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OBJECTIVE: To compare sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and area under the curve (AUC) values using the modified Frailty Index 11 (mFI-11), EuroSCORE II, and combined mFI-11 and EuroSCORE II to predict in-hospital mortality and composite morbidities. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study SETTING: Songklanagarind Hospital, a tertiary care center in southern Thailand. PARTICIPANTS: Elderly patients age ≥60 years who underwent elective open-heart surgical procedures on a pump between January 2017 and December 2022 were included. INTERVENTIONS: ROC curves were constructed to evaluate the discriminatory power of EuroSCORE II and mFI-11 for predicting in-hospital mortality and postoperative complications. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The actual in-hospital mortality was 2.5% for all patients. The discriminative accuracy of mFI-11, EuroSCORE II, and combined mFI-11 with EuroSCORE II for predicting in-hospital mortality was good, with respective AUC values of 0.733 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6157-0.8499), 0.793 (95% CI, 0.6826-0.9026), and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.6686-0.893). The AUC of mFI-11 for predicting postoperative cardiac, respiratory, neurologic, and renal complications was 0.558 (95% CI, 0.5101-0.6063), 0.606 (95% CI, 0.5542-0.6581), 0.543 (95% CI, 0.4533-0.6337), and 0.652 (95% CI, 0.5859-0.7179), respectively, and that of EuroSCORE II was 0.553 (95% CI, 0.5038-0.6013), 0.631 (95% CI, 0.578-0.6836), 0.619 (95% CI, 0.5306-0.7076), and 0.702 (95% CI, 0.6378-0.7657), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The mFI-11 and EuroSCORE II demonstrated good discrimination in ROC analysis, with EuroSCORE II showing superior predictive accuracy for in-hospital mortality in elderly elective cardiac surgery patients. However, neither score independently predicted mortality in multiple logistic regression, nor did combining them enhance predictive power significantly. Furthermore, both scores were less effective in predicting postoperative complications.

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We aimed to evaluate the potential anxiolytic effects of premedication with pregabalin, compared with diazepam and placebo. We conducted this non-inferiority, double-blind, randomized controlled trial in ASA classification I-II patients aged 18-70 years, scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. They were allocated to receive pregabalin (75 mg the night before surgery and 150 mg 2 h before surgery), diazepam (5 and 10 mg in the same manner) or placebo. Preoperative anxiety was evaluated using verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS) and Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) before and after premedication. Sleep quality, sedation level, and adverse effects were assessed as secondary outcomes. A total of 231 patients were screened and 224 completed the trial. The mean change (95%CI) in anxiety scores from before to after medication in pregabalin, diazepam, and placebo groups for VNRS were - 0.87 (- 1.43, - 0.30), - 1.17 (- 1.74, - 0.60), and - 0.99 (- 1.56, - 0.41), and for APAIS were - 0.38 (- 1.04, 0.28), - 0.83 (- 1.49, - 0.16), and - 0.27 (- 0.95, 0.40). The difference in change for pregabalin versus diazepam was 0.30 (- 0.50, 1.11) for VNRS and 0.45 (- 0.49, 1.38) for APAIS, exceeding the limit of inferiority for APAIS of 1.3. Sleep quality was statistically different between pregabalin and placebo groups (p = 0.048). Sedation in pregabalin and diazepam groups were significantly higher than placebo group (p = 0.008). No significant differences of other side effects, except dry mouth was higher in placebo group compared with diazepam (p = 0.006). The study filed to provide evidence at non-inferiority of pregabalin compared to diazepam. Furthermore, premedication with either pregabalin or diazepam did not significantly reduce the preoperative anxiety in comparison to placebo, despite the fact that both resulted in higher levels of sedation. Clinicians should weigh the benefits and risks of premedication with these 2 drugs.Thai Clinical Trials Registry: TCTR20190424001 (24/04/2019) Registry URL: https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/ .

