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This study aims to characterize the proteome composition of organ-derived protein extracts from rabbits. Protein isolation was performed using soft homogenization and size exclusion via ultrafiltration. The proteome analysis of the ultrafiltrates was conducted using gel electrophoresis, and the mass spectrometry data were subjected to gene ontology analysis. Proteomic profiling revealed comprehensive protein profiles associated with RNA regulation, fatty acid binding, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and metabolism. Additionally, our results demonstrate the presence of abundant small proteins, as observed in the mass spectrometry datasets. Small proteins and peptides are crucial in transcription modulation and various biological processes. The protein networks identified in the ultrafiltrates have the potential to enhance and complement biological therapeutic interventions. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD050039.

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The scourge of type-1 diabetes (T1D) is the morbidity and mortality it and its complications cause at a younger age. This propels the constant search for better diagnostic, treatment, and management strategies, with the ultimate quest being a cure for T1D. Recently, the therapeutic potential of exosomes has generated a lot of interest. Among the characteristics of exosomes of particular interest are (a) their regenerative capacity, which depends on their "origin", and (b) their "content", which determines the cell communication and crosstalk they influence. Other functional capacities, including paracrine and endocrine homeostatic regulation, pathogenic response ability resulting in insulin secretory defects or ß-cell death under normal metabolic conditions, immunomodulation, and promotion of regeneration, have also garnered significant interest. Exosome "specificity" makes them suitable as biomarkers or predictors, and their "mobility" and "content" lend credence to drug delivery and therapeutic suitability. This review aims to highlight the functional capacities of exosomes and their established as well as novel contributions at various pathways in the onset and progression of T1D. The pathogenesis of T1D involves a complex crosstalk between insulin-secreting pancreatic ß-cells and immune cells, which is partially mediated by exosomes. We also examine the potential implications for type 2 diabetes (T2D), as the link in T2D has guided T1D exploration. The collective landscape presented is expected to help identify how a deeper understanding of exosomes (and their cargo) can provide a framework for actionable solutions to prevent, halt, or change the very course of T1D and its complications.

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Stem cell therapy is an attractive treatment for diseases in companion animals that cannot be treated by conventional veterinary medicine practices. The unique properties of stem cells, particularly the ability to differentiate into specific cell types, makes them a focal point in regenerative medicine treatments. Stem cell transplantation, especially using mesenchymal stem cells, has been proposed as a means to treat a wide range of injuries and ailments, resulting in tissue regeneration or repair. This review aims to summarize the veterinary use of stem cells for treating age-related and joint diseases, which are common conditions in pets. While additional research is necessary and certain limitations exist, the potential of stem cell therapy for companion animals is immense.

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Objectives: We critically review research findings on the unique changes in brain structure and cognitive function characteristic of Down syndrome (DS) and summarize the similarities and differences with other neurodevelopmental disorders such as Williams syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis and systematic literature review of 84 studies identified by searching PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from 1977 to October 2022. This review focuses on the following issues: (1) specific neuroanatomic and histopathological features of DS as revealed by autopsy and modern neuroimaging modalities, (2) language and memory deficits in DS, (3) the relationships between these neuroanatomical and neuropsychological features, and (4) neuroanatomic and neuropsychological differences between DS and related neurodevelopmental syndromes. Results: Numerous post-mortem and morphometric neuroimaging investigations of individuals with DS have reported complex changes in regional brain volumes, most notably in the hippocampal formation, temporal lobe, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and cerebellum. Moreover, neuropsychological assessments have revealed deficits in language development, emotional regulation, and memory that reflect these structural changes and are more severe than expected from general cognitive dysfunction. Individuals with DS also show relative preservation of multiple cognitive, linguistic, and social domains compared to normally developed controls and individuals with other neurodevelopmental disorders. However, all these neurodevelopment disorders exhibit substantial heterogeneity among individuals. Conclusion: People with Down syndrome demonstrate unique neurodevelopmental abnormalities but cannot be regarded as a homogenous group. A comprehensive evaluation of individual intellectual skills is essential for all individuals with neurodevelopment disorders to develop personalized care programs.

