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Several theories have been proposed to explain the complex diagnostic aspects related to addiction disorders and their development. Recent frameworks tend to focus on dimensional perspectives of symptoms rather than categorical systems, since substance use disorders are frequently comorbid with other psychiatric and especially personality disorders. However, useful transdiagnostic models that could integrate clinical evaluation derived from neuroscientific theories are lacking. In the present manuscript, the authors propose a model based on a new paradigm, in an attempt to better explain this complex, multifaceted phenomenon. The new paradigm presupposes that emotions and behavior are a response to risk prediction. Individuals make choices and engage in actions to manage potential risks/rewards in order to seek or maintain homeostasis in their internal and external environments - a mechanism that the authors call predostatic (predictive mechanism with homeostatic purpose). The model considers three main modes of the predostatic mind: (1) Alarm Mode, activated by high and/or imminent risk prediction; (2) Seek Mode, activated by long-term risk or reward prediction; and (3) Balance Mode, a self-regulating state of mind related to low risk prediction, a soothing system and a calm state. Addiction is seen as a chronic dysregulation of organism systems leading to internalizing or externalizing phenomena mainly related to the Seek and Alarm Modes, which are persistently activated by reward and risk prediction, respectively, thus hindering Balance. Addiction neuroscience research has shown that chronic drug use or engagement in addictive behaviors can lead to neuroadaptations in the brain reward circuitry, disrupting normal balance and the regulation of reward processes. This dysregulation can contribute to persistent drug-seeking/addictive behaviors despite negative consequences. This newly proposed dynamic and integrative model, named dysregulation based on externalizing and internalizing phenomena of the three main modes of the predostatic mind (DREXI3), proposes six dysregulation dimensions with basic emotional and behavioral symptoms, such as neurophysiological alterations, impulsivity, compulsion, cognitive impairment/psychosis, mood, and anxiety/anger. In this paper, the authors explain the rationale behind DREXI3 and present some hypothetical clinical examples to better illustrate the use of the model in clinical practice. The development of this innovative model could possibly guide tailored treatment interventions in the addiction field.

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This study aims to analyze the mechanisms through which the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic impacts on well-being at work and on productivity. The secondary objective is to identify stress management strategies for the work environment during the pandemic. This is an integrative review. Phase 1 consisted of searches of open access electronic databases (MEDLINE, SciELO, Bireme, and LILACS) for papers published in 2020 addressing mental health, work, and pandemics. Phase 2 consisted of selecting literature recommended by specialists in occupational psychiatry and positive psychology. These materials were read and critically analyzed. Forty references were included in the literature review. The articles reviewed were classified into the following categories: articles concerning work relationships in Brazil; articles describing the impact of pandemics on mental health and work; articles focusing on the work of health professionals during pandemics; articles about well-being at work; and papers proposing strategies to improve well-being and productivity and to promote mental health. The COVID-19 pandemic can have a significant impact on workers' mental health and productivity. Most professionals face a need to adapt to changes, which can decrease their feeling of well-being. Consequently, strategies to promote well-being and mental health in the work environment should be a priority. Work routines were modified after the COVID-19 pandemic set in and assessing these changes is essential to maintain workers' mental health. By so doing, it is possible to promote general well-being and post-traumatic recovery and reduce stress levels.

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Abstract This study aims to analyze the mechanisms through which the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic impacts on well-being at work and on productivity. The secondary objective is to identify stress management strategies for the work environment during the pandemic. This is an integrative review. Phase 1 consisted of searches of open access electronic databases (MEDLINE, SciELO, Bireme, and LILACS) for papers published in 2020 addressing mental health, work, and pandemics. Phase 2 consisted of selecting literature recommended by specialists in occupational psychiatry and positive psychology. These materials were read and critically analyzed. Forty references were included in the literature review. The articles reviewed were classified into the following categories: articles concerning work relationships in Brazil; articles describing the impact of pandemics on mental health and work; articles focusing on the work of health professionals during pandemics; articles about well-being at work; and papers proposing strategies to improve well-being and productivity and to promote mental health. The COVID-19 pandemic can have a significant impact on workers' mental health and productivity. Most professionals face a need to adapt to changes, which can decrease their feeling of well-being. Consequently, strategies to promote well-being and mental health in the work environment should be a priority. Work routines were modified after the COVID-19 pandemic set in and assessing these changes is essential to maintain workers' mental health. By so doing, it is possible to promote general well-being and post-traumatic recovery and reduce stress levels.