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BACKGROUND: The effective dose during ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block (URSB) for reducing pain after laparoscopic tubal ligation is reported to be 100 mg of 0.25% bupivacaine. We examined the minimal effective dose of 0.25% bupivacaine for URSB on oral analgesic requirement after ambulatory single-port laparoscopic tubal resection. METHODS: A prospective, randomized controlled, superiority trial was conducted among patients who had been scheduled for ambulatory laparoscopic tubal resection between September 2015 and January 2019 at a tertiary care hospital in southern Thailand. Anesthesia was induced following protocol. The intervention group was allocated to receive a bilateral URSB using 10 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine on either side after intubation (total 50 mg) while the control group did not receive the sham block. Patients and assessors were blinded to the study intervention. All patients received a multimodal analgesia regimen as follows: fentanyl and ketorolac intraoperatively and fentanyl and oral acetaminophen at the post-anesthetic care unit. Postoperative oral analgesic requirement (acetaminophen and/or ibuprofen) at home was the primary outcome. Postoperative time to first analgesic requirement, oral analgesia (acetaminophen/ibuprofen), and pain score at 6 and 24 h were accessed via telephone interviews. Percentage, effect size (ES), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were presented. RESULTS: A total of 66 out of 79 eligible patients were analyzed (32 intervention, 34 control). Intraoperative fentanyl consumption was significantly lower in the intervention group (ES [95% CI]: 0.58 [0.08, 1.07] mcg, p = 0.022). Time to first oral analgesia in the intervention group was significantly longer than that of the control group (ES [95% CI]: 0.66 [0.14, 1.16] h, p = 0.012). The proportion of oral analgesia requirement at 24 h after surgery in the control group was significantly higher than that in the intervention group (97% vs 75%, p = 0.012). Pain scores at 6 and 24 h were similar in both groups although slightly lower in the intervention group (ES [95% CI]: 0.22 [-0.26, 0.71], p = 0.368 and 0.33 [-0.16, 0.81], p = 0.184, respectively). CONCLUSION: A dose of 0.25% bupivacaine 50 mg for URSB reduced the oral analgesic requirement at 24 h and prolonged the time to first analgesic requirement after ambulatory laparoscopic tubal resection. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Thaiclinicaltrials.org TCTR20150921002 . Registered on 18 September 2015.

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BACKGROUND: Immediate postoperative pain in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) is common. Titration of opioid is the most popular strategy for controlling early postoperative pain. ABO blood group has been found to be associated with pain perception. We aimed to find the factors including ABO blood group for predicting the amount of opioid requirement in PACU. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was performed in 3316 patients who underwent various kinds of anesthetic techniques and received immediate postoperative care in PACU. Preoperative, intraoperative and PACU data were collected. A directed acyclic graph (DAG) representing the hypothesized causal pathways of preoperative, intraoperative and PACU data were compiled prior to conducting multinomial logistic regression analysis. Statistical significance in all models was defined as a P-value < 0.05. RESULTS: Female sex, body mass index, preoperative use of gabapentin, preoperative anxiety score, anesthetic techniques, type of operation, amount of consumed intraoperative opioids, intraoperative use of paracetamol, parecoxib and ondansetron, duration of anesthesia and surgery, amount of blood loss, pain upon PACU arrival, use of paracetamol and parecoxib in PACU were found to be factors influencing amount of opioid consumption in PACU. ABO blood group was not associated with early postoperative opioid requirement. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of factors are related to amount of opioid requirement in PACU. Some factors can be adjusted to provide better pain relief in early postoperative period. However, ABO blood group is not identified to be a predictive factor for early postoperative opioid consumption in PACU.

