RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the influence of vertical facial type on esthetic perception of lower facial asymmetry as evaluated by orthodontists, dentists, and laypeople. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three adult females were selected with normal growth patterns (NGP), vertical growth patterns (VGP), and horizontal growth patterns (HGP). Frontal photographs were made symmetric and digitally altered, rotating the lower facial third clockwise, ranging from 0° to 6° in 1° increments. A web-based survey was designed with 24 images (eight images for each model) in random order. Each image was rated using a scale ranging from 0 (unattractive) to 10 (the most attractive) by 75 orthodontists, 73 dentists, and 78 laypeople. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine whether differences among groups were significant. Pairwise comparisons were made with Mann-Whitney U test. The significance level was set at P = .05. RESULTS: In NGP, orthodontists and dentists could recognize slighter deviations (2°), while deviations in VGP and HGP under 3° were not recognized by all groups. Severe deviations (≥4°) were distinguished better in HGP by orthodontists and laypeople. In VGP and NGP, there was no significant difference over 4°. CONCLUSIONS: Growth pattern has a significant influence on perception of lower facial asymmetry. Less severe asymmetry can be detected better in NGP. In severe degrees, increments of asymmetry can be perceived more in HGP by orthodontists and laypeople.
Asunto(s)
Asimetría Facial , Humanos , Asimetría Facial/psicología , Femenino , Adulto , Ortodoncistas/psicología , Desarrollo Maxilofacial , Odontólogos/psicología , Estética Dental , Adulto Joven , Fotograbar , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
An ultra-low power CMOS image sensor with on-chip energy harvesting and power management capability is introduced in this paper. The photodiode pixel array can not only capture images but also harvest solar energy. As such, the CMOS image sensor chip is able to switch between imaging and harvesting modes towards self-power operation. Moreover, an on-chip maximum power point tracking (MPPT)-based power management system (PMS) is designed for the dual-mode image sensor to further improve the energy efficiency. A new isolated P-well energy harvesting and imaging (EHI) pixel with very high fill factor is introduced. Several ultra-low power design techniques such as reset and select boosting techniques have been utilized to maintain a wide pixel dynamic range. The chip was designed and fabricated in a 1.8 V, 1P6M 0.18 µm CMOS process. Total power consumption of the imager is 6.53 µW for a 96 × 96 pixel array with 1 V supply and 5 fps frame rate. Up to 30 µW of power could be generated by the new EHI pixels. The PMS is capable of providing 3× the power required during imaging mode with 50% efficiency allowing energy autonomous operation with a 72.5% duty cycle.