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PURPOSE: Radiosurgery for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia delivers a very high dose in a single fraction, over a few millimeters, at a single isocenter placed along the nerve. We present here the different steps that have been performed to validate small beams by conical collimators, and report the clinical results of the first patients treated on Novalis Tx®, frameless. MATERIAL AND METHODS: First, the geometric accuracy of 4 and 6mm conical collimators was evaluated using Winston-Lutz tests; then dosimetric data acquisition was performed using high spatial resolution detectors (PTW 60019 microdiamond and a PTW 60017 E-diode). The corrective factors of the TRS 483 report were applied to calculate the collimator aperture factors. These dosimetric data were then compared with the data implemented in the iPlan® treatment planning system. Then end-to-end tests were performed to control the entire treatment process using an anthropomorphic phantom "STEEV". Between 2020 and 2022, 18 patients were treated for refractory trigeminal neuralgia on Novalis Tx®, frameless, with Exactrac® repositioning. A total of 17 patients were evaluated (one was lost to follow-up) using the BNI score for pain assessment and MRI with a median follow-up of 12 months. RESULTS: The quality criteria of geometric and dosimetric accuracy were met for the 6-mm cone but not for the 4-mm cone. All patients were treated with a 6-mm cone with a dose of 90Gy prescribed at the isocenter at the root entry zone. Initial pain control was obtained in 70.5% of our patients, and 53% maintained pain control with a median follow-up of 12 months. All recurrences occurred within 3 to 6 months after radiosurgery. No brainstem toxicity was observed. Six patients had non-disabling facial hypoesthesia, half of whom already had pretreatment hypoesthesia. CONCLUSION: The treatment of trigeminal neuralgia on a dedicated linear accelerator is a highly technical treatment whose accuracy and safety are paramount. The physical measurements allowed the commissioning of the technique with a 6mm cone. Our first clinical results are in accordance with the literature.

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We report a review of medical aspects of the consciousness. The behavioral dimension, phenotypic descriptors, relative consciousness and neural correlates of consciousness and related disorders were addressed successively in a holistic and chronological approach. Consciousness is relative, specific to each individual across time and space. Historically defined as the perception of the self and the environment, it cannot be separated from behaviors, entailing an idea of conscious behavior with metapractic and metagnostic aspects. Observation of spontaneous and evoked overt behavior distinguishes three main types of disorder of consciousness (DoC): coma, vegetative state or unresponsive wakefulness, and minimally conscious or relationally impoverished state. Modern functional exploration techniques, such as imaging, increase the understanding of DoCs and consciousness. Whether consciousness is a superior function and/or an instrumental function is discussed. Neural correlates can be subdivided into two wakefulness pathways (superior thalamic cholinergic and inferior extra-thalamic), and cortico-subcortical circuitry. The deep brain structures are those described in the well-known sensorimotor, associative and limbic loops, as illustrated in the mesolimbic model of DoC. The cortices can be segregated into several overlapping networks: (1) a global workspace including thalamo-cortical loops; (2) the default mode network (DMN) and related intrinsic connectivity networks (i.e., central executive, medial DMN and salience networks); (3) a 3-fold network comprising the fronto-parietal control system and its dorsal and ventral attentional sub-networks, the fronto-parietal executive control network, and the cingulo-opercular salience network; (4) the internal and external cortices, respectively medial, turned toward the self, and lateral, turned toward the environment. The network dynamics is the reflection of consciousness, notably anticorrelations such as the decrease in activity of the posterior cingulate-precuneus regions during attentional tasks. Thanks to recent advances in DoC pathophysiology, further significative therapeutic progress is expected, taking into account the societal context. This depends notably on the dissemination of medical knowledge and its transfer to a wider public.

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The human methylome is dynamically influenced by psychological stress. However, its responsiveness to stress management remains underexplored. Meditation practice has been shown to significantly reduce stress level, among other beneficial neurophysiological outcomes. Here, we evaluated the impact of a day of intensive meditation practice (t2-t1 = 8 h) on the methylome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in experienced meditators (n = 17). In parallel, we assessed the influence of a day of leisure activities in the same environment on the methylome of matched control subjects with no meditation experience (n = 17). DNA methylation profiles were analyzed using the Illumina 450 K beadchip array. We fitted for each methylation site a linear model for multi-level experiments which adjusts the variation between t1 and t2 for baseline differences. No significant baseline differences in methylation profiles was detected between groups. In the meditation group, we identified 61 differentially methylated sites (DMS) after the intervention. These DMS were enriched in genes mostly associated with immune cell metabolism and ageing and in binding sites for several transcription factors involved in immune response and inflammation, among other functions. In the control group, no significant change in methylation level was observed after the day of leisure activities. These results suggest that a short meditation intervention in trained subjects may rapidly influence the epigenome at sites of potential relevance for immune function and provide a better understanding of the dynamics of the human methylome over short time windows.