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OBJECTIVE: We examined the consequences of perioperative respiratory event (PRE) in terms of hospitalization and hospital cost in children who underwent ambulatory surgery. METHODS: This subgroup analysis of a prospective cohort study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02036021) was conducted in children aged between 1 month and 14 years who underwent ambulatory surgery between November 2012 and December 2013. Exposure was the presence of PRE either intraoperatively or in the postanesthetic care unit or both. The primary outcome was length of stay after surgery. The secondary outcome was excess hospital cost excluding surgical cost. Financial information was also compared between PRE and non-PRE. Directed acyclic graphs were used to select the covariates to be included in the multivariate regression models. The predictors of length of stay and excess hospital cost between PRE and non-PRE children are presented as adjusted odds ratio (OR) and cost ratio (CR), respectively with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Sixty-three PRE and 249 non-PRE patients were recruited. In the univariate analysis, PRE was associated with length of stay (p = 0.004), postoperative oxygen requirement (p <0.001), and increased hospital charge (p = 0.006). After adjustments for age, history of snoring, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, type of surgery and type of payment, preoperative planned admission had an effect modification with PRE (p <0.001). The occurrence of PRE in the preoperative unplanned admission was associated with 24-fold increased odds of prolonged hospital stay (p <0.001). PRE was associated with higher excess hospital cost (CR = 1.35, p = 0.001). The mean differences in contribution margin for total procedure (per patient) (PRE vs non-PRE) differed significantly (mean = 1,523; 95% CI: 387, 2,658 baht). CONCLUSION: PRE with unplanned admission was significantly associated with prolonged length of stay whereas PRE regardless of unplanned admission increased hospital cost by 35% in pediatric ambulatory surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov registration number NCT02036021.

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BACKGROUND: We aimed to construct a prediction tool for postoperative oxygen therapy and determine predictors of duration of use among children undergoing non-cardiac surgery. METHODS: Data from this case-control study was obtained from a database of 9820 children aged < 15 years who underwent general anesthesia between January 2010 and December 2013 at a tertiary care hospital in southern Thailand. The primary outcomes were the use and duration (hours) of postoperative oxygen therapy (cases). Cases were matched with controls on age group and year of surgery in a ratio of 1:4. A negative binomial hurdle model was used to obtain significant predictors of any use and number of hours of oxygen therapy. A risk score was derived from the coefficients of the significant predictors. The risk score, adjusted odds ratio (OR) for any use and count ratio (CR) for duration of postoperative oxygen therapy and 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined. RESULTS: A total of 288 cases and 1152 controls were included. The median (inter-quartile range) duration of oxygen therapy delivered was 17 (9-22) hours. An optimal risk score for predictors of oxygen use was 12 (0-32) giving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.93. Predictors of high risk need for oxygen therapy (score ≥ 12) were thoracic surgery (OR = 278, 95% CI = 44.6-1733) and having desaturation perioperatively (OR = 459.8, 95% CI = 169.7-1246). Intermediate risk factors (score 8-11) were having bronchospasm (OR = 92.4, 95% CI = 29.7-287.5) and upper airway obstruction/laryngospasm (OR = 61.5, 95% CI = 14.4-262.4) perioperatively. Significant predictors of duration of oxygen therapy were probably difficult airway (CR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.4-3.5), history of delayed development (CR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.5-3.6), airway (CR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.6-5.8), orthopedic (CR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.1-4.3), thoracic (CR = 4.9, 95% CI = 2.3-10.1) and abdominal surgery (CR = 4.2, 95% CI = 2.1-8.1), compared to eye surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Our risk prediction tool for the use of postoperative oxygen therapy provided a high predictive ability. Children who have thoracic surgery, desaturation, bronchospasm, upper airway obstruction or laryngospasm will most likely need postoperative oxygen therapy, regardless of other factors, while those with a probably difficult airway, history of delayed development, or thoracic/abdominal surgery will most likely need longer duration of oxygen therapy.

