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Two new Pudicinae (Trichostrongylina, Heligmosomoidea, Heligmonellidae) coparasites of Proechimys longicaudatus (Caviomorph rodent) from Bolivia are described: Pudica ginsburgi n. sp. is differentiated from all the other species of the genus by the great length of the spicules and of the vestibule and by a different ratio of the length of the spicules on the length of the body. Heligmostrongylus chiarae n. sp. has very developed rays 4, strongly divergent from rays 5 as occurs in three other species, H. almeidai (Durette-Desset & Tcheprakoff, 1969), a parasite of Trichomys apereoides (= Cercomys cunicularius) from Brazil, H. squamastrongylus (Travassos, 1937), a parasite of Proechimys oris from Brazil and H. proechimysi Durette-Desset, 1970, a parasite of Proechimys semispinosus from Columbia. The specimens from Bolivia are differentiated from the three species by the division of the dorsal ray (anterior half versus posterior half) and by a different ratio of the length of the spicules on the length of the body.

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In this paper we provide a description of Tapironema coronatum n. gen. n. sp. (Trichostrongyloidea, Obeliscoidinae) from the cricetid Holochilus brasiliensis or "water rat" in Argentina (Type material) and from Tapirus terrestris in French Guyana (voucher material in poor condition). The new genus is characterized by a corona radiata, an oesophageal tooth, a bilaterally synlophe with about 73 (male), 122 (female) cuticular ridges, a caudal bursa pattern 2-1-2 with rays 5 and 6 parallel and close together and rays 5 longer than rays 3. The most closely related genus is the monospecific Teporingonema Harris, 1985, from a Mexican lagomorph, Romerolagus. The cephalic extremity of this parasite is redescribed after the type-material. The systematic position of Teporingonema amongst the Obeliscoidinae is defined and the hypotheses concerning the origin of this sub family are provided.

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The evolutionary line of Dipetalonema can apparently be divided into four groups: I: Australian species; II: paleoendemic South American species; III: the Tetrapetalonema group; IV: the Acanthocheilonema group. Loxodontofilaria at present insufficiently known to be classified and several species belonging to the Acanthocheilonema group are the object of the present study. Descriptions are given of Loxodontofilaria asiatica n. sp., parasite of Elephas indicus in Burma, Cercopithifilaria degraaffi n. sp., parasites of Papio ursinus in South Africa, C. cephalophi n. sp., parasite of Cephalophus dorsalis and C. gabonensis n. sp., parasite of Atherurus africanus in Gabon. Additional morphological data are given on Cercopithifilaria didelphis, C. rugosicauda, Acanthocheilonema pachycephalum, A. viteae, Molinema dessetae, Dipetalonema gracile, Orihelia sp., Skrjabinofilaria skrjabini, Breinlia (B.) spratti, Litomosa sp., Loxodontofilaria hippopotami. Yatesia n. gen. with type species Yatesia hydrochoerus (Yates, 1980), is proposed, distinguished by specialized characters of the posterior extremity. The genus Cercopithifilaria is used to accomodate species considered as specialized Acanthocheilonema. Chenofilaria is placed in synonymy with Acanthocheilonema. Loxodontofilaria includes the three filarid species from elephants, L. loxodontis, L. gossi, L. asiatica n. sp. and the species from the Hippopotamus, L. hippopotami; D. okapiae is considered a species inquirenda. The interpretation given for the neotropical fauna is the following: --Skrjabinofilaria, Orihelia, Dasypafilaria and Dipetalonema may be true paleoendemics in South America. --Molinema and Ackertia on the one hand and Yatesia on the other may be forms of African origin introduced at the end of the Eocene during the migration of African rodents into South America. The cpature in American reptiles (the genus Macdonaldius) could have occurred during this period. --Surprisingly, the two species of Dipetalonema in Didelphis may be late captures of neartic origin: A. pricei from Acanthocheilonema in carnivores and C. didelphis from a Cercopithifilaria in eutherian mammals.

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Description of Spirobakerus weitzeli n. g., n. sp., parasitic in a Cricetidae of Columbia and revision of the Neotropical Spirocercidae. The taxa Leiuris vazipereirai (Lopez-Neyra, 1951) n. comb. and Texicospirura cesticellus (Molin, 1860) n. comb. are proposed. The endemic neotropical Spirocercidae include: --Four paleoendemic genera: Didelphonema in marsupials, Leiuris in the Bradypodidae, Tejeraia in Caviomorphs and tapirs, and Spirobakerus in the Cricetidae (which in interpreted as an example of the capture phenomenon). Given the conspicuous development and anterior location of the median cephalic formations, these four genera are considered as the most primitive Spirocercidae in the world fauna. --Two recently endemic forms: Texicospirura in peccarries and Physocephalus lassancei in cervids. Their more evolved morphological characters seem to indicate a much later introduction into the Netropical zone.

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Aproctella alessandroi n. sp., parasitic in various Passeriformes in Colombia and Guadeloupe, and A. golvani n. sp., a similar species with smaller microfilariae parasitic in sparrows in Guadeloupe, are described. The life cycle of A. alessandroi was studied in Aedes togoi (development in 13 days in the flight muscles; first-stage larva cylindrical; third-stage larva 1 330-1 600 microns long; oesophago-intestinal junction distinct). The larval biology of Aproctella is very similar to that of Cardiofilaria, confirming the close relationship of these two genera. The biology differs from that of two other genera of Splendidofilariinae of birds, Splendidofilaria and Chandlerella (vectors: Culicoides and Simuliids; development in flight muscles and haemocoel; first stage larva almond-shaped; third stage larva 400-600 microns de long; oesophago-intestinal junction indistinct). In these latter genera, the larval biology is remarkably similar to that of Lemdaninae of reptiles and birds (Saurositus, Eufilaria). It seems there is not a distinct separation between the Splendidofilariinae and the Lemdaninae.

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Description of the female of Quentius kozeki n. g., n. sp., parasitic in Marmose at Cali (Columbia). Because of its cephalic structure, the species is considered to be the most primitive Rictulariidae actually known. In addition, however, it has aberrant and specialized characters. The existence of this species seems to indicate that the rictularioids were established as early as the Cretaceous in American marsupials. They could have been maintained in these animals at least until the Oligocene before invading Northern rodents of the Nearctic region. From these hosts, as Quentin (1971) demonstrated, there was a North-South evolution throughtout the world.

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The development of O. petersi, O. belemensis and O. spinosa is similar to that of O. bacillaris: the larvae are in the adipose tissue of various mosquitoes; the infective stages are characterized by the longitudinal salient ridges of the cuticule, the long tail ended by two lappets, the well-developed glandular oesophagus; the female genital anlage lies in the anterior half part of the body, but is not very far from the median line. This character opposes these species to the other viviparous Filariae and stresses the originality of the Oswaldofilariinar.

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