RESUMEN
Preemptive analgesia inhibits the progression of pain caused by surgical lesions. To analyze the effect of lidocaine on postoperative pain relief, we performed compression of the right sciatic nerve in Wistar rats and observed the differences on behavior between the group that received lidocaine and the group that was not treated with the local anesthetics pre-operatively. Group 1 was not operated (control); group 2 underwent the sciatic nerve ligature without lidocaine; group 3, underwent surgery with previous local infiltration of lidocaine. Group 2 showed significantly longer scratching times with a peak on day 14 post-operative (p=0.0005) and reduction in the latency to both noxious (p=0.003) and non-noxious (p=0.004) thermal stimulus. Group 3 presented significantly shorter scratching times (p=0.004) and longer latency times when compared to Group 2. Preemptive use of lidocaine 2 percent can potentially reduce the postoperative neuropathic pain associated with sciatic nerve compression.
A analgesia preemptiva inibe a progressão da dor causada por lesão cirúrgica. Para analisar o efeito da lidocaína na diminuição da dor pós-operatória, submetemos ratos Wistar a compressão cirúrgica do nervo ciático e observamos diferenças em alguns padrões de comportamento entre o grupo tratado com lidocaína pré-operatória e o grupo não-tratado com o anestésico local. O grupo 1 não foi operado (controle); o grupo 2, submetido a ligadura do nervo ciático sem lidocaína, apresentou significativo aumento do tempo de coçar-se com um pico no 14º pós-operatório (p=0.0005) e redução na latência para os estímulos térmicos nocivo (p=0.003) e não-nocivo (p=0.004); o grupo 3, operado com a droga preemptiva, demonstrou significativo decréscimo no tempo de coçar-se (p=0.004) e maiores tempos de latência quando comparados aos do grupo 2. O uso preemptivo da lidocaína 2 por cento pode, potencialmente, reduzir a dor neuropática pós-operatória associada à compressão do nervo ciático.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratas , Anestésicos Locales/uso terapéutico , Lidocaína/uso terapéutico , Dolor Postoperatorio/prevención & control , Nervio Ciático/lesiones , Ciática/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad Crónica , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ratas Wistar , Nervio Ciático/cirugía , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Preemptive analgesia inhibits the progression of pain caused by surgical lesions. To analyze the effect of lidocaine on postoperative pain relief, we performed compression of the right sciatic nerve in Wistar rats and observed the differences on behavior between the group that received lidocaine and the group that was not treated with the local anesthetics pre-operatively. Group 1 was not operated (control); group 2 underwent the sciatic nerve ligature without lidocaine; group 3, underwent surgery with previous local infiltration of lidocaine. Group 2 showed significantly longer scratching times with a peak on day 14 post-operative (p=0.0005) and reduction in the latency to both noxious (p=0.003) and non-noxious (p=0.004) thermal stimulus. Group 3 presented significantly shorter scratching times (p=0.004) and longer latency times when compared to Group 2. Preemptive use of lidocaine 2% can potentially reduce the postoperative neuropathic pain associated with sciatic nerve compression.
Asunto(s)
Anestésicos Locales/uso terapéutico , Lidocaína/uso terapéutico , Dolor Postoperatorio/prevención & control , Nervio Ciático/lesiones , Ciática/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Enfermedad Crónica , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Nervio Ciático/cirugía , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
After the first description of TSP/HAM in 1985 and the elaboration of WHO's diagnostic criteria in 1988, the experience of the professionals in this field has increased so that a critical reappraisal of these diagnostic guidelines was considered timely. Brazilian neurologists and observers from other countries met recently to discuss and propose a modified model for diagnosing TSP/HAM with levels of ascertainment as definite, probable, and possible, according to myelopathic symptoms, serological findings, and/or detection of HTLV-I DNA and exclusion of other disorders.
