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OBJECTIVE: Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury causes neurological dysfunction and cell death. Sugammadex, as a large molecule, is normally difficult to pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In ischemia, molecules can pass into the brain tissue. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of sugammadex in the presence of cerebral I/R damage in rats with a general anesthesia model with sevoflurane and rocuronium. METHODS: Rats were divided into 7 groups; Group 1 (Control), Group 2 (Sham), Group 3 (Sevoflurane), Group 4 (Sugammadex), Group 5 (Sevoflurane + Rocuronium), Group 6 (Sevoflurane + Sugammadex), Group 7 (Sevoflurane + Rocuronium + Sugammadex). Brain tissues of rats with cerebral I/R damage with bilateral carotid occlusion were removed. Tissue Malondialdehyde (MDA), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were examined with ELISA and apoptosis was examined by Caspase-3. RESULTS: The number of caspase-3 positive cells decreased the most in Group 4 compared to the other groups. Group 4's mean MDA and MPO levels were lower than Group 2. There was no significant difference in terms of SOD levels. CONCLUSION: The apoptotic effect of sugammadex was lowest compared to other agent groups, and it did not increase oxidative damage as much as the other groups.

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BACKGROUND: Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) are among the cytokines released secondary to the surgical stress response. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) block on postoperative pain and its immunomodulatory activity through proinflammatory cytokines. METHODS: TAP (study group; n=40) or p-TAP (placebo group; n=40). Patients in the TAP group underwent an Ultrasound (US) guided unilateral TAP block using 20-cc 0.5% bupivacaine solution. Patients in the p-TAP group underwent a sham block using 20-cc isotonic solution. The TNF-α and IL-1ß levels were measured three times at preoperative hour-0 and postoperative hours 4 and 24. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores were recorded at 0-hours, 30-minutes, 4-hours, and 24-hours. Analgesic use within the first 24-hours following surgery was monitored. RESULTS: The postoperative VAS score was decreased in the TAP group at all time points (0, 4, and 24hours), and the differences between groups were statistically significant (p< 0.001 for all comparisons). In the TAP group, the TNF-α and IL-1ß levels at 4 and 24 hours post operation were significantly lower than the preoperative levels (p< 0.001 for all comparisons). CONCLUSION: The TAP block for pre-emptive analgesia enabled effective hemodynamic control during the intraoperative period, provided effective pain control in the postoperative period, and decreased inflammation and surgical stress due to the decreased levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1ß in the first postoperative 24hours, indicating immunomodulatory effect.

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BACKGROUND Epiduroscopy is commonly used for the evaluation and treatment of low back pain. Saline with or without local anesthetic addition was used to visualize epidural space structure during this procedure. A rapid increase in epidural space pressure is transmitted into the spinal space to the optic nerve sheath. This study aimed to estimate the effects of epiduroscopy on optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) according to the volume of fluid using the ultrasonographic measurement of optic nerve diameter in adult patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty patients who had been treated for low back pain with epiduroscopy using low-volume (LV) or high-volume (HV) fluid application were enrolled into the study. Measurement of ONSD was performed before (T0) and immediately after epiduroscopy (T1), at 10 min (T2), and 20 min (T3) after the epiduroscopy. RESULTS Both groups showed significant differences over time in ONSD (PGroup×Time=0.001). The HV group showed greater changes from T0 to T2 and T3 than the LV group in ONSD. However, in both groups, ONSDs at T2 and T3 were significantly larger than those with the highest values at T2 compared to T0. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasonography of ONSD presents a good level of diagnostic accuracy for identifying epidural hypertension. In the clinical decision-making phase, this may help physicians to be more cautious about volume when performing epidural injections to treat this disease.

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Introduction and Objective: TAP block has gained popularity to provide postoperative analgesia after abdominal surgery but its advantage over epidural analgesia is disputed. For lower abdominal surgeries, epidural analgesia has been the gold standard and time-tested technique for providing postoperative analgesia, but contraindications for the same would warrant need for other equally good analgesic techniques. The objective of this study is to compare the analgesic efficacy of both the techniques. Materials and Methods: Eighty patients in the ASA I-II risk group, undergone an elective C-section, were randomly assigned to the study. In the TAP group, before the C-section, a single-dose spinal anaesthesia was performed by administering 3 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine to the patients when they were in the sitting position. After the C-section, an ultrasound-guided bilateral TAP block was performed in these patients in the recovery room for postoperative analgesia. In the single-dose EPI group, the patients received 16 cc of isobaric bupivacaine, 3 mg of morphine, and 50 mcg of fentanyl, making a total volume of 20 cc and being administered to the epidural space. Results: A higher level of patient satisfaction was observed in the EPI group (p=0.003). The amount (mg) of total analgesics received by the patients in the first 24 hours of the postoperative period was statistically significantly higher (p=0.021) in the TAP group compared to the EPI group. The visual analogue scale (VAS) scores of the EPI group were significantly lower compared to that of the TAP group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The epidural anaesthesia is still the golden standard to achieve a postcaesarean analgesia. Epidural anaesthesia is a considerably effective method in controlling the postoperative pain. We are of the opinion that epidural anaesthesia should be preferred in the first place to achieve a successful postcaesarean analgesia as it provides more effective pain control.

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