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BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is highly prevalent in hospitalized patients but seldom recognized and treated. Malnutrition poses several adverse events, such as increased infection rates, length of hospital stay, and mortality, as well as costs. Early nutrition interventions have been shown to decrease the associated malnutrition burdens, leading to relevant savings. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of nutrition therapy, including oral supplements to at-risk or malnourished adult inpatients admitted to the Brazilian Public System (SUS) hospitals. METHOD: A cost-effectiveness model, encompassing a 1-year period and regarding total costs, length of hospital stay, readmissions, and mortality related to malnutrition, was developed, having the provision of early nutrition therapy as the intervention variable. The number of avoided hospitalization days, prevented hospital readmissions, and prevented deaths defined the effectiveness of the model. All the costs were estimated based on the SUS database. RESULTS: Early nutrition therapy provided to all at-risk or malnourished patients would represent cost-effectiveness of US $92.24, US $544.59, US $1848.12, and US $3698.92, for each day of hospitalization avoided, for additional patients having access to hospitalization, for preventing readmission, and for prevented death, respectively. The highest impact on savings was represented by the mean reduction in the length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION: Early oral nutrition intervention for patients malnourished or at risk of malnutrition resulted in overall reduced hospital costs. These findings provide a rationale to tackle the implementation of educational programs focusing on the care of inpatients with malnutrition or its risk.

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The role of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in shaping the tumor microenvironment is ambiguous. Consistent with its uncertain role in melanoma, TNF-α plays a dual role, either acting as a cytotoxic cytokine or favoring a tumorigenic inflammatory microenvironment. TNF-α signals via two cognate receptors, namely TNFR1 (p55) and TNFR2 (p75), which mediate divergent biological activities. Here, we analyzed the impact of TNFR1 deficiency in tumor progression in the B16.F1 melanoma model. Tumors developed in mice lacking TNFR1 (TNFR1 knock-out; KO) were smaller and displayed lower proliferation compared to their wild type (WT) counterpart. Moreover, TNFR1 KO mice showed reduced tumor angiogenesis. Although no evidence of spontaneous metastases was observed, conditioned media obtained from TNFR1 KO tumors increased tumor cell migration. Whereas the analysis of tumor-associated immune cell infiltrates showed similar frequency of total and M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), the percentage of CD8+ T cells was augmented in TNFR1 KO tumors. Indeed, functional ex vivo assays demonstrated that CD8+ T cells obtained from TNFR1KO mice displayed an increased cytotoxic function. Thus, lack of TNFR1 attenuates melanoma growth by modulating tumor cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis and CD8+ T cell accumulation and activation, suggesting that interruption of TNF-TNFR1 signaling may contribute to control tumor burden.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with hemodynamic instability need to receive intensive treatment as fluid replacement and vasoactive drugs. In the meantime, it is supposed to initiate nutritional therapy within 24 to 48 hours after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), as an essential part of patient's intensive care and better outcomes. However, there are many controversies tangential to the prescription of enteral nutrition (EN) concomitant to the use of vasopressor and its doses. In this way, the present study aimed to identify what the literature presents of evidence to guide the clinical practice concerning the safe dose of vasopressors for the initiation of nutritional therapy in critically ill patients. METHODS: This review was carried out in PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Medline databases. The descriptors were used to perform the search strategy: Critical Care, Intensive Care Units, Vasoconstrictor Agents, and Enteral Nutrition. Inclusion criteria were patients of both genders, over 18 years of age, using vasoactive drugs, with the possibility of receiving EN therapy, and articles written in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. In addition, exclusion criteria were case reports, non-papers, and repeated papers. RESULTS: 10 articles met our inclusion criteria. CONCLUSION: It was observed that there are many controversies about the supply of EN in critically ill patients using vasopressor, especially about the safe dose, and it was not possible to identify a cutoff value for the beginning therapy. Despite the drug doses, clinical signs are still the most important parameters in the evaluation of EN tolerance.

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The interest in non-invasive methods of body composition assessment is on the rise in health care, especially because of its association with clinical outcomes. Technology has revolutionized our understanding of body composition abnormalities, clinical prognostication, and disease follow-up, but translation to bedside is limited, especially in terms of cost effectiveness. Computed tomography gained increased attention in cancer and sarcopenia studies, for instance. Other methods also have interesting features and applications, including bedside ultrasonography, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and dual x-ray absorptiometry. Compelling evidence indicates these methods can be used to accurately and precisely measure skeletal muscle mass, adipose tissue, and edema; diagnose malnutrition-related diseases; and aid in determining prognoses. To apply this technology properly, it is important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each technique in specific situations of interest. This review introduces concepts and reference studies published in the scientific literature about these techniques and describes important limitations and considerations necessary to incorporate these methods into clinical practice.

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Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that modulates migratory behavior of cells during embryonic development. In addition, S1P might promote tumor progression by enhancing migratory ability and invasiveness of tumor cells. Migration is a complex process that implies cytoskeletal reorganization and formation of structures that enable cell movement. Besides having similar requirements than migration, invasion also involves proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) have been identified to break down components of the ECM, allowing cancer cells to spread out of the primary tumor. In this chapter, we will describe different techniques to study migration and invasion induced by S1P. To this end, we include detailed protocols of end-point assays to study migration/invasion, and zymography assay to analyze MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity that were standardized in our laboratory in human melanoma cell lines.

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A desnutrição é frequentemente encontrada no ambiente hospitalar. Muitas vezes negligenciada, apesar de afetar desfavoravelmente a saúde da população, a desnutrição apresenta como principais complicações: pior resposta imunológica, atraso no processo de cicatrização, risco elevado de complicações cirúrgicas e infecciosas, maior probabilidade de desenvolvimento de lesões por pressão, aumento no tempo de internação e do risco de mortalidade. Fora isso, acarreta considerável aumento dos custos hospitalares. A taxa de desnutrição varia entre 20 e 50% em adultos hospitalizados e durante a hospitalização esta condição piora progressivamente principalmente em idosos e pacientes críticos. Em 1998, o inquérito brasileiro, conhecido como IBRANUTRI, avaliou 4 mil pacientes internados na rede pública hospitalar de vários estados brasileiros, confirmando a prevalência da desnutrição em 48,1% dos pacientes. Há 20 anos, estes dados foram publicados e o cenário permanece imutável até os dias atuais, pois, em 2016, outro estudo (com aproximadamente 30.000 pacientes) corroborou a manutenção da alta prevalência de desnutrição em pacientes hospitalizados. A identificação precoce da desnutrição, bem como o manejo, por meio de ferramentas recomendadas, possibilita estabelecer a conduta nutricional mais apropriada e melhora do desfecho nestes pacientes.O objetivo desta campanha é reduzir as taxas de desnutrição por meio de uma série de ações que incluem a triagem, o diagnóstico, o manejo e o tratamento da desnutrição. Para facilitar a maneira de difundir este conhecimento, foi desenvolvido um método mnemônico com a palavra "DESNUTRIÇÃO", abordando cada letra inicial de forma simples, desde o conceito até o tratamento da desnutrição. Desta forma, o método garante uma integração interdisciplinar, além de averiguar os principais aspectos do cuidado geral do paciente desnutrido.

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Objetivos: O grau de conhecimento de médicos intensivista sobre temas relacionados à terapia nutricional parece ser deficiente com base na literatura atual. Faz-se necessário analisar as principais lacunas de conhecimento para o planejamento de intervenções que tragam melhora da qualidade da terapia nutricional realizada. O presente estudo consiste na análise do grau de conhecimento de médicos intensivistas sobre temas básicos de terapia nutricional na unidade terapia intensiva (UTI). Método: Estudo prospectivo, observacional, realizado por meio de uma pesquisa disponibilizada online para médicos intensivistas de todo território nacional. Houve 147 respostas. O questionário continha 25 perguntas referentes à terapia nutricional em pacientes críticos. Resultados: A maioria dos respondedores possui uma equipe multidisciplinar de terapia nutricional atuando na UTI. Cerca de 60% dos respondedores desconhecem ou não aplicam nenhuma ferramenta de triagem nutricional. A regra de bolso (25 a 30 kcal/kg) é utilizada em 62,9% dos casos para estimar as necessidades energéticas. A nutrição enteral precoce é realizada em 84% dos pacientes. 64% dos respondedores iniciam nutrição parenteral exclusiva dentro de 3 dias, caso o trato gastrointestinal (TGI) não possa ser utilizado. 56% dos participantes não utilizam nenhuma ferramenta para avaliar o TGI. 15,1% não utilizam indicadores de qualidade relacionados à terapia nutricional. Conclusão: A terapia nutricional dentro da UTI ainda parece ter estratégias subutilizadas. São necessários programas de educação médica na tentativa de sensibilizar os médicos intensivistas quanto à importância da terapia nutricional para doentes em estado crítico.(AU)

Objectives: The degree of knowledge of intensive care physicians on nutritional therapy-related topics appears to be deficient based on current literature. It is necessary to analyze the main knowledge gaps for the planning of interventions that bring improvement of the quality of nutritional therapy performed. The present study consists of the analysis of the degree of knowledge of intensive care physicians about basic nutritional therapy in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: A prospective, observational study was carried out by means of a survey made available online for intensive care physicians throughout the country. There were 147 respondents to the survey. The questionnaire contained 25 questions regarding nutritional therapy in critically ill patients. Results: Most of the responders have a multidisciplinary nutritional therapy team working in the ICU. About 60% of the respondents are unaware or do not apply any nutritional screening tools. The pocket rule (25 to 30 kcal / kg) is used in 62.9% of the cases to estimate the energy needs. Early enteral nutrition is performed in 84% of patients. 64% of respondents initiate exclusive parenteral nutrition within 3 days if the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can not be used. 56% of the participants do not use any tool to evaluate the GIT. 15.1% do not use quality indicators related to nutritional therapy. Conclusion: Nutritional therapy within the ICU still seems to have underutilized strategies. Medical education programs are needed in an attempt to sensitize intensive care physicians about the importance of nutritional therapy for critically ill patients.(AU)

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Objective: Many studies correlate characteristics of family functioning and the development of drug addiction. This study sought to evaluate and compare the family environment styles of two groups of psychoactive substance users: 1) alcohol-only users and 2) crack-cocaine users. Methods: Three hundred and sixty-four users of alcohol, crack-cocaine, and other drugs, recruited from research centers in four Brazilian capitals participated in this study. Subjects were evaluated through the Family Environment Scale and the Addiction Severity Index, 6th version (ASI-6). ASI-6 t-scores were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests. A final model was obtained using a logistic regression analysis. All analyses were adjusted for partner, age, and psychiatric t-score. Results: We found a significant difference between groups in the cohesion subscale (p = 0.044). The post-hoc test revealed a difference of 1.06 points (95%CI 0.11-2.01) between groups 1 (6.45±0.28) and 2 (5.38±0.20). No significant between-group differences were observed in the other subscales. However, categorical analyses of variables regarding family dynamic showed that crack users more often reported that sometimes people in their family hit each other (30.4% vs. 13.2%, p = 0.007) and that people in their family frequently compared each other regarding work and/or school achievement (57.2% vs. 42.6%, p = 0.041). Conclusion: These results suggest that families of crack-cocaine users are less cohesive than families of alcohol users. This type of family environment may affect treatment outcome, and should thus be adequately approached.

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OBJECTIVE: Many studies correlate characteristics of family functioning and the development of drug addiction. This study sought to evaluate and compare the family environment styles of two groups of psychoactive substance users: 1) alcohol-only users and 2) crack-cocaine users. METHODS: Three hundred and sixty-four users of alcohol, crack-cocaine, and other drugs, recruited from research centers in four Brazilian capitals participated in this study. Subjects were evaluated through the Family Environment Scale and the Addiction Severity Index, 6th version (ASI-6). ASI-6 t-scores were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests. A final model was obtained using a logistic regression analysis. All analyses were adjusted for partner, age, and psychiatric t-score. RESULTS: We found a significant difference between groups in the cohesion subscale (p = 0.044). The post-hoc test revealed a difference of 1.06 points (95%CI 0.11-2.01) between groups 1 (6.45±0.28) and 2 (5.38±0.20). No significant between-group differences were observed in the other subscales. However, categorical analyses of variables regarding family dynamic showed that crack users more often reported that sometimes people in their family hit each other (30.4% vs. 13.2%, p = 0.007) and that people in their family frequently compared each other regarding work and/or school achievement (57.2% vs. 42.6%, p = 0.041). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that families of crack-cocaine users are less cohesive than families of alcohol users. This type of family environment may affect treatment outcome, and should thus be adequately approached.

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Introdução: As atuais recomendações de oferta proteica para o doente crítico orientam uma grande quantidade, sendo a orientação entre 1,2 e 2,0 g/kg/dia. Todavia, os grandes estudos demonstram que esta oferta proteica não é atingida, trazendo prejuízos à evolução dos pacientes. A utilização de uma oferta proteica alta frente a uma disfunção renal instalada também é tema de discussão na condução da terapia nutricional. Objetivo: Este artigo busca discutir os principais pontos dos estudos atuais relacionados ao tema. Método: Foram avaliados artigos de 2010 até 2016, na base de dados PubMed e LILACS, que relatavam a oferta proteica oferecida aos doentes críticos, embora nem sempre este fosse o principal dado do estudo. Resultados: A maioria dos estudos tinha desenho observacional, sendo possível notar que, em grande parte destes estudos, a oferta proteica mínima recomendada não foi atingida, tanto no grupo intervenção como controle. Outro ponto importante é que com o aumento da oferta para 1,5 g/kg/dia a 2 g/kg/dia ocorre aumento significativo do balanço nitrogenado, sem alterar a função renal. Não foram encontrados estudos randomizados que mostrem melhora do desfecho com uma oferta proteica mais elevada. Conclusões: Pacientes críticos apresentam geralmente elevado catabolismo proteico, desta forma existe um racional de recomendação de elevada oferta proteica. Entretanto, a maioria dos estudos mostra que tal recomendação não é cumprida na prática clínica. Dúvidas persistem em relação à meta proteica, particularmente na primeira semana da doença grave de pacientes com lesão renal aguda.(AU)

Introduction: The current recommendations of protein supply for the critical patient guide a great quantity, being the orientation between 1.2 and 2.0 g/kg/day. However, the large studies show that this protein supply is not reached, bringing losses to the evolution of the patients. The use of a high protein supply facing an established renal dysfunction is also a topic of discussion in the conduction of nutritional therapy. Objective: This article aims to discuss the main points of the current studies related to the theme. Methods: Articles from 2010 to 2016 were evaluated in the PubMed and LILACS databases, which reported the protein supply offered to critically ill patients, although this was not always the main data of the study. Results: Most of the studies had an observational design, being possible to observe that in the majority of these studies, the recommended minimum protein supply was not reached, both in the intervention and in the control group. Another important point is that with the increasing supply to 1.5 g/kg/day at 2 g/kg/day there is a significant increase in the nitrogen balance, without altering renal function. No randomized trials were found to show improvement in outcome with a higher protein supply. Conclusions: Critical ill patients generally present high protein catabolism in thus there is a rational recommendation of high protein supply. However,the majority of the studies show that this recommendation is not fulfilled in clinical practice. Doubts persist regarding the protein target, particularly in the first week of severe disease in patients with acute kidney injury.(AU)

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In the last 15 years, increasing evidences demonstrate a strong link between sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and both normal physiology and progression of different diseases, including cancer and inflammation. Indeed, numerous studies show that tissue levels of this sphingolipid metabolite are augmented in many cancers, affecting survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastatic spread. Recent insights into the possible role of S1P as a therapeutic target has attracted enormous attention and opened new opportunities in this evolving field. In this review, we will focus on the role of S1P in cancer, with particular emphasis in new developments that highlight the many functions of this sphingolipid in the tumor microenvironment. We will discuss how S1P modulates phenotypic plasticity of macrophages and mast cells, tumor-induced immune evasion, differentiation and survival of immune cells in the tumor milieu, interaction between cancer and stromal cells, and hypoxic response.

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The increasing number of bariatric/metabolic operations as important alternatives for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes brought several concerns about the intensive care of patients undergoing those procedures. Intensive Care Unit admission criteria are needed in order to better allocate resources and avoid unnecessary interventions. Furthermore, well-established protocols, helpful in many clinical situations, are not directly applicable to obese patients. Indeed, difficult airway management, mechanical ventilation, fluid therapy protocols, prophylaxis, and treatment of venous thromboembolic events have unique aspects that should be taken into consideration. Finally, new data related to planning nutrition therapy of the critically obese have been highlighted and deserve consideration. In this review, we provide an outline of recent studies related to those important aspects of the care of the bariatric/metabolic patients in critical conditions.

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Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid mediator that regulates many processes in inflammation and cancer. S1P is a ligand for five G-protein-coupled receptors, S1PR1 to -5, and also has important intracellular actions. Previously, we showed that intracellular S1P is involved in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-induced NF-κB activation in melanoma cell lines that express filamin A (FLNA). Here, we show that extracellular S1P activates NF-κB only in melanoma cells that lack FLNA. In these cells, S1P, but not TNF, promotes IκB kinase (IKK) and p65 phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, p65 nuclear translocation, and NF-κB reporter activity. NF-κB activation induced by S1P was mediated via S1PR1 and S1PR2. Exogenous S1P enhanced the phosphorylation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), and its downregulation reduced S1P-induced the phosphorylation of IKK and p65. In addition, silencing of Bcl10 also inhibited S1P-induced IKK phosphorylation. Surprisingly, S1P reduced Akt activation in melanoma cells that express FLNA, whereas in the absence of FLNA, high phosphorylation levels of Akt were maintained, enabling S1P-mediated NF-κB signaling. In accord, inhibition of Akt suppressed S1P-mediated IKK and p65 phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. Hence, these results support a negative role of FLNA in S1P-mediated NF-κB activation in melanoma cells through modulation of Akt.

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Desenvolver um protótipo de software como ferramenta de controle de dados para auxiliar a aplicação de indicadores de qualidade em terapia nutricional. Métodos: O desenvolvimento do sistema ?NutrIndicadores? seguiu as etapas de planejamento, levantamento de requisitos, modelagem, codificação. Para o levantamento de requisitos foram utilizadas as fichas técnicas do Top 10 Indicadores de Qualidade publicado pelo ILSI Brasil. Resultados: Realizou-se a elaboração dos diagramas de casos de uso, de classes, de entidade relacionamento e a prototipagem das interfaces Início, Cadastro de Paciente, Atualizar, Pendências e Relatório. Conclusão: Acredita-se que o protótipo de software facilitará o armazenamento e organização de dados clínicos coletados, a visualização do alcance de metas e o monitoramento de qualidade da terapia nutricional...

To develop a software prototype as a data management tool to assist the implementation of quality indicators in nutritional therapy. Methods: The system development ?NutrIndicadores? followed the steps of planning, requirements gathering, modeling, coding. For the requirements gathering, were used chips Top 10 Quality Indicators published by the ILSI Brazil. Results: Elaborate diagrams of use cases, classes, entity relationship and prototyping of Home interfaces; Patient Registration; update; pendencies; Report. Conclusion: It is believed that the prototype software will facilitate the storage and organization of collected clinical data, viewing the achievement of goals and the monitoring of quality of nutrition therapy...

Desarrollar un prototipo de software como una herramienta de gestión de datos para ayudar a la aplicación de indicadores de calidad en la terapia nutricional. Métodos: El desarrollo de ?NutrIndicadores? sistema siguió los pasos de la planificación, recopilación de requisitos, modelado, codificación. Para llevar a cabo los requisitos de la encuesta, utilizamos las hojas de datos de los 10 indicadores de calidad publicados por el ILSI Brasil. Resultados: Hemos desarrollado los diagramas de casos de uso, clases, entidad relación, y la creación de prototipos de interfaces de Comienzo; Registro de pacientes; Actualizar; En espera; Informe. Conclusión: Se cree que el prototipo de software facilitará el almacenamiento y la organización de los datos clínicos, la visualización de la consecución de objetivos y supervisión de la calidad de la terapia nutricional...

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BACKGROUND: Nutrition quality control in parenteral nutrition therapy (PNT) allows the identification of inadequate processes in parenteral nutrition (PN). The objective of this study was to assess the quality of PNT at a hospital with an established nutrition support team (NST). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This observational, longitudinal, analytical, and prospective study examined 100 hospitalized PNT adult patients under the care of an NST for 21 days or until death/hospital discharge. The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) 2007 guidelines for PNT prescription were followed. RESULTS: PNT indications were not in accordance with the A.S.P.E.N. 2007 guidelines in 15 patients. Among the remaining 85 patients, 48 (56.5%) did not receive adequate PNT (≥80% of the total volume prescribed). Non-NST medical orders, progression to and from enteral nutrition, changes in the central venous catheter, unknown causes, and operational errors (eg, medical prescription loss, PN nondelivery, pharmacy delays, inadequate PN bag temperature) were associated with PNT inadequacy (P < .005). Compared with patients who died, the discharged patients received PN volumes ≥80% on most days (P = .047). The quality indicators for nutrition therapy related to estimated energy expenditure and protein requirements and glycemia levels reached the expected targets; however, the central venous catheter infection rate was higher than 6 per 1000 catheters/d and did not meet the expected targets. CONCLUSION: Despite an established NST, there was a moderate level of PNT inadequacy in indications, administration, and monitoring. It is important to establish periodic meetings among different health professionals who prescribe and deliver PNT to define responsibilities and protocols.

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BACKGROUND & AIMS: To evaluate the impact of a multifaceted nutritional educational intervention on the quality of nutritional therapy and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, non-blinded study with a non-contemporaneous control group at a 16-bed intensive care unit (ICU) at the Hospital das Clinicas, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School in Sao Paulo, Brazil. There were three phases. Phase 1: the quality of NT was evaluated in 50 newly admitted intensive care unit patients in a pre-educational program (Pre-EP). Phase 2: nutritional protocols were created and an education program was implemented. Phase 3: another 50 patients were enrolled and observed in a post-educational program (Post-EP) using phase 1 methodology. Nutritional Therapy practice was evaluated through nutritional assessments, adequacy of energy requirements, duration of fasting, and use of early enteral nutrition. Intensive care unit length of stay and hospital length of stay were measured as primary end-points. RESULTS: The pre-educational program and post-educational program groups did not differ in age, APACHE II score, gender, or nutritional assessment. The mean ± SD duration of fasting decreased (Pre-EP 3.8 ± 3.1 days vs. Post-EP: 2.2 ± 2.6 days; p = 0.002), the adequacy of nutritional therapy improved (Pre-EP 74.2% ± 33.3% vs. Post-EP 96.2% ± 23.8%; p < 0.001), and enteral nutrition was initiated earlier than 48 h more commonly (Pre-EP 24% vs. Post-E 60%; p = 0.001). Median intensive care unit length of stay decreased (Pre-EP: 18.5 days vs. Post-EP: 9.5 days; p < 0.001) although hospital length of stay did not. CONCLUSION: Implementing a multifaceted nutritional educational intervention could improve the quality of nutritional therapy and may decrease intensive care unit length of stay in critically ill patients.

