RESUMEN
The search for prognostic markers in breast cancer has bumped into a typical feature of these tumors, intra and intertumoral heterogeneity. Changes in the expression profile, localization of these proteins or shedding to the surrounding stroma can be useful in the search for new markers. In this context, classification by molecular subtypes can bring perspectives for both diagnosis and screening for appropriate treatments. However, the Triple Negative (TN) subtype, which is already the one with the worst prognosis, lacks appropriate and consistent molecular markers. In this work, we analyzed 346 human breast cancer samples in tissue microarrays (TMA) from cases diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma to assess the expression and localization pattern of Maspin and their correlation with clinical parameters. To complement our findings, we also used TCGA data to analyze the mRNA levels of these respective genes. Our data suggests that the TN subtype demonstrates a higher level of cytoplasmic Maspin compared to the other subtypes. Maspin transcript levels follow the same trend. However, TN patients with lower Maspin expression tend to have worse overall survival and free-survival metastasis rates. Finally, we used Maspin expression data to verify possible relationships with the clinicopathological information of our cohort. Our univariate analyses indicate that Maspin is related to the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR). Furthermore, Maspin expression levels also showed correlation with Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) parameter, and stromal Maspin showed a relationship with lymph node involvement. Our data is not consistently robust enough to categorize Maspin as a prognostic marker. However, it does indicate a change in the expression profile within the TN subtype.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor , Serpinas , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas , Humanos , Serpinas/metabolismo , Serpinas/genética , Femenino , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/patología , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/mortalidad , Pronóstico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Anciano , Adulto , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismo , Receptores de Progesterona/genética , Receptores de Estrógenos/metabolismo , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer with steadily increasing incidence worldwide during the last few decades. In addition to its tumor associated antigens (TAAs), melanoma has a high mutation rate compared to other tumors, which promotes the appearance of tumor specific antigens (TSAs) as well as increased lymphocytic infiltration, inviting the use of therapeutic tools that evoke new or restore pre-existing immune responses. Innovative therapeutic proposals, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have emerged as effective options for melanoma. However, a significant portion of these patients relapse and become refractory to treatment. Likewise, strategies using viral vectors, replicative or not, have garnered confidence and approval by different regulatory agencies around the world. It is possible that further success of immune therapies against melanoma will come from synergistic combinations of different approaches. In this review we outline molecular features inherent to melanoma and how this supports the use of viral oncolysis and immunotherapies when used as monotherapies or in combination.
RESUMEN
Recent preclinical and clinical studies have used viral vectors in gene therapy research, especially nonreplicating adenovirus encoding strategic therapeutic genes for cancer treatment. Adenoviruses were the first DNA viruses to go into therapeutic development, mainly due to well-known biological features: stability in vivo, ease of manufacture, and efficient gene delivery to dividing and nondividing cells. However, there are some limitations for gene therapy using adenoviral vectors, such as nonspecific transduction of normal cells and liver sequestration and neutralization by antibodies, especially when administered systemically. On the other hand, adenoviral vectors are amenable to strategies for the modification of their biological structures, including genetic manipulation of viral proteins, pseudotyping, and conjugation with polymers or biological membranes. Such modifications provide greater specificity to the target cell and better safety in systemic administration; thus, a reduction of antiviral host responses would favor the use of adenoviral vectors in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we describe the structural and molecular features of nonreplicating adenoviral vectors, the current limitations to their use, and strategies to modify adenoviral tropism, highlighting the approaches that may allow for the systemic administration of gene therapy.
RESUMEN
Immune evasion is an important cancer hallmark and the understanding of its mechanisms has generated successful therapeutic approaches. Induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) is expected to attract immune cell populations that promote innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we present a critical advance for our adenovirus-mediated gene therapy approach, where the combined p14ARF and human interferon-ß (IFNß) gene transfer to human melanoma cells led to oncolysis, ICD and subsequent activation of immune cells. Our results indicate that IFNß alone or in combination with p14ARF was able to induce massive cell death in the human melanoma cell line SK-MEL-147, though caspase 3/7 activation was not essential. In situ gene therapy of s.c. SK-MEL-147 tumors in Nod-Scid mice revealed inhibition of tumor growth and increased survival in response to IFNß alone or in combination with p14ARF. Emission of critical markers of ICD (exposition of calreticulin, secretion of ATP and IFNß) was stronger when cells were treated with combined p14ARF and IFNß gene transfer. Co-culture of previously transduced SK-MEL-147 cells with monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) derived from healthy donors resulted in increased levels of activation markers HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86. Activated Mo-DCs were able to prime autologous and allogeneic T cells, resulting in increased secretion of IFNγ, TNF-α, and IL-10. Preliminary data showed that T cells primed by Mo-DCs activated with p14ARF+IFNß-transduced SK-MEL-147 cells were able to induce the loss of viability of fresh non-transduced SK-MEL-147 cells, suggesting the induction of a specific cytotoxic population that recognized and killed SK-MEL-147 cells. Collectively, our results indicate that p14ARF and IFNß delivered by our adenoviral system induced oncolysis in human melanoma cells accompanied by adaptive immune response activation and regulation.
