RESUMEN
We design a natural and simple core-shell-structured microcapsule, which releases its cargo only when exposed to lipase. The cargo is entrapped inside a gel matrix, which is surrounded by a double-layer shell containing an inner solid lipid layer and an outer polymer layer. This outer polymer layer can be designed according to the intended biological system and is responsible for protecting the microcapsule architecture and transporting the cargo to the desired site of action. The lipid layer contains natural ester bonds, which are digested by lipase, controlling the release of cargo from the microcapsule core. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, our model system includes a colorant bixin entrapped inside a κ-carrageenan gel matrix. This core is surrounded by an inner beeswax-palmitic acid layer and an outer casein-poloxamer 338 layer. These fabricated microcapsules are then applied into Cheddar cheese, where they selectively color the cheese matrix.
Asunto(s)
Cápsulas , Carragenina , Caseínas , Excipientes , PolímerosRESUMEN
The search for natural pigments has been driven by growing evidence indicating that synthetic colorants can cause deleterious health effects. Betalains, in addition to anthocyanins, have been proposed as an alternative to address this need. However, the incorporation of natural pigments poses some challenges to the food industry, such as reduced stability in comparison to their synthetic counterparts. Moreover, betalains are not well studied in comparison to anthocyanins and information about the effects of processing on their physicochemical properties and stability is scattered. Thus, this review will provide an overview of the recent research on the extraction and processing of betalains from natural sources, and comparison of their colorant and physicochemical properties with anthocyanins.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas/análisis , Antocianinas/química , Betalaínas/análisis , Betalaínas/química , Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Colorantes/análisis , Colorantes/químicaRESUMEN
Recent studies on the pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins (ACNs) and their metabolites have uncovered evidence for hitherto unknown physiological effects affecting the fate of these compounds in vivo. In particular, it has been shown that the stomach, in addition to the small intestine, has an important role in absorption. Most studies still use a noncompartmental or one-compartmental approach to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of ACNs, which does not represent the anatomical and physiological conditions that a compound is subject to in the organism. Thus, the objective of this study was to review the current knowledge of the different processes involved in the metabolism of ACNs once ingested and, based on this information, propose a theoretical physiologically based, multicompartmental pharmacokinetic (PBMK) model to describe their fate in vivo. This is the first study that reports a PBMK model for ACNs; the model provides a more physiologically representative approach for ANC metabolism, which could be used as a basis for experimental designs and interspecies scale-up.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas/farmacocinética , Absorción Intestinal/fisiología , Modelos Biológicos , Disponibilidad Biológica , Tracto Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMEN
Several reports have indicated a positive correlation between the consumption of anthocyanins (ACN) and biomarkers relating to the improvement of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the results from in vitro studies often do not translate into clinical evidence. Potential causes of these discrepancies are experimental conditions that lack physiological relevancy; extensive degradation of these compounds in vivo due to changes in pH and metabolism; and a short residence time in the absorption window in relation to the absorption rate. Here, gastroretentive systems (GRS) are proposed as a strategy to overcome the limitations in ACN delivery and to reduce the existing bench-to-subject gap. This review summarizes recent literature on the use of ACN for the management and control of T2D, followed by GRS platforms to promote a sustained release of ACN for increased health benefits.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas/administración & dosificación , Antocianinas/farmacocinética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Antocianinas/química , Disponibilidad Biológica , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , HumanosRESUMEN
The goal of this work was to determine the anthocyanin retention and physicochemical properties of haskap powder prepared by Refractance Window™ (RW) drying. In general, the RW-dried powder particles had a smooth surface with similar thickness, consistent with the preparation method, and had a solubility of 75.63% in water. The RW-dried powder (consisting of 98% haskap berries) retained approximately 93.8% of anthocyanins from the original frozen fruits, as assessed by the pH-differential method. This result is in good agreement with HPLC analysis that indicated 92.9% retention. Three anthocyanins were identified in frozen berries and RW-dried powder: cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, and peonidin 3-glucoside. Surprisingly, cyanidin 3-rutinoside exhibited the lowest retention.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Frutas/química , Fenómenos Químicos , Glucósidos/químicaRESUMEN
Haskap berries (Lonicera caerulea L.) are a rich source of bioactive molecules. As such, the extraction of anthocyanins is important for the development of many value-added products and functional food ingredients. In this paper, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of anthocyanins from haskap berries was investigated. Significant independent variables were screened and optimized using Plackett-Burman (PB) and Box-Behnken (BB) designs, respectively. The mathematical model showed a high coefficient of determination (R(2)=0.9396) and the optimum conditions for the extraction were as follows: liquid/solid ratio 25:1 (mL/g), solvent composition of 80% ethanol, addition of 0.5% formic acid, ultrasound bath temperature of 35°C for 20 min. Under these conditions, the total anthocyanin content of 22.73 mg cyaniding 3-glucoside equivalents (C3G)/g dry weight (DW) was consistent with the predicted response of 22.45 mg C3G/g DW from the model (mean error of 1.28%). Five anthocyanins were identified in the optimized extract, namely cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, and peonidin 3-glucoside. Thus, UAE is a suitable technique for the extraction of anthocyanins from haskap berries.