Asunto(s)
Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/diagnóstico , Adulto , Anticuerpos Antideltaretrovirus/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The first description of the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was made in 1980, followed closely by the discovery of HTLV-2, in 1982. Since then, the main characteristics of these viruses, commonly referred to as HTLV-1/2, have been thoroughly studied. Central and South America and the Caribbean are areas of high prevalence of HTLV-1 and HTVL-2 and have clusters of infected people. The major modes of transmission have been through sexual contact, blood, and mother to child via breast-feeding. HTLV-1 is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and HTLV-associated uveitis as well as infectious dermatitis of children. More clarification is needed in the possible role of HTLV in rheumatologic, psychiatric, and infectious diseases. Since cures for ATL and HAM/TSP are lacking and no vaccine is available to prevent HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 transmission, these illnesses impose enormous social and financial costs on infected individuals, their families, and health care systems. For this reason, public health interventions aimed at counseling and educating high-risk individuals and populations are of vital importance. In the Americas this is especially important in the areas of high prevalence.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Deltaretrovirus/epidemiología , Adulto , Donantes de Sangre , Lactancia Materna , Región del Caribe/epidemiología , América Central/epidemiología , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Infecciones por Deltaretrovirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Deltaretrovirus/transmisión , Femenino , Infecciones por HTLV-I/epidemiología , Infecciones por HTLV-I/prevención & control , Infecciones por HTLV-I/transmisión , Infecciones por HTLV-II/epidemiología , Infecciones por HTLV-II/prevención & control , Infecciones por HTLV-II/transmisión , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Leucemia de Células T/epidemiología , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T del Adulto/epidemiología , Linfoma de Células T , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/epidemiología , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , América del Sur/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The first description of the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was made in 1980 followed closely by the discovery of HTLV-2, in 1982. Since then, the main characteristics of these viruses, commonly referred to as HTLV-1/2, have been thoroughly studied. Central and South America and the Caribbean are areas of high prevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 and have clusters of infected people. The major modes of transmission have been through sexual contact, blood, and mother to child via breast-feeding. HTLV-1 is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and HTLV-associated uveitis as well as infectious dermatitis of children. More clarification is needed in the possible role of HTLV in rheumatological, psychiatric and infectious diseases. Since cures for ATL and HAM/TSP are lacking and no vaccine is available to prevent HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 transmission, these illnesses impose enormous social and financial cost on infected individuals, their families, and health care systems. For this reason, public health interventions aimed at counseling and educating high-risk individuals and populations are of vital importance. In the Americas this is especially important in the areas of high prevalence(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 2 Humano , Retroviridae , Donantes de Sangre , Medicina Preventiva , Región del Caribe/epidemiología , AméricasRESUMEN
La primera descripción del virus de la leucemia humana de células T tipo 1 (VLHT-1) se hizo en 1980, y al poco tiempo, en 1982, se descubrió el VLHT-2. Desde entonces las características principales de estos virus, a los que a menudo se les llama VLHT-1/2, se han estudiado exhaustivamente. Centroamérica, América del Sur y el Caribe son áreas con una alta prevalencia de VLHT-1 y VLHT-2 donde hay conglomerados de personas infectadas. Las principales vías de transmisión han sido el contacto sexual, la sangre y sus derivados, y la de madre a hijo por la leche materna. El VLHT-1 se asocia con la leucemia o el linfoma de células T maduras (LTM), la mielopatía o paraparesia tropical espástica ligada al VLHT (M/PTE), y la uveítis ligada al VLHT, así como con la dermatitis infecciosa de la infancia. Se necesita más información acerca del posible papel que desempeña el VLHT en la aparición de enfermedades reumáticas, psiquiátricas e infecciosas. En vista de que no se dispone de ninguna cura para la LTM ni la M/PTE, como tampoco de ninguna vacuna para prevenir la transmisión del VLHT-1 y VLHT-2, estas enfermedades acarrean enormes costos sociales y económicos para las personas infectadas, sus parientes y los sistemas de salud. Por este motivo, las intervenciones sanitarias orientadas a asesorar e instruir a personas y poblaciones en alto riesgo revisten una importancia crítica. En el continente americano esto cobra aun más importancia en zonas de alta prevalencia.
The first description of the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was made in 1980, followed closely by the discovery of HTLV-2, in 1982. Since then, the main characteristics of these viruses, commonly referred to as HTLV-1/2, have been thoroughly studied. Central and South America and the Caribbean are areas of high prevalence of HTLV-1 and HTVL-2 and have clusters of infected people. The major modes of transmission have been through sexual contact, blood, and mother to child via breast-feeding. HTLV-1 is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/ TSP), and HTLV-associated uveitis as well as infectious dermatitis of children. More clarification is needed in the possible role of HTLV in rheumatologic, psychiatric, and infectious diseases. Since cures for ATL and HAM/TSP are lacking and no vaccine is available to prevent HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 transmission, these illnesses impose enormous social and financial costs on infected individuals, their families, and health care systems. For this reason, public health interventions aimed at counseling and educating high-risk individuals and populations are of vital importance. In the Americas this is especially important in the areas of high prevalence.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Niño , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infecciones por Deltaretrovirus/epidemiología , Donantes de Sangre , Lactancia Materna , Región del Caribe/epidemiología , América Central/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Infecciones por Deltaretrovirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Deltaretrovirus/transmisión , Infecciones por HTLV-I/epidemiología , Infecciones por HTLV-I/prevención & control , Infecciones por HTLV-I/transmisión , Infecciones por HTLV-II/epidemiología , Infecciones por HTLV-II/prevención & control , Infecciones por HTLV-II/transmisión , Leucemia de Células T/epidemiología , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T del Adulto/epidemiología , Linfoma de Células T , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/epidemiología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , América del Sur/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
Infecciones por Deltaretrovirus , Región del Caribe , Estudios Transversales , Infecciones por HTLV-I , Infecciones por HTLV-II , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T del Adulto , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo , Factores de Riesgo , América del Sur , Donantes de Sangre , Lactancia Materna , América Central , Leucemia de Células T , Linfoma de Células T , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In this retrospective (1980-1998) study, we have analyzed clinico-demographically, from the records of the University Hospital of Fortaleza (Brazil), a group of 87 patients showing signs and symptoms of motor neuron diseases (MNDs). Their diagnosis was determined clinically and laboratorially. The WFN criteria were used for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) diagnosis. The clinico-demographic analysis of the 87 cases of MNDs showed that 4 were diagnosed as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), 5 cases as ALS subsets: 2 as progressive bulbar paralysis (PBP), 2 as progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) and 1 as monomelic amyotrophy (MA), and 78 cases of ALS. The latter comprised 51 males and 27 females, with a mean age of 42.02 years. They were sub-divided into 4 groups according to age: from 15 to 29 years (n= 17), 30 to 39 years (n= 18), 40 to 69 years (n= 39) and 70 to 78 years (n= 4). From the 78 ALS patients, 76 were of the classic sporadic form whilst only 2 were of the familial form. The analysis of the 87 patients with MNDs from the University Hospital of Fortaleza showed a predominance of ALS patients, with a high number of cases of juvenile and early onset adult sporadic ALS
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hospitales Universitarios , Enfermedad de la Neurona Motora/diagnóstico , Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral/diagnóstico , Brasil , Parálisis Bulbar Progresiva/diagnóstico , Atrofia Muscular Espinal/diagnóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Since anticonvulsants have been used for treating neuralgias, an interest has arisen to experimentally test vigabatrin for its gabaergic mechanism of action. For this, 41 Wistar rats were used, and in 25 of them a constractive sciatic neuropathy was induced (Bennet & Xie model). For testing pain symptoms, spontaneous (Scratching) and evoked behaviors to noxious (46 degrees Celsius) and non-noxious (40 degrees Celsius) thermal stimuli were quatified. Moreover, a comparative pharmacological study of vigabatrin with other analgesic anticonvulsant drugs was also performed. The results showed a possible dose-dependent analgesic effect of vigabatrin (gamma-vinyl-GABA) on experimental neuropathic pain, as shown vy the significant (p<0.05) decreasing effect of vigabatrin on scratching and by its significant (p>0.05) increasing effect on the latency of the right hindpaw withdrawal of the animals to noxious thermal stimulus. This was corroborated by similar findings with analgesic anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, phenytoin and valproic acid). This possible and not yet described analgesic effect of vigabatrin seems not to be opioid mediated.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratas , Analgésicos/farmacología , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacología , Neuralgia/tratamiento farmacológico , Vigabatrin/farmacología , Carbamazepina/farmacología , Enfermedad Crónica , Fenitoína/farmacología , Ratas Wistar , Ácido Valproico/farmacologíaRESUMEN
