RESUMEN
The potential extractability, crop uptake, and ecotoxicity of conventional and emerging organic and metal(loid) contaminants after the application of pre-treated (composted and pyrolysed) sewage sludges to two agricultural soils were evaluated at field and laboratory scale. Metal(loid) extractability varied with sludge types and pre-treatments, though As, Cu, and Ni decreased universally. In the field, the equivalent of 5 tons per hectare of both composted and pyrolysed sludges brought winter wheat grain metal(loid) concentrations below statutory limits. Carbamazepine, diclofenac, and telmisartan were the only detected organic pollutants in crops decreasing in order of root > shoot > grains, whilst endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as bisphenol A and perfluorochemicals were heavily reduced by composting (up to 71%) or pyrolysis (up to below detection limit) compared to raw sludges. As a consequence, no detectable concentrations were measured in soils 12 months after field application. This study highlights the potential advantages of processing sewage sludge before soil applications, especially in the context of reducing the mobility of emerging contaminants, though further studies are required on a broad range of soils and crops before land application can be considered.
RESUMEN
This manuscript details the preparation and characterization of a renewable biocomposite material intended as a soil conditioner based on low-molecular-weight poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and residual biomass (wheat straw and wood sawdust). The swelling properties and biodegradability of the PLA-lignocellulose composite under environmental conditions were evaluated as indicators of its potential for applications in soil. Its mechanical and structural properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that the incorporation of lignocellulose waste material into PLA increased the swelling ratio of the biocomposite by up to 300%. The application of the biocomposite of 2 wt% in soil enhanced its capacity for water retention by 10%. In addition, the cross-linked structure of the material proved to be capable of swelling and deswelling repeatedly, indicating its good reusability. Incorporating lignocellulose waste in the PLA enhanced its stability in the soil environment. After 50 days of the experiment, almost 50% of the sample had degraded in the soil.