RESUMEN

The present review examines the factors and variables that should be considered to obtain, design, and evaluate EFEs that might enhance ruminal NDF degradability. Different combinations of words were introduced in Google Scholar, then scientific articles were examined and included if the reported factors and variables addressed the objective of this review. One-hundred-and-sixteen articles were included. The fungal strains and culture media used to grow white-rot fungi induced the production of specific isoforms of cellulases and xylanases; therefore, EFE products for ruminant feed applications should be obtained in cultures that include the high-fibrous forages used in the diets of those animals. Additionally, the temperature, pH, osmolarity conditions, and EFE synergisms and interactions with ruminal microbiota and endogenous fibrolytic enzymes should be considered. More consistent results have been observed in studies that correlate the cellulase-to-xylanase ratio with ruminant productive behavior. EFE protection (immobilization) allows researchers to obtain enzymatic products that may act under ruminal pH and temperature conditions. It is possible to generate multi-enzyme cocktails that act at different times, re-associate enzymes, and simulate natural protective structures such as cellulosomes. Some EFEs could consistently improve ruminal NDF degradability if we consider fungal cultures and ruminal environmental conditions variables, and include biotechnological tools that might be useful to design novel enzymatic products.

RESUMEN

Se evaluó la absorción foliar de nitrógeno inorgánico por depósito húmedo simulado en Abies religiosa, en un experimento factorial en vivero con plantas de tres años de edad y diseño al azar. Ocho tratamientos combinaron dos formas de N (NO3- y NH4 +), dosis aplicada (alta o baja) y escurrimiento del sustrato (con y sin). Se utilizó 15N para medir absorción de N. Las plantas se cosecharon y follaje nuevo, follaje con >1 año, ramillas, tallo principal y raíz fueron separados. La forma y dosis de N tuvieron efecto (p=0,001) en todos los componentes de las plantas, mostrando mayor absorción de N con NO3 - en dosis alta. Con escurrimiento hubo mayor absorción en ramillas, tallo y raíz. La mayor absorción de N fue en follaje nuevo. La absorción de NO3 - fue nueve y tres veces mayor que la de NH4 + en follaje >1 año y raíz, respectivamente. La absorción de N en tallo fue afectada por todos los factores e interacciones, pero en follaje >1 año solo afectó la forma y dosis de N. La cantidad promedio de 15N recuperada fue 1,8mg N por planta. La recuperación de N-NO3 - en la parte aérea alcanzó 57% pues las plantas no estuvieron expuestas a lluvia que lavase el N-NO3 - retenido en follaje y ramas. Los resultados sugieren un alto potencial de absorción por el follaje de A. religiosa. Los síntomas iniciales de saturación de N documentados en el Valle de México podrían acentuarse con aumentos de contaminación atmosférica. Los efectos del depósito de N pueden ocurrir por vía foliar antes que el N del suelo sea afectado.

To evaluate foliar absorption of inorganic nitrogen by simulated wet deposition in Abies religiosa, a greenhouse factorial experiment was established with three-year old seedlings using a randomized design. Eight treatments resulted from the combination of N form (NO3 - or NH4 +), dose (high or low) and runoff to the substrate (with and without). 15N was used to evaluate N absorption. Plants were harvested and current year foliage, foliage >1 year old, twigs, stem and roots were separated. The form of N and dose had significant effects (p=0.001) in all plant components, showing higher recovery with NO3 - as source and at a high dose. Runoff increased recovery in twigs, stem and roots. Current-year foliage showed the highest N absorption. N absorption by the whole plant was nine and three times higher with NO3 - than with NH4 + for foliage >1 year and roots, respectively. N absorption was higher in the stem than in other plant components, whereas foliage >1 year was the least sensitive component to N absorption. The average amount of N recovered per plant was 1.8mg N. Aboveground N-NO3 - recovery reached 57%, probably because the plants were not exposed to rainfall that could wash NO3 - from the canopy. The results suggest a high potential of N absorption by the foliage and branches of A. religiosa. The initial symptoms of N saturation documented in the Valley of Mexico may worsen if air pollution remains uncontrolled. The effects of N deposition may occur via foliage before soil N is affected.

Avaliou-se a absorção foliar de nitrogênio inorgânico por depósito úmido simulado em Abies religiosa, em um experimento fatorial em viveiro com plantas de três anos de idade e desenho ao azar. Oito tratamentos combinaram duas formas de N (NO3 - e NH4 +), dose aplicada (alta ou baixa) e escorrimento do substrato (com e sem). Utilizou-se 15N para medir absorção de N. Realizada a colheita das plantas, a folhagem nova, folhagem com >1 ano, ramas, caule principal e raiz foram separadas. A forma e dose de N tiveram efeito (p=0,001) em todos os componentes das plantas, mostrando maior absorção de N com NO3 - em dose alta. Com escorrimento houve maior absorção em ramas, caule e raiz. A maior absorção de N foi em folhagem nova. A absorção de NO3 - foi nove e três vezes maior que a de NH4 + em folhagem >1 ano e raiz, respectivamente. A absorção de N no caule foi afetada por todos os fatores e interações, mas em folhagem >1 ano somente afetou a forma e dose de N. A quantidade média de 15N recuperada foi 1,8 mg N por planta. A recuperação de N-NO3 - na parte aérea alcançou 57% pois as plantas não estiveram expostas a chuva que lavasse o N-NO3 - retido na folhagem e ramas. Os resultados sugerem um alto potencial de absorção pela folhagem de A. religiosa. Os sintomas iniciais de saturação de N documentados no Vale do México poderiam acentuar-se com aumentos de contaminação atmosférica. Os efeitos do depósito de N podem ocorrer por via foliar antes que o N do solo seja afetado.