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The aim of the present work was to investigate the hydrophobicity and polymer compatibility of aminopropylisooctyl polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane (POSS) - modified Na-montmorillonite (Na-MMT) towards developing polymer-clay nanocomposites. The effect of different concentrations of POSS on properties of Na-MMT was studied. The intercalation ability of the POSS molecules into the Na-MMT interlayer was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. It was found that the d001 value was increased with increasing the POSS concentration, indicating the successful intercalation of the POSS molecules into the Na-MMT interlayer. The d001 value was 4.12nm at 0.4 cation exchange capacity (CEC) loading of POSS, increased at a slight rate upon further increase of CEC loading, and finally reached 4.25nm at 1.0 CEC loading of POSS. The results of the thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis confirmed the high thermal stability of the POSS-MMT. The thermal stability was defined as a 5% mass loss (T5) at 0.2 CEC loading of POSS was observed at 352°C and slightly decreased with further increase in the POSS concentration. The porous properties, such as specific surface area (SSA), pore volume, and pore size were estimated by the adsorption of N2 molecules on the Na-MMT surface. The SSA and pore volume were reduced with increasing the concentration of the POSS molecules due to the adsorption of the POSS molecules on the Na-MMT, while the pore size was increased upon the formation of macroporous structure. The interfacial interaction energy between water and POSS-MMT (ΔGClay/Water/ClayIF) was used to evaluate the surface hydrophobicity, and a similar approach was also applied to assess the polymer compatibility of the developed composite. The obtained results confirm that the polymer compatibility of POSS-MMT prepared in this study is better than that of commonly used HDTMA-MMT.

RESUMEN

The removal efficiency of zeolite (clinoptilolite) and sepiolite from lead containing aqueous solutions was investigated. A series of experiments were conducted in batch-wise and fixed-bed columns. Synthetic wastewaters containing lead (50 mg l (-1)) and acetic acid (0.001 N) along with untreated and regenerated clinoptilolites and sepiolites were used in the adsorption studies. Batch tests were mainly conducted to isolate the magnitude of lead precipitation from real adsorption. Adsorption isotherms for both abstraction and adsorption were constructed. The removal of lead is found to be a sum of adsorption induced by ion exchange and precipitation of lead hydroxide. The breakthrough curves were obtained under different conditions by plotting the normalized effluent lead concentration (C/C0) versus bed volume (BV). The ion exchange capacity of sepiolite and clinoptilolite for lead removal showed good performance up to approximately 100 and 120 BV where the C/C0 remained below 0.1, respectively. The lead removal capacity of clinoptilolite bed from wastewater containing only lead yielded 45% higher performance compared to that of acetic acid partly due to a decrease in the effluent pH and consequently in precipitation. Also, the presence of acetic acid in the sepiolite column decreased the bed volumes treated by about 40%. Removal efficiency of lead-acetic system both in untreated clinoptilolite and sepiolite columns was found higher than that in regenerated columns.

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The adsorption of reactive dyes on Gordes (Turkey) clinoptilolite was investigated by a series of batch and column adsorption experiments. Three reactive dyes (Everzol Black, Everzol Red, Everzol Yellow) were used in laboratory studies. Synthetic wastewaters were used and the ability of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) and their modified form were examined. The adsorption results, in batch and column reactor, indicate that natural zeolite have limited adsorption capacities of the reactive dyes but are substantially improved upon modifying their surfaces with quaternary amines (HTAB). The degree of hydrophilicity is found to play an important role in the uptake of reactive dyes.

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Effective cleaning of granular filters during backwashing processes needs maximum turbulence and maximum shear in the fluid particle field. The energy dissipation in a backwashed filter as a particulate fluidized bed arises due to the suspending and random motions of particles and turbulent fluctuations in the bed. Size, density, and sphericity of the filter materials greatly influence the fluidization behavior of the media. In this study, a new model is proposed for predicting the energy dissipation parameters namely the hydrodynamic shear stress (tau(a)), the velocity gradient (G(a)), the turbulence dissipation coefficient (C(a)), and the turbulence parameter (C(a)0.5/Re) in backwashing of filters for different types of filter materials (sand, anthracite, and glass ball). The hydrodynamic shear stress is the dominant mechanism of filter cleaning and appears to increase with increasing the density and size of the filter media particles. Using the basic set of data, a step by step procedure is developed to compute the velocity gradient G(a), the turbulence dissipation coefficient C(a), the hydrodynamic shear stress tau(a), and the turbulent parameter (C(a)0.5/ Re).

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