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BACKGROUND: COVID-19 comprises a respiratory infection resulting from contamination by SARS-CoV-2, with acute respiratory failure being one of its main characteristics, leading to a high frequency of orotracheal intubation (OTI), which in turn increases the risk for dysphagia. Since this can lead to pulmonary impairment, knowing the real occurrence of dysphagia in part of the Brazilian population and its associations allows early and effective clinical management of the multidisciplinary team in relation to patients. OBJECTIVE: To verify the occurrence of dysphagia in COVID-19-positive adult patients in two Brazilian reference hospitals in the care of the pandemic. METHODS: This was a prospective, longitudinal observational study carried out in two private hospitals in Brazil, both references in the care of patients with coronavirus isolation. Data were initially collected by consulting the medical records of each patient. Information was collected regarding sex, age, previous diseases, COVID-19 testing, and the OTI period. After data collection, the clinical speech-language assessment of swallowing for each patient was carried out using the adapted Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS), the ASHA NOMS and the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS). RESULTS: A total of 129 participants were evaluated, with a mean age of 72 years. According to the GUSS scale, 9.3% of the patients presented normal/functional swallowing, while 90.7% presented dysphagia, with mild dysphagia in 17.05%, moderate dysphagia in 33.33%, and severe dysphagia in 37.98%. As for the results of the ASHA NOMS, the majority (36.5%) of the patients were at level 1, which represents the patient who is not able to receive his or her food supply orally, having the need to use tube feedings. This is in line with the results observed with the FOIS scale, whereby most patients (42.1%) were classified as Level I, when food intake occurs exclusively through feeding tubes, with no oral supply. Of the 129 participants, 59% of them required OTI. When comparing the time of OTI and the severity of dysphagia, there was a statistically significant difference, with more severe dysphagia, the longer the patient remained intubated. CONCLUSION: There is a high incidence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with COVID-19, with increased severity during longer periods of OTI.

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ABSTRACT Background COVID-19 comprises a respiratory infection resulting from contamination by SARS-CoV-2, with acute respiratory failure being one of its main characteristics, leading to a high frequency of orotracheal intubation (OTI), which in turn increases the risk for dysphagia. Since this can lead to pulmonary impairment, knowing the real occurrence of dysphagia in part of the Brazilian population and its associations allows early and effective clinical management of the multidisciplinary team in relation to patients. Objective To verify the occurrence of dysphagia in COVID-19-positive adult patients in two Brazilian reference hospitals in the care of the pandemic. Methods This was a prospective, longitudinal observational study carried out in two private hospitals in Brazil, both references in the care of patients with coronavirus isolation. Data were initially collected by consulting the medical records of each patient. Information was collected regarding sex, age, previous diseases, COVID-19 testing, and the OTI period. After data collection, the clinical speech-language assessment of swallowing for each patient was carried out using the adapted Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS), the ASHA NOMS and the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS). Results A total of 129 participants were evaluated, with a mean age of 72 years. According to the GUSS scale, 9.3% of the patients presented normal/functional swallowing, while 90.7% presented dysphagia, with mild dysphagia in 17.05%, moderate dysphagia in 33.33%, and severe dysphagia in 37.98%. As for the results of the ASHA NOMS, the majority (36.5%) of the patients were at level 1, which represents the patient who is not able to receive his or her food supply orally, having the need to use tube feedings. This is in line with the results observed with the FOIS scale, whereby most patients (42.1%) were classified as Level I, when food intake occurs exclusively through feeding tubes, with no oral supply. Of the 129 participants, 59% of them required OTI. When comparing the time of OTI and the severity of dysphagia, there was a statistically significant difference, with more severe dysphagia, the longer the patient remained intubated. Conclusion: There is a high incidence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with COVID-19, with increased severity during longer periods of OTI.

