RESUMEN
We here provide definitive evidence that ginsenoside-Rg1, the pharmacologically active component of ginseng, is a functional ligand of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as determined by fluorescence polarization assay. Rg1 increased the phosphorylation of GR, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), Akt/PKB and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) leading to increase nitric oxide (NO) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cell. Rg1-induced eNOS phosphorylation and NO production were significantly reduced by RU486, LY294,002, or SH-6. Also, knockdown of GR completely eliminated the Rg1-induced NO production. This study revealed that Rg1 can indeed serve as an agonist ligand for GR and the activated GR can induce rapid NO production from eNOS via the non-transcriptional PI3K/Akt pathway.
Asunto(s)
Ginsenósidos/farmacología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/efectos de los fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/agonistas , Cromonas/farmacología , Células Endoteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Ginsenósidos/metabolismo , Humanos , Mifepristona/farmacología , Morfolinas/farmacología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Transporte de Proteínas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/genética , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
In order to develop a rapid and effective analysis method for studying integrally the main constituents in the medicinal materials and their extracts, discriminating the extracts from different extraction process, comparing the categories of chemical constituents in the different extracts and monitoring the qualities of medicinal materials, we applied Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) associated with second derivative infrared spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2D-IR) to study the main constituents in traditional Chinese medicine Angelica and its different extracts (extracted by petroleum ether, ethanol and water in turn). The findings indicated that FT-IR spectrum can provide many holistic variation rules of chemical constituents. Use of the macroscopical fingerprint characters of FT-IR and 2D-IR spectrum can not only identify the main chemical constituents in medicinal materials and their different extracts, but also compare the components differences among the similar samples. This analytical method is highly rapid, effective, visual and accurate for pharmaceutical research.
Asunto(s)
Angelica sinensis/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Alcanos/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Espectrofotometría Infrarroja , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de FourierRESUMEN
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. We have previously demonstrated the occurrence of oxidative stress in the eye and aorta but not in the kidney of diabetic rats. In the present study we have investigated the effects of danshen, a herb used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat ailments related to diabetic complications, on the onset of oxidative stress in the above tissues. Diabetic rats were treated with 3 g/kg of danshen via oral intubation for 7 weeks. Afterwards, the tissue levels of glutathione (GSH), the primary endogenous antioxidant, and malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress, were measured. Our results showed that danshen treatment did not alter the hyperglycemic status of the diabetic animals. However, the GSH levels were normalized in both the eye and aorta of the diabetic rats when these rats were administered with danshen. Administration with danshen also restored the level of MDA in the eye and aorta of the diabetic rats to that found in the control rats. These changes, however, were not observed in the kidney where oxidative stress did not occur. These results suggested that oral administration of danshen can effectively prevent the occurrence of oxidative stress in the eye and aorta of the diabetic rats. Furthermore, danshen treatment did not affect the blood glucose concentration of the animals irrespective of their diabetic state. These data therefore provide important information on mode of action of danshen, thereby establishing a basis for this herb to be used as a supportive treatment regime to ameliorate the severity of diabetic complications.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Aorta Torácica/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/uso terapéutico , Ojo/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Fenantrolinas/uso terapéutico , Salvia miltiorrhiza/química , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/prevención & control , Glutatión/metabolismo , Hiperglucemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Estreptozocina/toxicidadRESUMEN
AIM: To set out the procedure for estimation of measurement uncertainty for the determination of ginsenosides R(g1), Re and R(b1) in Radix ginseng by HPLC. METHODS: To facilitate the identification and analysis of the uncertainty sources arising from the procedure of analysis, a cause and effect diagram was constructed and simplified. Each uncertainty component whether associated with individual sources or with the combined effects of several sources, was evaluated with respect to the significance of its contribution to the overall measurement uncertainty and was expressed as standard uncertainty. All the standard uncertainties were then combined according to the appropriate rules to give a combined standard uncertainty and an expanded standard uncertainty. Results The expanded standard uncertainties for the HPLC determination of ginsenoside R(g1), Re, and R(b1), are 0.12c, 0.14c and 0.13c, respectively. CONCLUSION: Measurement uncertainty is applicable to set the limit of the ginsenosides in Radix ginseng. The establishment of the methodology for the evaluation of measurement uncertainty is important to the studies of Chinese materia medica standards.
Asunto(s)
Ginsenósidos/análisis , Panax/química , Plantas Medicinales/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Control de Calidad , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy was used to identify the different parts of Danggui in this paper. Guitou and Guiwei are two parts of the same officinal plant, and similar to each other in normal. FTIR spectra revealed the comparabilities of these two parts in herbal characters, organizing structure and alkaloid components. However, variance in amino acids and naphtha contents, which is aroused by the different parts of the angelica, could be identified easily and clearly in 2D FTIR spectra. Thus the fast and accurate property of 2D FTIR spectroscopy makes it a powerful and new approach to evaluating the medicinal herbs impersonally.
Asunto(s)
Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Análisis de Inyección de Flujo/métodos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Plantas Medicinales/química , Espectrofotometría Infrarroja/métodos , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Plantas Medicinales/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Modern extraction and planar chromatographic instrumentation were employed for the fingerprint profiling of carbohydrates from an important and popular medicinal mushroom commonly known as Lingzhi. For the first time, the feasibility of employing the high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) peak profiles (fingerprints) of carbohydrates for the screening of various Lingzhi species/products was demonstrated. An analytical procedure was developed such that upon acid hydrolysis of the polysaccharides extracted from various Lingzhi samples, fingerprint profiles that reveal the relative amounts of the degradation products, such as mono- and oligosaccharides, can be obtained using HPTLC plates (Si 50000) for separation and 4-aminobenzoic acid as the post-chromatographic derivatization reagent for detection. Also, using automated multiple development (AMD), the acid hydrolyzates from Lingzhi, consisting of simple and more complex sugars, can be separated simultaneously with high degree of automation. An important finding was that unique fingerprint patterns were observed in the monosaccharide profiles between two highly valued Lingzhi species, Ganoderma applanatum and Ganoderma lucidum, under total or partial acid hydrolysis conditions. Additionally, the HPTLC fingerprint profiles of carbohydrates were obtained from the extracts of the spores and fruiting bodies of Lingzhi and compared.
Asunto(s)
Ácidos/química , Cromatografía en Capa Delgada/métodos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Polisacáridos/química , Hidrólisis , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Reishi , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
The feasibility of employing aqueous non-ionic surfactant solutions as an alternative solvent system in pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is demonstrated for the first time using the roots of American ginseng as model solid samples. When compared to the use of pure water or methanol, the presence of a common non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-100) in water at a concentration above its critical micelle concentration was shown to enhance the amount of pharmacologically active ingredients (ginsenosides) extracted from ginseng roots. The advantages of using aqueous non-surfactant solutions were also demonstrated by comparing extraction performances between ultrasonic-assisted extraction and PLE methods. Furthermore, the combination of PLE and cloud point extraction was shown to be a new and effective approach for the rapid sample preconcentration of herbal materials prior to analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography.