RESUMEN
The main focus of this article is to present the practical aspect of the code rules of variation and the search for a second set of genomic rules, including comparison of sequences to understand how to preserve compatible organisms in danger of extinction and how to generate biodiversity. Three new rules of variation are introduced: 1) homologous recombination, 2) a healthy fertile offspring, and 3) comparison of compatible genomes. The novel search in the natural world for fully compatible genomes capable of homologous recombination is explored by using examples of human polymorphisms in the LDLRAP1 gene, and by the production of fertile offspring by crossbreeding. Examples of dogs, llamas and finches will be presented by a rational control of: natural crossbreeding of organisms with compatible genomes (something already happening in nature), the current work focuses on the generation of new varieties after a careful plan. This study is presented within the context of biosemiotics, which studies the processing of information, signaling and signs by living systems. I define a group of organisms having compatible genomes as a single theme: the genomic species or population, able to speak the same molecular language through different accents, with each variety within a theme being a different version of the same book. These studies have a molecular, compatible genetics context. Population and ecosystem biosemiotics will be exemplified by a possible genetic damage capable of causing mutations by breaking the rules of variation through the coordinated patterns of atoms present in the 9/11 World Trade Center contaminated dust (U, Ba, La, Ce, Sr, Rb, K, Mn, Mg, etc.), combination that may be able to overload the molecular quality control mechanisms of the human body. I introduce here the balance of codons in the circular genetic code: 2[1(1)+1(3)+1(4)+4(2)]=2[2(2)+3(4)].
RESUMEN
General guidelines for the molecular basis of functional variation are presented while focused on the rotating circular genetic code and allowable exchanges that make it resistant to genetic diseases under normal conditions. The rules of variation, bioinformatics aids for preventative medicine, are: (1) same position in the four quadrants for hydrophobic codons, (2) same or contiguous position in two quadrants for synonymous or related codons, and (3) same quadrant for equivalent codons. To preserve protein function, amino acid exchange according to the first rule takes into account the positional homology of essential hydrophobic amino acids with every codon with a central uracil in the four quadrants, the second rule includes codons for identical, acidic, or their amidic amino acids present in two quadrants, and the third rule, the smaller, aromatic, stop codons, and basic amino acids, each in proximity within a 90 degree angle. I also define codifying genes and palindromati, CTCGTGCCGAATTCGGCACGAG.
Asunto(s)
Aminoácidos/genética , Codón/genética , Código Genético/genética , Modelos Genéticos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Variación Genética , HumanosRESUMEN
In this review, the microarray technology and especially oligonucleotide arrays are exemplified with a practical example taken from the perilipin-/- mice and using the dChip software, available for non-lucrative purposes. It was found that the liver of perilipin-/- mice was healthy and normal, even under high-fat diet when compared with the results published for the scd1-/- mice, which under high-fat diets had a darker liver, suggestive of hepatic steatosis. Scd1 is required for the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids and plays a key role in the hepatic synthesis of triglycerides and of very-low-density lipoproteins. Both models of obesity resistance share many similar phenotypic antiobesity features, however, the perilipin-/- mice had a significant downregulation of stearoyl CoA desaturases scd1 and scd2 in its white adipose tissue, but a normal level of both genes inside the liver, even under high-fat diet. Here, different microarray methodologies are discussed, and also some of the most recent discoveries and perspectives regarding the use of microarrays, with an emphasis on obesity gene expression, and a personal remark on my findings of increased expression for hemoglobin transcripts and other hemo related genes (hemo-like), and for leukocyte like (leuko-like) genes inside the white adipose tissue of the perilipin-/- mice. In conclusion, microarrays have much to offer in comparative studies such as those in antiobesity, and also they are methodologies adequate for new astounding molecular discoveries [free full text of this article Online].