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In the human species, the two uniparental genetic systems (mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome) exhibit contrasting diversity patterns. It has been proposed that sex-specific behaviours, and in particular differences in migration rate between men and women, may explain these differences. The availability of high-density genomic data and the comparison of genetic patterns on autosomal and sex chromosomes at global and local scales allow a reassessment of the extent to which sex-specific behaviours shape our genome. In this article, we first review studies comparing the genetic patterns at uniparental and biparental genetic systems and assess the extent to which sex-specific migration processes explain the differences between these genetic systems. We show that differences between male and female migration rates matter, but that they are certainly not the only contributing factor. In particular, differences in effective population size between men and women are also likely to account for these differences. Then, we present and discuss three anthropological processes that may explain sex-specific differences in effective population size and thus human genomic variation: (i) variance in reproductive success arising from, for example, polygyny; (ii) descent rules; and (iii) transmission of reproductive success.

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Little is known about the genetic factors influencing mate choice in humans. Still, there is evidence for non-random mate choice with respect to physical traits. In addition, some studies suggest that the Major Histocompatibility Complex may affect pair formation. Nowadays, the availability of high density genomic data sets gives the opportunity to scan the genome for signatures of non-random mate choice without prior assumptions on which genes may be involved, while taking into account socio-demographic factors. Here, we performed a genome scan to detect extreme patterns of similarity or dissimilarity among spouses throughout the genome in three populations of African, European American, and Mexican origins from the HapMap 3 database. Our analyses identified genes and biological functions that may affect pair formation in humans, including genes involved in skin appearance, morphogenesis, immunity and behaviour. We found little overlap between the three populations, suggesting that the biological functions potentially influencing mate choice are population specific, in other words are culturally driven. Moreover, whenever the same functional category of genes showed a significant signal in two populations, different genes were actually involved, which suggests the possibility of evolutionary convergences.

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Changes in gene expression play an important role in species' evolution. Earlier studies uncovered evidence that the effect of mutations on expression levels within the primate order is skewed, with many small downregulations balanced by fewer but larger upregulations. In addition, brain-expressed genes appeared to show an increased rate of evolution on the branch leading to human. However, the lack of a mathematical model adequately describing the evolution of gene expression precluded the rigorous establishment of these observations. Here, we develop mathematical tools that allow us to revisit these earlier observations in a model-testing and inference framework. We introduce a model for skewed gene-expression evolution within a phylogenetic tree and use a separate model to account for biological or experimental outliers. A Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo inference procedure allows us to infer the phylogeny and other evolutionary parameters, while quantifying the confidence in these inferences. Our results support previous observations; in particular, we find strong evidence for a sustained positive skew in the distribution of gene-expression changes in primate evolution. We propose a "corrective sweep" scenario to explain this phenomenon.

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Three coalescent-based methods allowed us to infer some aspects of the history of three Bulgarian Gypsies populations belonging to the Vlax linguistic group: the Lom, Rudari and Kalderas. We used several kinds of genetic markers: HV1 sequences of the maternally inherited mitochondrial genome and microsatellites of the paternally inherited Y chromosome and of the biparentally inherited chromosome 8. This allowed us to infer several parameters for men and women: the splitting order of the populations and the ages of the splitting events, the growth rate in each population and the migration rates between populations. Altogether, they enabled us to infer a demographic scenario that could explain the genetic diversity of Vlax Roma: recent splits occurring after the arrival in Europe, asymmetric migration flows especially for males and unequal growth rates. This represents a considerable contribution to the Vlax Roma history in comparison with the inferences from classical population genetics.

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Knowledge concerning the relationship between multiple sclerosis and epilepsy is reviewed. Epidemiological studies have established that epileptic seizures are more frequent in multiple sclerosis than predicted by chance. Partial epilepsies with focal seizures often with atypical symptoms and with or without secondary generalisation are the usual pattern. In the survey special emphasis is laid on the direct correlation between paroxysmal phenomena and plaques now demonstrable by modern imaging techniques. These images have shown that epileptic seizures can be caused by cortical and subcortical lesions and by their accompanying oedema. We extend the review to non-epileptic paroxysmal symptoms, such as tonic spasm, which may be confused with epileptic seizures. As far as they are supported by data, recommendations for diagnosis and therapy are given. Open questions are identified and issues for further research are suggested.

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We measured blood pressure and heart rate at rest and during exercise on a bicycle ergometer in 19 patients with borderline hypertension, in 58 with sustained essential hypertension and in a group of 30 healthy subjects of the same age. On each subject, we determined the systolic blood pressure/heart rate curve during exercise and calculated the slope and intercept. In patients with borderline hypertension, blood pressure was elevated in basal conditions but was within the normal range at the end of exercise. This caused an increased intercept (P less than 0.001) and a reduced slope (P less than 0.05) of the curve. In patients with sustained hypertension, blood pressure was elevated throughout the exercise test. This caused an increased slope (P less than 0.001) of the blood pressure/heart rate curve. The slope of the curve correlated negatively with basal heart rate in borderline hypertensive patients (P less than 0.01) and correlated positively with basal total peripheral resistance in sustained hypertensive patients (P less than 0.01). Exercise testing can help one diagnose borderline and sustained hypertension and predict the evolution of borderline hypertension toward fixed hypertension.

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The exercice electrocardiogram, carried out in 160 normal subjects, has allowed us to witness the physiological mechanisms of adaptation to exercise as a function of age and sex. The relationship between systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and cardiac rate (CR) is very narrow (R = 0.97), and is a linear function. Its slope increases with age in both sexes, and differs significantly in the male and female (P less than 0.001). Systolic pressure is related to the relative cardiac rate (CR%) by the formula SAP = 1.55.CR% + 70.

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