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BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the excess hospital costs and prolonged length of stay attributable to perioperative respiratory event (PRE) in pediatric anesthesia is useful for hospital planning. In this study, we compared costs (excess hospital costs and indirect costs) and length of hospital stay between children who had PRE and did not have PRE for noncardiac surgery at a tertiary care hospital in southern Thailand. METHODS: A prospective matched cohort study was conducted in children aged <15 years who underwent general anesthesia between November 2012 and December 2013 at Songklanagarind Hospital. PRE children were matched with no PRE children (1:1) using a random selection procedure on outpatients/inpatients, type of surgery, surgical charge (baht), ASA physical status, age difference <9 years, and difference in time of surgery <6 months. Primary end points were excess hospital costs and number of days hospitalized after surgery. Number of days hospitalized after surgery, excess hospital costs and indirect costs regarding transportation, and income loss of parents between groups were compared using Wilcoxon signed rank test. Any hospital stay after surgery between groups was compared using McNemar χ test. A hurdle model was used to predict any hospital stay and number of days hospitalized after surgery. Multiple mixed-effects linear regression was used to identify predictors of adjusted excess hospital costs and indirect costs. RESULTS: A total 430 children were included (215 matched pairs). More PRE children required hospital stay after surgery (81% vs 72%, P = 0.004), and PRE children had a longer number of days hospitalized after surgery (median [interquartile ranges]: 1 [1-3.5] vs 1 [0-2]; P < 0.001) and incurred higher excess costs (P < 0.001) but not indirect costs (P = 0.23). In multivariate analysis, PRE was a significant predictor for hospital stay after surgery (odds ratio, 2.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-5.31), longer hospitalization (count ratio, 2.10 [1.31-3.35]), higher excess costs (cost ratio, 1.30 [1.12-1.53]), and indirect cost (cost ratio, 1.58 [1.20-2.08]) after adjusting for patient and anesthesia characteristics. Universal coverage (74%) was associated with 35% and 64% higher excess cost compared with the Comptroller General's Department (17%) and self-pay (7%), respectively (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The effects of PRE in pediatric anesthesia were hospital stay after surgery, 2 times longer hospitalization, 30% higher excess hospital costs, and 58% higher indirect cost among outpatients. Hospital policy to efficiently manage hospital beds and compensatory budget should be developed.

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PURPOSE: To determine whether perioperative desaturation (PD) in preschool children undergoing non-cardiac surgery is associated with subsequent impairment of intelligence or subsequent change in age-specific weight and height percentile. METHOD: A historical-concurrent follow-up study was conducted in children aged ≤ 60 months who underwent general anesthesia (GA) for non-cardiac surgery between January 2008 and December 2011 at Songklanagarind Hospital. Children who developed PD (PD group) and children who did not develop perioperative respiratory events (no-PRE group) were matched on sex, age, year of having index GA, type of surgery and choice of anesthesia. The children's age-specific weight and height percentile and intelligence quotient (IQ) scores by Standford Binet-LM or Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd edition 12-60 months after GA were compared using Student's t- test and Wilcoxon's rank sum test. Multivariate linear regression models for standardized IQ and multivariate mixed effects linear regression models for the change of age-specific weight and height percentile from the time of index GA to the time of IQ test were performed to identify independent predictors. The coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were displayed and considered significant if the F test p-values were < 0.05. RESULTS: Of 103 subjects in each group (PD vs no-PRE), there were no statistically significant differences in IQ (94.7 vs 98.3, p = 0.13), standardized IQ (-0.1 vs 0.1, p = 0.14) or age-specific weight percentile (38th vs 63th, p = 0.06). However, age-specific height percentile in the PD group at the time of IQ test was significantly lower (38th vs 50th, p = 0.02). In the multivariate analysis, PD was not a significant predictor for standardized IQ (coefficient: -0.06, 95% CI: -0.3, 0.19, p = 0.57), change in age-specific weight percentile (coefficient: 4.66, 95% CI: -2.63, 11.95, p = 0.21) or change in age-specific height percentile (coefficient: -1.65, 95% CI: -9.74, 6.44, p = 0.69) from the time of index GA to the time of IQ test after adjusting for family and anesthesia characteristics. CONCLUSION: Our study could not demonstrate any serious effect of PD on subsequent intelligence or on the change in age-specific weight and height percentile of children after non-cardiac surgery.