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A terapia nutricional mostra-se de grande importância no tratamento do doente crítico, por apresentar impacto favorável em seu desfecho clínico. No entanto, até 70% dos pacientes em unidade de terapia intensiva podem não receber terapia nutricional adequada. Isso ocorre, em parte, pela falta de formação e de conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde sobre princípios de nutrição clínica. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto da introdução de um programa de educação médica em terapia nutricional em uma unidade de terapia intensiva sobre a qualidade da terapia nutricional e os resultados clínicos de seus pacientes. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em três fases distintas: 1) Pré-programa educacional (PP): 50 pacientes recém-admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva foram selecionados consecutivamente para avaliação da qualidade da terapia nutricional a eles oferecida e seus desfechos clínicos, através de visitas periódicas. 2) Programa Educacional (PE): foram criados protocolos nutricionais específicos. Um programa de educação em terapia nutricional baseado nesses protocolos (palestras, workshops e discussões à beira leito) foi introduzido nessa unidade de terapia intensiva. 3) Pós-programa educacional (PO): a qualidade da terapia nutricional e os desfechos clínicos de um segundo grupo de 50 pacientes foram avaliados, utilizando-se a mesma metodologia da fase 1 (PP). Os marcadores utilizados para avaliação da qualidade da terapia nutricional foram: avaliação nutricional, adequação da oferta de energia, tempo de jejum e introdução de nutrição enteral precoce. Tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva e tempo de internação hospitalar foram registrados e avaliados como desfechos clínicos principais. Os pacientes da fase PP e PO não diferiram em idade, APACHEII, sexo, tipo de diagnóstico na admissão e avaliação nutricional. Observou-se redução no tempo de jejum (PP 3,8 dias ± 3,1 vs PO: 2,2 dias ± 2,6; p = 0,002), melhora na adequação...

In critically ill patients, nutritional therapy favorably impacts clinical outcomes. However, up to 70% of patients in the intensive care unit do not receive adequate nutritional therapy, due, partially, to the lack of training and knowledge regarding nutrition principles among healthcare providers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a medical educational program in an intensive care unit on the quality of the nutritional therapy and clinical outcomes. The study protocol was developed among three distinct phases: 1) Pre-educational program (Pre-EP): 50 patients newly admitted to the intensive care unit were consecutively selected to assess their regular performed nutritional therapy and clinical end-points. 2) Educational program (EP): specific nutritional protocols were created and an education program (lectures, workshops and bedside discussions) were implemented. 3) Post educational program (Post-EP): a second group of 50 patients was enrolled and observed using the same phase 1 (Pre-EP) methodology. Nutritional therapy practice was evaluated through the application of specific quality indicators and the evaluation of nutritional therapy-related complications, considering as main markers the nutritional assessment, adequacy of energy requirement, duration of fasting and use of early enteral nutrition. Intensive care unit length of stay and hospital length of stay were recorded and measured as primary end-points. The Pre-EP and Post-EP patients did not differ in age, APACHEII, gender, admission diagnosis (surgery x medical) and nutritional assessment. Duration of fasting decreased (Pre-EP 3.8 days ±3.1 vs. Post-EP: 2.2 days ±2.6; p=0.002), the adequacy of nutritional therapy improved (Pre-EP 74.2% ±33.3 vs. Post-EP 96.2%±23.8; p<0.001) and enteral nutrition was earlier initiated (Pre-EP 24% vs. Post-E 60%; p=0.001). Intensive care unit length of stay also decreased (Pre-EP: 21.9 days±15.2 vs Post-EP: 12.2 days ±8.0; p<0.001). No changes...

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