Asunto(s)
Adenoviridae/fisiología , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Interferón beta/genética , Melanoma/terapia , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Proteína p14ARF Supresora de Tumor/genética , Animales , Apoptosis , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Terapia Genética , Humanos , Activación de Linfocitos , Melanoma/genética , Ratones , Ratones SCID , Viroterapia Oncolítica , Carga Tumoral , Escape del TumorRESUMEN
While cancer immunotherapy has gained much deserved attention in recent years, many areas regarding the optimization of such modalities remain unexplored, including the development of novel approaches and the strategic combination of therapies that target multiple aspects of the cancer-immunity cycle. Our own work involves the use of gene transfer technology to promote cell death and immune stimulation. Such immunogenic cell death, mediated by the combined transfer of the alternate reading frame (p14ARF in humans and p19Arf in mice) and the interferon-ß cDNA in our case, was shown to promote an antitumor immune response in mouse models of melanoma and lung carcinoma. With these encouraging results, we are now setting out on the road toward translational and preclinical development of our novel immunotherapeutic approach. Here, we outline the perspectives and challenges that we face, including the use of human tumor and immune cells to verify the response seen in mouse models and the incorporation of clinically relevant models, such as patient-derived xenografts and spontaneous tumors in animals. In addition, we seek to combine our immunotherapeutic approach with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or checkpoint blockade, with the goal of reducing dosage and increasing efficacy. The success of any translational research requires the cooperation of a multidisciplinary team of professionals involved in laboratory and clinical research, a relationship that is fostered at the Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Transferencia de Gen , Terapia Genética/métodos , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Interferón beta/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias/terapia , Sistemas de Lectura/genética , Muerte Celular/genética , Inhibidor p16 de la Quinasa Dependiente de Ciclina/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias/inmunología , Proteína p14ARF Supresora de Tumor/genéticaRESUMEN
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women, with the basal-like triple negative (TNBC) being the most agressive one, displaying the poorest prognosis within the ductal carcinoma subtype. Due to the lack of adequate molecular targets, the diagnosis and treatment of patients with the TNBC phenotype has been a great challenge. In a previous work, we identified CD90/Thy-1 as being highly expressed in the aggressive high malignancy grade Hs578T basal-like breast tumor cell line, pointing to this molecule as a promising breast tumor marker, which should be further investigated. Here, CD90 expression was analyzed in human breast cancer samples and its functional role was investigated to better assess the oncogenic nature of CD90 in mammary cells. Quantification of CD90 expression in human breast cancer samples, by tissue microarray, showed that high CD90 positivity correlates with metastasis and poor patient survival in the basal-like subtype. The functional genetic approach, by overexpression in the CD90 cDNA in a basal-like normal mammary cell line (MCF10A) and knockdown in a highly malignant cell line (Hs578T), allowed us to demonstrate that CD90 is involved with several cellular processes that lead to malignant transformation, such as: morphological change, increased cell proliferation, invasiveness, metastasis and activation of the EGFR pathway. Therefore, our results reveal that CD90 is involved with malignant transformation in breast cancer cell lines and is correlated with metastasis and poor patient survival in the basal-like subtype, being considered as a promising new breast cancer target.