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Protein probes, including ultrafiltrates from the placenta (UPla) and lung (ULu) of postnatal rabbits, were investigated in premature senescent HEK293 and HepG2 cells to explore whether they could modulate cellular senescence. Tris-Tricine-PAGE, gene ontology (GO), and LC-MS/MS analysis were applied to describe the characteristics of the ultrafiltrates. HEK293 and HepG2 cells (both under 25 passages) exposed to a sub-toxic concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 300 µM) became senescent; UPla (10 µg/mL), ULu (10 µg/mL), as well as positive controls lipoic acid (10 µg/mL) and transferrin (10 µg/mL) were added along with H2O2 to the cells. Cell morphology; cellular proliferation; senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-ß-X-gal) activity; expression of senescence biomarkers including p16 INK4A (p16), p21 Waf1/Cip1 (p21), HMGB1, MMP-3, TNF-α, IL-6, lamin B1, and phospho-histone H2A.X (γ-H2AX); senescence-related gene expression; reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels; and mitochondrial fission were examined. Tris-Tricine-PAGE revealed prominent detectable bands between 10 and 100 kDa. LC-MS/MS identified 150-180 proteins and peptides in the protein probes, and GO analysis demonstrated a distinct enrichment of proteins associated with "extracellular space" and "proteasome core complex". UPla and ULu modulated senescent cell morphology, improved cell proliferation, and decreased beta-galactosidase activity, intracellular and mitochondrial ROS production, and mitochondrial fission caused by H2O2. The results from this study demonstrated that UPla and Ulu, as well as lipoic acid and transferrin, could protect HEK293 and HepG2 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage via protecting mitochondrial homeostasis and thus have the potential to be explored in anti-aging therapies.

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The new world was considered free of leprosy before the arrival of Europeans. In Suriname, historical migration routes suggest that leprosy could have been introduced from West Africa by the slave trade, from Asia by indentured workers, from Europe by the colonizers, and more recently by Brazilian gold miners. Previous molecular studies on environmental and ancient samples suggested a high variability of the strains circulating in the country, possibly resulting from the various migration waves. However, a current overview of such diversity in humans still needs to be explored. The origin and spread of leprosy in Suriname are investigated from a historical point of view and by strain genotyping of Mycobacterium leprae from skin biopsies of 26 patients with multibacillary leprosy using PCR-genotyping and whole-genome sequencing. Moreover, molecular signs of resistance to the commonly used anti-leprosy drugs i.e. dapsone, rifampicin and ofloxacin, were investigated. Molecular detection was positive for M. leprae in 25 out of 26 patient samples, while M. lepromatosis was not found in any of the samples. The predominant M. leprae strain in our sample set is genotype 4P (n=8) followed by genotype 1D-2 (n=3), 4N (n=2), and 4O/P (n=1). Genotypes 4P, 4N, 4O/P are predominant in West Africa and Brazil, and could have been introduced in Suriname by the slave trade from West Africa, and more recently by gold miners from Brazil. The presence of the Asian strains 1D-2 probably reflects an introduction by contract workers from India, China and Indonesia during the late 19th and early 20th century after the abolition of slavery. There is currently no definite evidence for the occurrence of the European strain 3 in the 26 patients. Geoplotting reflects internal migration, and also shows that most patients live in and around Paramaribo. A biopsy of one patient harbored two M. leprae genotypes, 1D-2 and 4P, suggesting co-infection. A mutation in the dapsone resistance determining region of folP1 was detected in two out of 13 strains for which molecular drug susceptibility was obtained, suggesting the circulation of dapsone resistant strains.