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BACKGROUND: Postoperative sore throat (POST) is a frequent consequence following ETT intubation, which may negatively affect the postoperative course and patient satisfaction. Benzydamine hydrochloride is a topically-applied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The authors evaluated the analgesic effect of benzydamine hydrochloride dripping on the ETT cuff on POST. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Eighty-six patients participated in this randomized controlled trial. They were assigned into either the benzydamine hydrochloride or the control group. The whole ETT cuff was dripped either with 3 ml (4.5 mg) of benzydamine hydrochloride or nothing five minutes prior to anesthesia induction. The incidence and severity of POST at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours postoperatively were assessed. The potential adverse effects of benzydamine hydrochloride (throat numbness throat burning sensation, dry mouth, and thirst) were also evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (58.14%) in each group had POST (p-value = 1). The severity of POST (calculated from affected patients) in both groups at different time points was not significantly different. Patients in the benzydamine hydrochloride group did not have a higher incidence of adverse effects. CONCLUSION: We found that dripping benzydamine hydrochloride on the ETT cuff neither reduced the incidence of POST nor increased the incidence of adverse effects in comparison with no intervention.

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BACKGROUND: Although there has been growing evidence from off-label use of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) in surgical bleeding, there is limited information on prediction scores. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted from 2004 to 2009. The primary outcome was efficacy of bleeding control. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to develop a new prediction score for success of rFVIIa. RESULTS: A total of 320 bleeding episodes from 243 nonhemophilic patients who underwent surgery were analyzed. Effective bleeding control was demonstrated in 153 patients. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 40%. Multivariate analysis identified 4 independent predictors for effective bleeding control: timing of rFVIIa administration, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative international normalization ratio values, and total units of platelets transfused. A rFVIIa success prediction score was developed. CONCLUSIONS: The use of this new prediction score may support decision making by identifying patients with a high probability of obtaining effective bleeding control from rFVIIa therapy.

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OBJECTIVE: The Thai Anesthesia Incidents Monitoring Study (Thai AIMS) was aimed to identify and analyze anesthesia incidents in order to find out the frequency distribution, clinical courses, management of incidents, and investigation of model appropriate for possible corrective strategies. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Fifty-one hospitals (comprising of university, military, regional, general, and district hospitals across Thailand) participated in the present study. Each hospital was invited to report, on an anonymous and voluntary basis, any unintended anesthesia incident during six months (January to June 2007). A standardized incident report form was developed in order to fill in what, where, when, how, and why it happened in both the close-end and open-end questionnaire. Each incident report was reviewed by three reviewers. Any disagreement was discussed and judged to achieve a consensus. RESULTS: Among 1996 incident reports and 2537 incidents, there were more male (55%) than female (45%) patients with ASA PS 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 = 22%, 36%, 24%, 11%, and 7%, respectively. Surgical specialties that posed high risk of incidents were neurosurgical, otorhino-laryngological, urological, and cardiac surgery. Common places where incidents occurred were operating room (61%), ward (10%), and recovery room (9%). Common occurred incidents were arrhythmia needing treatment (25%), desaturation (24%), death within 24 hr (20%), cardiac arrest (14%), reintubation (10%), difficult intubation (8%), esophageal intubation (5%), equipment failure (5%), and drug error (4%) etc. Monitors that first detected incidents were EKG (46%), Pulse oximeter (34%), noninvasive blood pressure (12%), capnometry (4%), and mean arterial pressure (1%). CONCLUSION: Common factors related to incidents were inexperience, lack of vigilance, inadequate preanesthetic evaluation, inappropriate decision, emergency condition, haste, inadequate supervision, and ineffective communication. Suggested corrective strategies were quality assurance activity, clinical practice guideline, improvement of supervision, additional training, improvement of communication, and an increase in personnel.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As part of the Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study of anesthetic adverse outcomes, we evaluated the incidence and factors related to cardiac arrest during spinal anesthesia. METHODS: During a 12-mo period (March 1, 2003, to February 28, 2004), a prospective, multicenter registry of patients receiving anesthesia was initiated in 20 hospitals (7 university, 5 tertiary, 4 general, and 4 district hospitals) across Thailand. Anesthesia personnel reported patient-, surgery-, and anesthetic-related variables and adverse outcomes, including cardiac arrest during spinal anesthesia (defined as the time period from induction of spinal anesthesia until the end of operation). Adverse event specific forms were recorded within 24 h of an anesthetic procedure whenever a specific adverse event occurred. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to identify factors related to cardiac arrest during spinal anesthesia. A P value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: In the registry of 40,271 cases of spinal anesthesia, there were 11 cardiac arrests, corresponding to an incidence of 2.73 (95% CI: 1.12-4.34) per 10,000 anesthetics. The mortality rate was 90.9% among patients who arrested. Among 11 patients who arrested, there were 5 cases of cesarean delivery and 6 cases of extremity surgery, including hip surgery. In 4 patients (36.3%), the anesthetic contributed directly to the arrest (high sympathetectomy, local anesthetic overdose, or lack of electrocardiography monitoring), whereas some arrests were associated with specific events (cementing of prosthesis, massive bleeding, suspected pulmonary embolism, and suspected myocardial infarction). From multivariate analysis, the risks of cardiac arrest during anesthesia were shorter stature (odds ratio 0.944 [95% CI: 0.938-0.951], P < 0.001), longer duration of surgery (odds ratio 1.003 [95% CI: 1.001-1.005], P = 0.002), and spinal anesthesia administered by the surgeon (odd ratio 23.508 [95% CI: 6.112-90.415], P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION: The incidence of cardiac arrest during spinal anesthesia was infrequent, but was associated with a high mortality rate. If the surgeon performed the spinal anesthetic, this was a significant factor associated with cardiac arrest. Increasing the number of anesthesiologists, improving monitoring guidelines for spinal anesthesia and improving the nurse-anesthetist training program may decrease the frequency of arrest and/or improve patient outcome.