Asunto(s)
Transformación Celular Neoplásica/genética , Expresión Génica , Neoplasias Basocelulares/genética , Neoplasias Basocelulares/patología , Antígenos Thy-1/genética , Animales , Biomarcadores de Tumor , Brasil , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico/metabolismo , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Amplificación de Genes , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Basocelulares/mortalidad , Pronóstico , Ratas , Transducción de Señal , Antígenos Thy-1/metabolismo , Análisis de Matrices TisularesRESUMEN
While cancer immunotherapy has gained much deserved attention in recent years, many areas regarding the optimization of such modalities remain unexplored, including the development of novel approaches and the strategic combination of therapies that target multiple aspects of the cancer-immunity cycle. Our own work involves the use of gene transfer technology to promote cell death and immune stimulation. Such immunogenic cell death, mediated by the combined transfer of the alternate reading frame (p14ARF in humans and p19Arf in mice) and the interferon-β cDNA in our case, was shown to promote an antitumor immune response in mouse models of melanoma and lung carcinoma. With these encouraging results, we are now setting out on the road toward translational and preclinical development of our novel immunotherapeutic approach. Here, we outline the perspectives and challenges that we face, including the use of human tumor and immune cells to verify the response seen in mouse models and the incorporation of clinically relevant models, such as patient-derived xenografts and spontaneous tumors in animals. In addition, we seek to combine our immunotherapeutic approach with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or checkpoint blockade, with the goal of reducing dosage and increasing efficacy. The success of any translational research requires the cooperation of a multidisciplinary team of professionals involved in laboratory and clinical research, a relationship that is fostered at the Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Terapia Genética/métodos , Sistemas de Lectura/genética , Interferón beta/uso terapéutico , Técnicas de Transferencia de Gen , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias/terapia , Muerte Celular/genética , Inhibidor p16 de la Quinasa Dependiente de Ciclina/genética , Proteína p14ARF Supresora de Tumor/genética , Neoplasias/inmunologíaRESUMEN
O câncer de mama é uma doença extremamente heterogênea compreendendo diferentes subtipos moleculares que resultam em evoluções clínicas e condutas terapêuticas distintas. A maior gravidade desta patologia está associada a sua capacidade de formação de metástases Mudanças no padrão de expressão gênica têm sido associadas à manifestação do fenótipo metastático. Neste trabalho, utilizamos microarranjos de tecido (TMAs) para investigar a expressão de 8 biomarcadores candidatos (CIP4, PPIL1, ITGAV, AKAP14, MICA, FXYD1, ARPC3, ABG1) e avaliar seu potencial prognóstico em pacientes com carcinoma ductal invasivo da mama. Destes, ARPC3 PPIL1 e CIP4 mostraram associações estatisticamente significativas com a sobrevida câncer específica e/ou a probabilidade de desenvolvimento de metástases. Determinamos que a expressão aumentada de CIP4 nos tumores está associada a maior probabilidade de desenvolvimento de metástases. CIP4 é uma proteína adaptadora descrita na literatura como moduladora de migração e invasão celular e portanto selecionamos este candidato para caracterização funcional detalhada. Observamos que a expressão de CIP4 encontra-se aumentada em linhagens tumorais com características invasivas. A partir do silenciamento estável e regulado de CIP4 na linhagem metastática MDA-MB-231, determinamos que CIP4 modula positivamente a ativação de MAPK-p38 e a expressão de MMP2 , sugerindo que CIP4 participe em vias de sinalização importantes para a transição epitélio-mesenquima (EMT). O silenciamento de CIP4 resultou em uma redução de aproximadamente 50% da capacidade migratória e invasiva das células tumorais in vitro , e na diminuição da formação de metástases pulmonares in vivo. Coletivamente, nossos resultados indicam que CIP4 tem potencial como marcador de prognóstico assim como um possível alvo terapêutico no controle da disseminação de metástases nos tumores da mama
Breast cancer is an extremely heterogeneous disease comprising different molecular subtypes that result in different clinical outcomes and therapeutic procedures. The severity of this disease is mainly associated with its ability to produce metastasis. Changes in gene expression profile have been associated with the manifestation of the metastatic phenotype. In this study, we used tissue microarrays (TMAs) to investigate the expression of 8 candidate biomarkers (CIP4, PPIL1, ITGAV, AKAP14, MICA, FXYD1, ARPC3 e ABG1) and to evaluate their prognostic potential in patients with invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Among these, ARPC3, PPIL1 and CIP4 showed statistically significant associations with cancer specific survival and/or the patient's probability to develop metastasis. We found that increased expression of CIP4 in tumors is associated with a higher probability of developing metastasis. CIP4 is an adaptor protein described in the literature as a modulator of cell migration and invasion and therefore we selected this candidate for detailed functional characterization. We observed that CIP4 expression is increased in tumor cell lines with invasive characteristics. Following the stable and regulated knockdown of CIP4 in the metastatic line MDA-MB-231, we determined that it modulates positively the activation of MAPK-p38 and the expression of MMP2, suggesting that CIP4 participates in important signaling pathways required for the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). CIP4 silencing resulted in an approximate 50% reduction of the migratory and invasive capacity of tumor cells in vitro and decreased the generation of lung metastases in vivo. Collectively, our results indicate that CIP4 has potential as a prognostic marker as well as a potential therapeutic target to control the metastatic dissemination of breast tumors