With the purpose of studying data on spontaneous customary changes in diabetic rats, we induced diabetes in 28 Wistar rats with streptozotocin. The animals were observed for 27 weeks in an attempt to characterize spontaneous customary chages that could suggest signs of chronic pain. Morphine, as a central-acting potent analgesic and its specific antagonist naloxone, were used. Our results evidenced in the animals a clinical syndrome similar to human diabetes. Long-term customary analysis revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase of scratching and resting/sleeping behaviors, but diminished motor, eating and grooming customs. Moreover, the thermal tests revealed hyperalgesia in 43 per cent of the animals, what may corroborate the meaning of scratching as a sign of pain. Pharmacological tests with morphine showed a significant (p<0.05) inhibition of scratch, with concomitant increase of motor and eating activities and diminished rest/sleep capacity. Naloxone antagonized the effects induced by morphine. Such results suggest that these animals exhibit evoked behavior of hyperalgesia and that scratch may possibly be a spontaneous manifestation of chronic pain also in Wistar rats with this experimental model of painful diabetic neuropathy.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratas , Conducta Animal , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatología , Neuropatías Diabéticas/fisiopatología , Dolor/fisiopatología , Morfina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Morfina/uso terapéutico , Naloxona/farmacología , Antagonistas de Narcóticos/farmacología , Prurito/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Baclofen (Beta-p-chlorophenyl-GABA) has been used in humans to treat spasticity, as well as trigeminal neuralgia Since GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) has been implicated in inhibitory and analgesic effects in the nervous system, it was of interest to study the effect of baclofen in experimental neuropathic pain. With this purpose, experiments were carried out in 17 neuropathic rats with constrictive sciatic injury, as described by Bennet and Xie (1988), taking as pain parameters scratching behaviour and the latency to the thermal nociceptive stimulus. The results showed that baclofen induces, in a dose-dependent manner, significant decrease (p<0.05) of scratching behaviour and significant increase (p<0.05) of the latency to the nociceptive thermal stimulus. The absence of antagonism of naloxone suggested a non-participation of an opioid-mediated mechanism in this analgesic effect of baclofen on experimental neuropathic pain.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Baclofeno/farmacología , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Agonistas del GABA/farmacología , Dolor/fisiopatología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Periférico/fisiopatología , Prurito , Nervio Ciático/patología , Enfermedad Crónica , Naloxona/farmacología , Antagonistas de Narcóticos/uso terapéutico , Prurito/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
We report on the clinical characteristics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in Fortaleza (Northeastern Brazil). For this, we analyzed retrospectively (from 1980 to 1999) 78 cases of ALS from the Service of Neutrology of the University Hospital of Fortaleza diagnosed clinically and laboratorially (EMG, muscle biopsy, myelography, blood biochemistry, muscle enzymes and cranio-cervical X-ray). The results showed that they were mostly sporadic ALS (76/78), and they were divided into definite (n=36), probable (n=20), possible (n=15) and suspected (n=7), according to the level of diagnostic certainty. They were also subdivided into juvenile (n=17), early-onset adult (n=18), age-specific (n=39) and late-onset (n=4) groups. Clinically, they presented as initals symptoms, principally, asymmetrical (30/78) and symmetrical (24/78) weakness of extremities, besides bulbar signs, fasciculations, and atrophy. Curiously, pain as first symptom occurred in an expessive fashion (17/78). The predominant initial anatomic site, in this series, was the spinal cord, and mainly affecting the arms. As to the symptom accrual from region to region, this occurs more quickly in contiguous areas, and fasciculations are predominant when bulbar region was associated.