RESUMO Contexto A COVID-19 compreende uma infecção respiratória decorrente da contaminação pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, sendo a insuficiência respiratória aguda uma de suas principais características, levando a uma alta frequência de intubação orotraqueal (IOT), que por sua vez aumenta o risco para a disfagia. Uma vez que esta pode levar ao comprometimento pulmonar, conhecer a real ocorrência de disfagia em parte da população brasileira e suas associações permite o manejo clínico precoce e eficaz da equipe multidisciplinar em relação aos pacientes. Objetivo: Verificar a ocorrência de disfagia em pacientes adultos positivos para COVID-19 em dois hospitais brasileiros, referências no atendimento à pandemia. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, observacional longitudinal, realizado em dois hospitais privados no Brasil, ambos referências no atendimento de pacientes com isolamento por coronavírus. Inicialmente os dados foram levantados por meio de consulta aos prontuários de cada paciente. Foram também coletadas informações sobre sexo, idade, doenças anteriores, teste de COVID-19 e período de IOT. Após a coleta de dados, foi realizada a avaliação fonoaudiológica clínica da deglutição de cada paciente por meio do Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS) adaptado, do ASHA NOMS e da Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS). Resultados Foram avaliados 129 participantes, com média de idade de 72 anos. De acordo com a escala GUSS, 9,3% dos pacientes apresentaram deglutição normal/funcional, enquanto 90,7% apresentaram disfagia, sendo esta de grau leve em 17,05%, moderado em 33,33% e grave em 37,98%. Quanto aos resultados do ASHA NOMS, a maioria (36,5%) dos pacientes encontrava-se no nível 1, que representa o paciente que não consegue receber alimentação por via oral, tendo a necessidade do uso de alimentação por sonda. Esse dado está de acordo com os resultados observados com a escala FOIS, em que a maioria dos pacientes (42,1%) foi classificada como nível I, quando a ingestão de alimentos ocorre exclusivamente por sondas, sem oferta por via oral. Dos 129 participantes, 59% deles necessitaram de IOT. Ao comparar o tempo de IOT e a gravidade da disfagia, encontrou-se diferença estatisticamente significante, sendo que quanto mais grave a disfagia, maior o tempo que o paciente permaneceu intubado. Conclusão Existe alta incidência de disfagia orofaríngea em pacientes com COVID-19, com maior gravidade durante períodos mais longos de IOT.

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BACKGROUND: Early mobilization is part of the rehabilitation process for critically ill patients and is currently considered a means of preventing ICU-acquired muscle deterioration and worsening of physical function. We sought to determine whether the use of speaking valves in tracheostomized patients would improve their mobility. We evaluated the changes in mobility performance with the use of speaking valves in tracheostomized subjects. METHODS: We performed a cohort study of a series of subjects who were tracheostomized and were being weaned from mechanical ventilation between April 2016 and May 2018. The subjects were those able to tolerate a speaking valve for a minimum of 30 min. Demographic data, comorbidities, cause of ICU admission, days in the ICU, duration of mechanical ventilation before tracheostomy, and days free from mechanical ventilation before tracheostomy were collected. Mobility status was evaluated using daily measurements of the Perme Intensive Care Unit Mobility Score. RESULTS: During the study period, 63 patients were tracheostomized. Patients with deficiencies in language (n = 2) or cognitive deficits (n = 36) and patients in exclusive palliative care (n = 7) were excluded. Eighteen subjects were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the subjects was 64.6 ± 14.2 y (55.5% were male), and the most common reason for ICU admission was pneumonia (n = 7; 38.8%). Perme scores increased from 11.3 (interquartile range 10.1-12.0) on the day before initiation of the speaking valve to 18.2 (IQR 16.2-20.1) immediately after the initiation of a speaking valve (P < .01). These changes were maintained during all periods of speaking valve use. CONCLUSIONS: The use of speaking valves in tracheostomized subjects improved mobility.

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Uncontrolled or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus may be a risk factor for the development of oral complications. The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of diabetes mellitus progression on inflammatory and structural components of dental pulp. Male Wistar rats were given a single injection of Streptozotocin (STZ), and induction of diabetes was confirmed 24 h later. Dental pulp tissue samples were taken from central incisors and molars of diabetic rats 30 and 90 days after the STZ treatment. Plasma glucose levels in diabetic rats 30 and 90 days after STZ treatment were significantly increased when compared to control rats (P < 0.001). Nitrite and kallikrein levels in dental pulp tissue were higher in diabetic rats 30 days after STZ treatment than in controls, while only nitrite were decreased 90 after of STZ treatment. Myeloperoxidase activity showed changes 30 and 90 days after STZ injection when compared to controls. The activity of alkaline phosphatase showed significant changes 30 and 90 days after STZ treatment. On the other hand the concentration of collagen was decreased in diabetic rats 30 and 90 days after STZ injection. These results suggest that diabetes is a critical factor that has profound effects upon oral tissues, resulting in expression of inflammatory mediators and modifications of structural components of dental pulp.

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