanning postoperatively showed no uptake in the tumor bed.