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Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a term describing the highly selective barrier formed by the endothelial cells (ECs) of the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by restricting movement across the BBB. An intact BBB is critical for normal brain functions as it maintains brain homeostasis, modulates immune cell transport, and provides protection against pathogens and other foreign substances. However, it also prevents drugs from entering the CNS to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Stem cells, on the other hand, have been reported to bypass the BBB and successfully home to their target in the brain and initiate repair, making them a promising approach in cellular therapy, especially those related to neurodegenerative disease. This review article discusses the mechanism behind the successful homing of stem cells to the brain, their potential role as a drug delivery vehicle, and their applications in neurodegenerative diseases.

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The immune system is a complex network of specialized cells and organs that recognises and reacts against foreign pathogens while remaining unresponsive to host tissues. This ability to self-tolerate is known as immunological tolerance. Autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system fails to differentiate between self and non-self antigens and releases autoantibodies to attack our own cells. Anti-idiotypic (anti-ID) antibodies are important in maintaining a balanced idiotypic regulatory network by neutralising and inhibiting the secretion of autoantibodies. Recently, anti-ID antibodies have been advanced as an alternative form of immunotherapy as they can specifically target autoantibodies, cause less toxicity and side effects, and could provide long-lasting immunity. This review article discusses the immunomodulatory potential of anti-ID antibodies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

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INTRODUCTION: Skin is changing over time showing signs of aging: dryness, increase in visual and tactile roughness, decrease in collagen content and stiffness, and eventually formation of deep and surface wrinkles, and fine lines. METHODS: Eight-week open experimental study was conducted to test efficacy of MF3 Blue Cell Serum Gel. Main criteria to determine product efficacy by following skin biophysical techniques were as follows: skin moisturization, firmness, epidermal and dermal density, skin surface properties and sebum level, reduction in fine lines and wrinkles. Secondary criteria were as follows: participant's opinion during study and product tolerance evaluation. Days 29 and 57 assessments included visual evaluation, skin biophysical techniques, and compliance check. The self-assessment questionnaires completed. RESULTS: After week 8, obtained results showed very good hydration effect of test product, despite the fact being serum gel. Moisturizing increased continuously during study period. Important increases on skin firmness were observed which are in line with typical anti-aging claims. Dermal density steady improvement noted especially after 4th week of study, and effect on deep skin layers was due to increase in collagen content and stiffness. Sebum regulation process was evidenced. Further significant roughness reduction in skin surface showed decrease or disappearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Products were well tolerated with no adverse events. Most of participants noticed visible improvement and increase in facial radiance, skin smoothness, and overall skin improvement. CONCLUSION: Twice daily application of MF3 Blue Cell Serum Gel led to significant improvement in skin hydration, firmness, dermal density, sebum regulation, roughness reduction, decrease or disappearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

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Although significant gains have been realized in the management of grade 4 glioma, the majority of these patients will ultimately suffer local recurrence within the prior field of treatment. Clearly, novel local treatment strategies are required to improve patient outcomes. Concerns of toxicity have limited enthusiasm for the utilization of re-irradiation as a treatment option. However, using modern imaging technology and precision radiotherapy delivery techniques re-irradiation has proven a feasible option achieving both a palliative benefit and prolongation of survival with low toxicity rates. The evolution of re-irradiation as a treatment modality for recurrent grade 4 glioma is reviewed. In addition, potential targeted radiosensitizers to be used in conjunction with re-irradiation are also discussed.

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We describe a case of human lagochilascariasis, with skull-base involvement and a chronic and relapsing course after treatment. This rare parasitic infection is usually manifested in the head and neck area, characterized by progressive granulomatous inflammation and the formation of abscesses. Transmission to humans most likely occurs by the consumption of undercooked meat of wild rodents. On the basis of literature studies, we propose the most likely life cycle of the parasite that involves wild feline and rodent species, with humans as accidental hosts. Even in endemic areas, it is very difficult to recognize the disease at an early stage. Progression will eventually lead to involvement of the (central) nervous system, as described in our case. Treatment is often difficult and involves resection and prolonged treatment with anthelmintic drugs. Recurrences are not uncommon and at present, long-term oral administration of ivermectin seems to be the most effective treatment.

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