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PURPOSE: To describe the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of severe acute alcoholic hepatitis (SAAH) and estimate the capabilities of CT and MRI in differentiating SAAH from alcoholic cirrhosis and non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH) cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients with pathologically proven SAAH (SAAH group) who underwent CT or MRI examinations up to 30 days before or 15 days after liver biopsy between January 2008 and June 2018 were retrospectively included. There were 31 men and 29 women with a mean age of 52±9 (SD) years (range: 33-67 years). Imaging features of the SAAH group were compared to those obtained in two control groups including 62 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis without acute alcoholic hepatitis (control group 1) and 19 patients with NASH cirrhosis (control group 2) by two independent radiologists blinded to the final diagnosis. Univariate analyses were performed to compare imaging characteristics between the three groups, followed by diagnostic performance analysis for the diagnosis of SAAH of the main CT features. RESULTS: Heterogeneous steatosis was significantly more frequent in SAAH group than in the control groups (41/50; 82% vs. 7/62; 10% and 1/19; 5% in control groups 1 and 2, respectively for reader 1 and 34/50; 68% vs. 8/62; 13% and 1/19; 5% in control groups 1 and 2, respectively for reader 2; both P=0.01). Transient perfusion disorders were more frequent in SAAH group than in the control groups (35/50; 70% vs. 12/62; 21% and 5/19; 26% in control groups 1 and 2, respectively for reader 1 and 39/50; 78% vs. 14/62; 23% and 13/19; 6% in control groups 1 and 2, respectively for reader 2; both P=0.01). The combination of these two findings yielded 100% specificity (45/45; 95% CI: 92-100) for readers 1 and 2 for the diagnosis of SAAH vs. alcoholic cirrhosis and NASH cirrhosis. CONCLUSION: The imaging features of SAAH are specific and mainly associate transient heterogeneous steatosis and liver perfusion disorders. CT/MRI may be useful to differentiate SAAH from alcoholic cirrhosis and NASH cirrhosis.

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Paecilomyces sp. are emerging pathogens in immunocompromised patients. We report here a case of Paecilomyces variotii fungemia, cured with amphotericin and anidulafungin, illustrating difficulties of early diagnosis and therapeutic choice in such rare fungal infection.

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In August 2006, the regional unit for nosocomial infection control (ARLIN) was notified of a case of symptomatic acute hepatitis B (HBV) infection in an immunosuppressed 87-year-old patient who had received a blood transfusion five months previously. Immunosuppression for the treatment of a variety of conditions is increasing. Immunosuppressed patients should be investigated for previous HBV infection and given pre-emptive therapy where indicated. We report our experience investigating a case of HBV reactivation in an immunosuppressed patient. We describe the investigation and highlight the continued need for vigilance for HBV reactivation in immunosuppressed patients who may present to a range of clinicians.

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Hepatopulmonary syndrome is characterized by the presence of portal hypertension with or without cirrhosis, an increased alveolar-arterial oxygen partial pressure difference greater than or equal to 15 mm Hg, and dilated pulmonary capillaries. Hepatopulmonary syndrome is found in up to 20% of patients with cirrhosis and should be considered in any patient who develops dyspnea or hypoxemia. Contrast echocardiography is enough to make the diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome. The exact pathophysiology of hepatopulmonary syndrome remains unknown but nitric oxide is an important factor underlying hepatopulmonary syndrome. Hypoxemia progressively deteriorates and worsens the prognosis of cirrhotic patients. Hypoxemic patients must be controlled regularly to optimise the timing of liver transplantation. Indeed, a preoperative PaO(2) of less than or equal to 50 mm Hg alone or in combination with an isotopic shunt fraction greater than or equal to 20% are the strongest predictors of postoperative mortality. There are currently no effective medical therapies for hepatopulmonary syndrome but garlic powder and iloprost inhalation demonstrate clinical improvements in the pre- and in the post-transplant period.

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SUMMARY: Hepar lobatum carcinomatosum is an acquired liver dysmorphy associated with liver metastases of carcinoma, usually breast carcinoma. It may cause portal hypertension. The pathogenesis of this condition appears to be related to multifocal occlusion of intrahepatic branches of the portal vein by neoplasic thrombi and desmoplastic changes. The prognosis is poor despite apparent tumor regression on imaging. We report a case of variceal bleeding revealing a hepar lobatum carcinomatosum. Magnetic resonance imaging supported this diagnosis which was suspected in the clinical context.