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BACKGROUND: The present study was part of the Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study (THAI Study) of anesthetic adverse outcomes. OBJECTIVE: Study complications after spinal anesthesia. MATERIAL AND METHOD: During the 12 month period (March 1, 2003 - February 28, 2004), a prospective multicentered descriptive study was conducted in 20 hospitals comprised of seven university, five tertiary, four general and four district hospitals across Thailand Anesthesia personnel filled up patient-related, surgical-related, and anesthesia-related variables and adverse outcomes of all consecutive patients receiving anesthesia on a structured data entry form. The data were collected during pre-anesthetic, intra-operative, and 24 hr post operative period Adverse event specific forms were used to record when these incidents occurred. Data were reviewed by three independent reviewers and analyzed to identify contributing factors by consensus. RESULTS: This was registry of 40,271 spinal anesthetics from 172,697 anesthetics. The incidence of total spinal anesthesia, neurological complications, suspected myocardial ischemia, or infarction and oxygen desaturation per 10000 spinal anesthetics were 3.48 (95% CI 1.66-5.30), 1.49 (95% CI 0.30-2.68), 2.73 (95% CI 1.12-4.35), 0.99 (95% CI 0.39-2.56), and 6.46 (95% CI 3.98-8.94) respectively. This was not different to the incidence in other countries. Risk factors of oxygen desaturation were shorter in height [OR 0.95 (95% CI 0.92-0.97); p < 0.0011, higher ASA physical status [OR 3.37 (95% CI 1.98-5.72); p < 0.001], and use of propofol [OR 5.22 (95% CI 1.78-15.35); p = 0.003]. Other complications such as seizure, anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reaction, drug error, and pulmonary aspiration were scarce. There was no case of mismatched blood transfusion in the present study. CONCLUSION: Incidence of total spinal block, neurological complication, and suspected myocardial ischemia or infarction was uncommon. Risk factors of oxygen destruction were shorter in height, higher ASA physical status, and use of propofol. Some events were considered avoidable and preventable.

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BACKGROUND: The present study was part of the Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study (THAI Study) of anesthetic adverse outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To determine factors related to intraoperative oxygen desaturation (SpO2 < or =85% or < 90% for more than 3 min). MATERIAL AND METHOD: During a 12-month period (February 1, 2003 - January 31, 2004), a prospective multicentered registry of patients receiving anesthesia was conducted in 20 hospitals across Thailand Anesthesia personnel filled up patient-related, surgical-related, and anesthesia related variables and adverse outcomes including intraoperative oxygen desaturation. A case-control (1:4) study of patients with and without intraoperative oxygen desaturation in the THAI Study database was done. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to identify factors related to intraoperative oxygen desaturation. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS: Among 152,314 patients without preanesthetic desaturation in the database, 328 cases of intraoperative oxygen desaturation were matched with 1312 control patients without desaturation. Variables that predict desaturation by multiple logistic regression were age less than 5 years old [OR 9.3 (95% CI 5.4-16.0)], ASA physical status 3, 4, 5 [OR 3.1 (95% CI 2.2-4.3)], history of upper respiratory tract infection [OR 10 (95% CI 1.9-51.6)], history of asthma [OR 2.9 (95% CI 1.0-9.5)], general anesthesia [OR 4.0 (95% CI 2.4-6.7)] duration of anesthesia 31-90 min [OR 1.9 (95% CI 1.2-3.0)], duration of anesthesia 91-150 min (OR 2.2 (95% CI 1.3-3.6)], and duration of anesthesia >150 min [OR 2.0 (95% CI 1.2-3.4)]. CONCLUSION: Knowing the risk factors of intraoperative oxygen desaturation helps improving personnel to improve preanesthetic conditions and facilitate early detection as well as prompt treatment of intraoperative oxygen desaturation.

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OBJECTIVE: Determine the appropriate model for incident study of adverse or undesirable events in more extensive levels from primary to tertiary hospitals across Thailand. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The present study was mainly a qualitative research design. Participating anesthesia providers are asked to report, on anonymous and voluntary basis, by completing the standardized incident report form as soon as they find a predetermined adverse or undesirable event during anesthesia, and until 24 hours after the operation. Data from the incident report will be reviewed by three peer reviewers and analyzed to identify contributing factors by consensus. CONCLUSION: The THAI anesthesia incidents monitoring study can be used as a model for the development of a local system to provide review and feedback information. This should help generate real improvement in the patient care.

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Aneurysms of the extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) are uncommon. These lesions usually present with symptoms of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) from emboli and cranial nerve dysfunction from compression. The primary objective of treatment is to prevent a permanent neurologic deficit arising as a result of atheroembolism. The resection of an ICA aneurysm with restoration of flow is the preferred method of treatment. The authors present the case of a 32-year-old woman diagnosed with an ICA aneurysm. The patient underwent aneurysmectomy using an autologous saphenous vein graft with ICA blood flow being maintained using a carotid-to-carotid shunt, which was modifiedfrom an intravenous catheter set. This modified carotid shunt is easy to prepare for use and is of low cost. The authors do not expect this shunt to represent the standard commercially available shunt; but in some institutes, where commercial shunts are not available, this shunt may be suitably used.

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OBJECTIVES: To examine the causes, outcomes and contributing factors including suggested corrective strategies associated with difficult intubation. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Difficult intubation and failed intubation incidents were extracted from the Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study (THAI Study) database conducted between February 1, 2003 to January 31, 2004 and analyzed by using descriptive statistics RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-four cases of difficult intubation were recorded. Among those, 50 cases (21%) were failed intubation. The most common cause (95%) of incidents was due to patients difficult anatomy. Prediction of events was derived from physical examination (65%) and history taking (50%). Majority of incidents (44%) occurred in Mallampati II and III. Only 3 cases (1.3%) of morbid obesed and 3 cases (1.3%) of pregnant patients were attributed to the events. Most incidents (119 cases, 50.9%) were successfully managed by conventional techniques. The adverse effects included hypoxemia (54 cases, 23.1%), esophageal/ tracheal injury (40 cases, 17.1%) and prolonged ventilatory support (17 cases, 7.3%). One patient died from sepsis. The reported contributing factors included inadequate experience, lack of knowledge including inadequate preoperative evaluation and preparation. Additional training, quality assurance and protocol/algorithm tended to minimize the incidents. CONCLUSION: The majority of difficult intubation could be predicted. Proper preoperative evaluation and equipment preparation, appropriate technique including experienced anesthesia personnel could attenuate the morbidity and mortality.