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BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Gastric outlet obstruction is a late event in the natural history of biliopancreatic tumours. Metallic self-expanding stents inserted under endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance can be used for palliation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and complications of endoscopic duodenal stenting in patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between August 1998 and November 2001, 63 patients (31 women, 32 men; mean age 73 +/- 12) presenting with clinical symptoms of duodenal obstruction underwent endoscopic stenting with large metallic prostheses. Complications and clinical outcome were assessed both retrospectively and prospectively. RESULTS: Of the patients, 58 needed one duodenal stent and two overlapping stents were required in five patients. Stenting was immediately successful in 60/63 patients (95%). At the time of the duodenal procedure, 25 previously inserted biliary stents were still patent; biliary stenting was attempted during the same procedure in 18 patients; and 20 patients had no biliary stricture. There was no procedure-related mortality. There were complications in 30 % of patients: 13 stent obstructions, 4 stent migrations and 2 duodenal perforations (treated surgically). For 44 patients (70%) there were no minor or major digestive problem during their remaining lifetime. An exclusively peroral diet was possible in 58 patients (92%), but was considered satisfactory (solid or soft) in 46/63 patients (73%). Of the patients, 53 (84 %) died between 1 and 64 weeks after the duodenal stenting (median survival 7 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic stenting for the palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction is feasible and well-tolerated in most patients. Most dysfunctions can be managed endoscopically.

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A 24-year-old woman suffered from ano-rectal Crohn's disease and nephrotic syndrome due to glomerular amyloidosis AA. She received azathioprine and colchicine for two years. Both Crohn's disease and nephrotic syndrome resolved. However amyloid renal lesions were still present. This course is exceptional, and leads to a discussion of the treatment of amyloidosis associated with Crohn's disease.

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OBJECTIVE: An increase in the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in the rectal epithelium of patients with active celiac disease has been described. No data are available about how they vary during a gluten-free diet. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a gluten-free diet on T-cell activation in the rectal mucosa of adult patients with celiac disease. METHODS: Frozen duodenal and rectal biopsies were available in four celiac patients (one male, three female, mean age 39 yr) both before and after 7 to 24 months on a gluten-free diet. Biopsy samples were stained using monoclonal antibodies directed against CD3, betaF1, TcRdelta1, CD25, and HLADR. Numbers of IEL were estimated by counting the peroxidase-stained cells per 100 epithelial cells. Four patients without histological abnormalities were used as control subjects. RESULTS: In the four patients with active celiac disease but in none of the controls, CD25 was expressed by both duodenal and rectal lamina propria cells and HLADR was expressed by duodenal (4/4) and rectal (2/4) epithelial cells. In addition, two patients with active celiac disease had features of lymphocytic colitis, i.e., >20 IEL per 100 epithelial cells. After a gluten-free diet, the mean number of rectal CD3+ betaF1+ IEL decreased (9% vs 21%) and the expression of CD25 and HLADR was no longer present. These changes mirrored those found in the small intestinal biopsies. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that in celiac disease, gluten-driven T-cell activation is not restricted to the proximal part of the intestine but is present on the whole intestinal length. Assessment of the effectiveness of a gluten-free diet through rectal biopsies warrants investigation, as it could lessen discomfort for patients and prove more cost-effective.

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BACKGROUND: Push-type enteroscopy, a recent method for investigating the small intestine, is currently undergoing assessment. Its diagnostic yield varies in the studies reported to date. AIM: To assess the diagnostic value of push-type enteroscopy according to indication. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1994 to September 1995, 152 consecutive patients (mean age 34 years) underwent push-type enteroscopy (jejunoscopy, n = 93; retrograde ileoscopy, n = 17; and double way enteroscopy, n = 42). The indications were: unexplained iron deficiency anaemia or macroscopic gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 76), radiological abnormalities of the small intestine (n = 23), chronic diarrhoea and/or malabsorption syndrome (n = 18), abdominal pain (n = 12), and miscellaneous (n = 23). All patients had undergone previous negative aetiological investigations. RESULTS: The jejunum and ileum were explored through 120 cm (30-160 cm) and 60 cm (20-120 cm). Digestive bleeding: lesions of the small bowel were found in 6% of the patients with isolated iron deficiency anaemia and 20% of patients with patent digestive haemorrhage. Radiological abnormalities of the small intestine: push-type enteroscopy provided a diagnosis or modified the interpretation of radiological findings in 18/23 cases (78%). Chronic diarrhoea and/or malabsorption: push-type enteroscopy yielded explanatory findings in four cases (22%). Abdominal pain: push-type enteroscopy provided no diagnosis. CONCLUSION: In this series, push-type enteroscopy was of particular value in investigating patients with radiological abnormalities of the small intestine. It was of some value in the exploration of patent digestive haemorrhage or chronic diarrhoea, but not of abdominal pain. Its value was limited in the exploration of iron deficiency anaemia.

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BACKGROUND & AIMS: The etiology of refractory sprue is unclear. To gain insight into its pathogenesis, the phenotype and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement status of intestinal lymphocytes were analyzed in a group of patients with clinical or biological features of celiac disease but either initially or subsequently refractory to a gluten-free diet. METHODS: Intestinal biopsy specimens were obtained from 26 adults: 6 patients with refractory sprue, 7 patients with active celiac disease, and 13 normal controls. The phenotype of intestinal lymphocytes was studied by immunohistochemistry and, in 3 patients with refractory sprue, by cytometry of lymphocytes purified from intestinal biopsy specimens. TCR rearrangements were assessed by studying TCRgammaV-J junctional regions from DNA extracted from intestinal biopsy specimens and purified intestinal lymphocytes. RESULTS: In the 6 patients with refractory sprue, but not in normal controls or patients with active celiac disease, the intestinal epithelium was massively infiltrated by small lymphocytes that lacked CD8, CD4, and TCR, contained intracytoplasmic but not surface CD3epsilon chains, and exhibited restricted TCRgamma gene rearrangements. CONCLUSIONS: Refractory sprue is associated with an abnormal subset of intraepithelial lymphocytes containing CD3epsilon and restricted rearrangements of the TCRgamma chain but lacking surface expression of T-cell receptors.