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OBJECTIVES: To examine the risk factors, outcomes, and contributing factors associated with perioperative pulmonary aspiration. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Pulmonary aspiration incidents were extracted from the Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study (THAI Study) database conducted between March 1, 2003, and February 28, 2004, and analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Thirty-two incidents of aspiration were reported. Passive regurgitation occurred more frequently than active vomiting. Aspiration occurred more commonly in elective rather than emergency surgery, with 59% of incidents taking place during the induction of anesthesia and intubation period. While a major immediate physiological disturbance was common, long term morbidity was not. Death ensued in 5 cases, most of which had significant co-morbidities. Most cases (62.5%) were appropriately treated. The majority of incidents occurred in ASA class 2 (56.3%), age group 15-64 years (59.4%), non obese (92.9%) and non-difficult intubation (71.9%). Most cases were incomplete fasted or had prolonged gastric emptying time. Nasogastric aspiration and rapid sequence induction with cricoid pressure were infrequently used (12.5, 25%). Factors reported as contributing to the incidents included failure of technique and error of judgement. Additional training, continuing medical education and quality assurance tended to minimize the incidents. CONCLUSION: Aspiration occurred commonly in patients with incomplete fasted or had prolonged gastric emptying time and underwent elective surgery. Additional training, continuing medical education and quality assurance tended to minimize the incidents.

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BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE: The purposes of the Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study (THAI Study) of anesthetic outcomes were to survey patients, surgical, anesthetic profiles and determine factors related to adverse events. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective descriptive study of occurrence screening was conducted in 20 hospitals comprised of 7 university, 4 general and 4 district hospitals across Thailand. Anesthesia personnel were required to fill up patient-related, surgical-related, anesthesia-related variables and adverse outcomes on a structured data entry form. The data were collected during the preanesthetic evaluation, intraoperative period and 24 hr postoperative period. Adverse events specific forms were used to record when they occurred. All data were keyed at data management unit with double entry technique and descriptive statistics was used in the first phase of this study. RESULTS: A total of 163403 consecutive cases were recorded during first 12 months. MD. anesthesiologists involved with 82%, 89%, 45% and 0.2% of cases in university hospitals, regional hospitals, general hospitals and district hospitals respectively. Nurse anesthetists took a major involvement in hospitals run by the Ministry of Public Health. Two-thirds of cases did not receive any premedication (67%) and midazolam was most frequent premedication administered (20%). Common monitoring were non invasive blood pressure (NIBP) (97%), pulse oximetry (96%), electrocardiography (80%), urine output (33%), airway pressure (27%) and capnometry (19%) respectively. The choices of anesthesia were general anesthesia (62%), spinal anesthesia (23%), total intravenous anesthesia (6%), monitor anesthesia care (4%), brachial plexus block (3%) and epidural anesthesia (1%). The adverse events were oxygen desaturation (31.9:10000), cardiac arrest (30.8:10000), death within 24 hr. (28.3:10000), difficult intubation (22.5:10000),re-intubation (19.4:10000), unplanned ICU admission (7.2:10000), coma/cva/convulsion (4.8:10000), equipment malfunction/failure (3.4:10000), suspected myocardial ischemia or infarction (2.7:10000), awareness during anesthesia (3.8:10000), late detected esophageal intubation (4.1:10000), failed intubation (3.1:10000), anaphylaxis or anaphylactoid reaction (2.1:10000), nerve injury (2:10000), pulmonary aspiration (2.7:10000), drug error (1.3:10000), hazard to anesthesia personnel (1.5:10000), unplanned hospital admission (0.1:10000), total spinal block (1.3:10000) and mismatch blood transfusion (0.18:10000) CONCLUSION: Respiratory adverse events were common anesthesia direct related events. High incidence of cardiac arrest and death within 24 hr highlighted concerns for prevention strategies. Incidents of adverse events can be used for institutional quality improvement, educational quality assurance and further research for patient safety in anesthesia.

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