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Dieulafoy's disease is an unusual cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, reported to account for less than 2% of acute gastrointestinal bleeding episodes. Bleeding occurs from a defect in an unusually large submucosal artery, through a minute mucosal erosion. Endoscopic diagnosis is sometimes difficult, but primary endoscopic therapy may be successful and should be attempted. In most cases the lesion is found in the proximal stomach. Sixteen cases of Dieulafoy's lesion located in the colon have been reported in the literature but only nine have been confirmed by histology. We present the case of a 63 year-old male with Dieulafoy's lesion of the transverse colon which was diagnosed by endoscopy and confirmed by histology.

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Hepatorenal syndrome is a frequent complication associated with extremely short survival in cirrhotic patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Vasopressin analogs have been reported to induce transient regression of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis. However, treatment withdrawal was followed by early recurrences in every case. We report the case of a 68-yr-old woman with severe alcoholic hepatitis complicated by hepatorenal syndrome. Terlipressin induced a prolonged recovery of renal function that was associated with improvement in hepatic function.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Little is known of the in-situ expression of adhesion molecules in ulcerative colitis (UC) according to disease activity. In the present study we investigate the vascular expression of endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1/E-selectin), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and ICAM-3) on the rectal mucosa of patients with UC in order to identify links between in-situ expression of these adhesion molecules and clinical, endoscopic and histological parameters. DESIGN AND METHODS: At inclusion, 16 untreated patients with UC at different stages of disease activity were assessed clinically and endoscopically and underwent rectal biopsy. Ten patients had similar assessments during follow-up. Quantitative histological and immunohistochemical scores were established with anti-E-selectin, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, ICAM-3 and HLA-DR monoclonal antibodies on frozen biopsy specimens. RESULTS: (1) At inclusion, E-selectin in-situ expression correlated with clinical activity (r = 0.7, P = 0.05), endoscopic severity (r = 0.74, P = 0.04), the histological score (r = 0.57, P = 0.02) and in-situ expression of HLA-DR on epithelial cells (r = 0.74, P = 0.01). (2) After remission, there was a significant decrease in ELAM-1 in-situ expression (P = 0.04). (3) In patients with clinical, endoscopic and histological remission the level of residual E-selectin expression appeared to be predictive of clinical relapse. (4) Vascular expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 did not correlate with clinical, endoscopic or histological parameters, or with changes in disease activity. (5) ICAM-3 was never detected on endothelial cells of the colonic mucosa of controls or patients with UC. CONCLUSION: In ulcerative colitis, E-selectin, but not VCAM-1, ICAM-1 or ICAM-3, appears to play a central role in leucocyte migration into the colonic mucosa. Elevated vascular expression of E-selectin after remission may be involved in clinical recurrence.

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We describe the cases of two patients with chronic hepatitis C who developed acute hepatitis with marked amino-transferase elevations and jaundice 3 and 5 months after initiation of interferon treatment. Hepatitis resolved rapidly after cessation of interferon. No autoantibodies were detected. Hepatitis was followed by viral clearance, demonstrated by clearance of hepatitis C viraemia. We propose that hepatitis may be due to an immune lysis of hepatocytes and suggest that this immune response may contribute to viral clearance.

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V delta 3 usage and combinatorial expression of V gamma and V delta regions was studied on peripheral T cells with a novel V delta 3-specific mAb (p11.10b), generated against a soluble V gamma 9V delta 3 TCR. V delta 3+ cells represented the vast majority of V delta 1/V delta 2- gamma delta T cells within peripheral blood and mucosal lymphocytes. No preferential V gamma region expression was noted within V delta 3+ cells, but the frequency of V gamma 9+ cells was significantly lower among V delta 3+ than among V delta 1+ or V delta 2+ PBL. Phenotypic analysis of cultured V delta 3+ cells sorted with p11.10b mAb revealed the presence of T lymphocytes with unusual phenotypes. First, cells carrying two distinct surface TCR delta-chains, recognized by both V delta 1- and V delta 3-specific mAbs, were detected in most T cell lines, though at frequencies much lower than that of dual gamma expressors, indicating that allelic exclusion of delta genes is more tightly regulated than that of gamma genes. Moreover, a significant fraction of V delta 3+ cells were recognized by C beta- but not C delta-specific mAbs. Molecular analysis of V delta 3+C beta+ clones revealed the presence of V delta 3J alpha C alpha transcripts in all of them. Given the peculiar location of the V delta 3 gene between the delta Rec/psi J alpha elements, those observations formally demonstrate that activation of rearrangements with J alpha elements is not necessarily preceded by a delta Rec/psi J alpha-mediated deletion of the delta locus on the same chromosome.

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